岱山县流动儿童计划免疫工作管理初探

岱山县流动儿童计划免疫工作管理初探胡国忠，韩仕哲我们对流动儿童计划免疫工作的管理进行了探索，简述如下：１．建立出生儿童登记报告和乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗接种转移衔接制度。接生医院完成新生儿第一针疫苗接种后，填报详细项目和乙肝疫苗接种转移单，不管是否属本医...     

乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫前后儿童乙肝血清标志的检测

[目的]了解乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫以后,在保护儿童免受乙肝病毒的感染上所起的作用,为乙肝的防治和研究提供科学的依据.[方法]检测儿童静脉血乙肝"两对半"(即乙肝血清标志物),对乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫前后乙肝的感染和免疫情况进行对比和分析.[结果]乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫后,显著提高了儿童乙肝的保护性抗体HBsAb水平(达61.3%);但实施乙肝疫苗计划免疫后,仍然有34.7%的儿童乙肝"两对半"检测5项全阴(无应答)和3.9%的乙肝感染者存在.[结论]乙肝疫苗的免费强制接种对乙肝的预防起到直接而有效的作用,应积极强制实施;由于无应答人群的存在乙肝的防治应采取综合防控措施.     

杭州市余杭区儿童乙型病毒性肝炎血清流行病学调查

1992年卫生部将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理,并颁布了《全国乙肝疫苗免疫接种实施方案》,2002年经国务院批准将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫,从而使乙型病毒性肝炎（简称乙肝）的流行病学特征发生了很大变化。为了解杭州市余杭区1～14周岁儿童乙肝血清学状况,为完善该区乙肝免疫策略及防控方案提供支持,2007年11月,我们对余杭区14周岁及以下儿童进行了乙肝血清流行病学调查。     

沭阳县2000年-2007年乙型病毒性肝炎流行特征分析

1992年卫生部将乙型病毒性肝炎（乙肝）疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫管理,并颁布了《全国乙肝疫苗免疫接种实施方案》。2002年经国务院批准将乙肝疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫。这些策略的实施使乙肝防治工作进入疫苗防治时代。为摸清沭阳县乙肝流行病学特征,以制定有效控制措施,对该县2000年-2007年乙肝流行病学特征进行了分析,结果报告如下。     

宁波市江东区满周岁流动儿童乙型肝炎疫苗接种情况分析

宁波市江东区自1989年开始在新生儿中推广接种乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗,1990年起乙肝疫苗接种纳入儿童计划免疫管理。本文对江东区满周岁流动儿童的分布状况及乙肝疫苗接种情况进行了分析。     

菏泽市乙型肝炎疫苗接种率及其影响因素调查

为进一步加快乙肝控制步伐，我国自1992年起将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理，2002年起将乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫并免费接种。菏泽市经充分准备自2003年起开始执行。为了解菏泽市乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗纳入儿童计划免疫前接种率水平，掌握本地区儿童的乙肝疫苗接种情况，对2002年本市儿童乙肝疫苗接种率情况进行调查。     

1～5岁儿童乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果评价

我市于1992年初在部分县、乡开展了乙型肝炎疫苗接种试点工作,1993年初在全市新生儿及婴幼儿中全面开展乙肝疫苗接种,1995年将乙肝疫苗接种纳入儿童计划免疫管理.为考核乙肝疫苗纳入计划免疫管理后的免疫效果,对1995年以来出生并接受乙肝疫苗接种的儿童,进行乙肝病毒感染和免疫水平的横断面血清流行病学调查,结果报告如下.     

宜昌市城区儿童乙肝抗体水平调查分析

接种乙肝疫苗是控制乙肝最有效的措施之一，我国已把乙肝疫苗接种纳入儿童计划免疫程序。为反映疫苗的免疫效果及制定乙肝科学免疫策略提供依据，2005年宜昌市开展了城区儿童乙肝抗体水平监测工作，现将检测结果报告如下。     

商河县儿童乙肝疫苗免疫效果及持久性分析研究

商河县儿童乙肝疫苗免疫效果及持久性分析研究庞汉杰１张栋国１接种乙肝疫苗是预防乙型肝炎最有效的方法，我国是一个乙肝高感染国家，有计划的对儿童进行乙肝疫苗接种，是控制乙肝感染率，保障人民身体健康的最有效举措。为探讨乙肝血源疫苗的免疫效果及持久性，制定合理...     

平凉市儿童乙肝疫苗接种及HBsAg携带情况调查

目的 了解平凉市2～14岁儿童HBsAg携带情况,评价卫生部／全球疫苗免疫联盟项目(GAVI项目)实施效果,为乙肝防控提供依据.方法 在全市6县1区各抽查60名2～14岁儿童,共420名.抽取静脉血,采用酶联免疫吸附法检测.结果 420名儿童,HBsAg阳性率为0.9％；儿童乙肝疫苗全程接种率为89.0％.结论 随着国家将乙肝疫苗纳入到计划免疫工作,HBsAg阳性率显著下降,实施GAVI项目使乙肝防控取得显著效果.     

实施扩大国家免疫规划须破“三难”

欠发达地区目前存在免疫经费保障难、卫生人力配备难、预防接种管理难等三大难题,必须通过摆正民生与政绩的位置、建立经费保障协调机制、加速人员定额标准编制与人才选聘和岗位培训、加强专门组织建设和宣传监管等工作加以破解,才能确保扩大国家免疫规划工作顺利实施。     

武宣县免疫规划信息管理网络系统的建设与应用

目的提高贫困地区武宣县儿童免疫规划工作效率与质量。方法通过分期筹款、分批投入和逐步推进的办法。建立覆盖全县的儿童免疫规划信息管理网络系统。结果提高了儿童免疫规划工作效率与质量,全县卡介苗、脊灰疫苗、百白破疫苗、麻疹疫苗和乙肝疫苗的年均接种率提高了10．0％～27．5％;降低了工作成本,年均减少开支40．86万元;一地建卡可异地接种,较好地解决了流动人口免疫接种管理难题。结论通过与建卡证当地户籍管理部门进行内部网络有效链接,随时掌握儿童迁出迁入情况并向迁入迁出地疾病预防控制部门移交或索取预防接种信息,避免儿童因迁移造成预防接种服务中断：借鉴武宣县做法,可解决贫困地区无力一次性投入足够经费用于开发并建立儿童免疫规划信息管理系统的难题。     

City of Fort Worth Consumer Health Division-2004 Crumbine Award Winner

Historically, the Fort Worth CHD has striven to provide the highest level of service toward the assurance of consumer safety. The burgeoning growth of the city, however, combined with limited resources, has challenged this capability. The response by CHD was to develop a long-term, orchestrated plan to not only maintain but also improve performance. To succeed, a multiyear, integrated plan to develop programming, personnel management, and budgeting was adopted. In accordance with this plan, the past five years have witnessed the cultivation and integration of strategic initiatives into a comprehensive and effective consumer safety program. The program has succeeded in improving inspections, lowering violation recidivism, maintaining compliance, and orchestrating activities to sustain improvements well into the future. CHD is proud of these accomplishments and of its service to the citizens of Fort Worth. In this spirit, CHD is happy to accept the 2004 Crumbine Award, which recognizes the dedication to consumer safety underlying this program.     

A five-year plan for population research and family planning services. 3. Family planning services

A tentative family planning program plan for 1971-1975 is presented. The estimated need for family planning services by 1975 is projected to be 6.6 million individuals, classified as poor and medically indigent. The author states that more research is needed to project a similar need for higher income groups who have trouble controlling the number and timing of their children. With better research family planning services could help meet their needs too. The plan projects greater expansion of services to non-metropolitan areas to overcome a maldistribution of present programs. It is estimated that 90% of those in need can now be served by existing services, while new delivery agencies would need to be created to serve the remaining need. Manpower development of this plan calls for an expansion in the use and role of paraprofessional personnel. The utilization of operational research, planning and evaluation is needed for objective data, to help programmers determine shape and scope of required program, and to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. To do this a 3 phase 5 year plan is presented. As program services expand the role information, education and communication plays is critical. Development of these functions will help in reaching program goals. Projected estimates by 1975 of direct costs of provision of family planning services will be between 360 and 395 million dollars.     

南宁市免疫规划工作现状调查分析

目的分析南宁市免疫规划工作开展情况,探讨影响免疫规划质量的因素,为制定免疫规划工作措施提供科学依据。方法对南宁市12个县(区)免疫规划人员及经费保障、免疫规划业务工作、免疫规划管理、现场调查接种率等指标进行考核。结果南宁市免疫规划工作开展良好,但经费不足、加强免疫接种率较低、疫苗管理不规范是影响南宁市免疫规划工作质量的主要因素。结论加大免疫规划工作力度及经费的投入,加强技术指导及人员培训,规范疫苗管理,以确保南宁市免疫规划工作可持续性发展。     

分段优化方法在鼻咽癌调强计划中的应用

目的 探讨一种分段优化方法在鼻咽癌调强计划设计中的应用.方法 分段优化方法是指将调强计划分两段计划优化和执行,第一段计划优化靶区包括肿瘤区、阳性淋巴结区、高危区和预防照射区,执行同期小野加量治疗,第二段计划只针对肿瘤区进行缩野推量.该方法的应用过程和效果用一例鼻咽癌病例做演示.结果 对于鼻咽癌,分段优化方法的调强计划设计相对传统同期小野加量调强计划设计可以提高高危区和预防区单次剂量,靶区剂量分布更加均匀,减少重要器官受量,同时减少计划投射跳数.结论 分段优化方法可以在鼻咽癌调强计划设计中应用.     

Developing a process-evaluation plan for assessing health promotion program implementation: a how-to guide

Process evaluation is used to monitor and document program implementation and can aid in understanding the relationship between specific program elements and program outcomes. The scope and implementation of process evaluation has grown in complexity as its importance and utility have become more widely recognized. Several practical frameworks and models are available to practitioners to guide the development of a comprehensive evaluation plan, including process evaluation for collaborative community initiatives. However, frameworks for developing a comprehensive process-evaluation plan for targeted programs are less common. Building from previous frameworks, the authors present a comprehensive and systematic approach for developing a process-evaluation plan to assess the implementation of a targeted health promotion intervention. Suggested elements for process-evaluation plans include fidelity, dose (delivered and received), reach, recruitment, and context. The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate the steps involved in developing a process evaluation plan for any health promotion program.     

医院医学工程科技术管理规范专题八——医院医疗器械招标管理技术规范探讨

目的：针对国家、军队对医院医疗器械招标的管理规范没有统一的模式和标准,制订出适合医院招标规范。方法：在采购实践中不断探索和总结,为医院医疗器械招标实施的标准、模式、方法和步骤提出了一套科学、可行、切实、有效的管理技术方案。结果：依照管理方案进行标书的制作、采购小组的组建、招标的组织实施和招标的信息统计,较好地实现了规范化目标。结论：它的实施将会推动医疗器械招标工作的完善。     

Optimization of foot-and-mouth disease vaccination protocols by surveillance of neutralization antibodies

An appropriate immunization program for pigs in a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) endemic area was proposed based on data analysis obtained from serological surveillance in Taiwan, after an intensive vaccination program. To provide an adequate passive immunity for piglets, gilts that have completed two basic vaccinations must be boosted once before breeding. To achieve an efficient response to the FMD vaccine for piglets born to well vaccinated sows, vaccination need to be delayed until 10-12 weeks of ages for the first immunization, followed by a boost 4 weeks later.     

The resurgence risk of COVID-19 in China in the presence of immunity waning and ADE: A mathematical modelling study

The mass vaccination program has been actively promoted since the end of 2020. However, waning immunity, antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and increased transmissibility of variants make the herd immunity untenable and the implementation of dynamic zero-COVID policy challenging in China. To explore how long the vaccination program can prevent China at low resurgence risk, and how these factors affect the long-term trajectory of the COVID-19 epidemics, we developed a dynamic transmission model of COVID-19 incorporating vaccination and waning immunity, calibrated using the data of accumulative vaccine doses administered and the COVID-19 epidemic in 2020 in mainland China. The prediction suggests that the vaccination coverage with at least one dose reach 95.87%, and two doses reach 77.92% on 31 August 2021. However, despite the mass vaccination, randomly introducing infected cases in the post-vaccination period causes large outbreaks quickly with waning immunity, particularly for SARS-CoV-2 variants with higher transmissibility. The results showed that with the current vaccination program and 50% of the population wearing masks, mainland China can be protected at low resurgence risk until 8 January 2023. However, ADE and higher transmissibility for variants would significantly shorten the low-risk period by over 1 year. Furthermore, intermittent outbreaks can occur while the peak values of the subsequent outbreaks decrease, indicating that subsequent outbreaks boosted immunity in the population level, further indicating that follow-up vaccination programs can help mitigate or avoid the possible outbreaks. The findings revealed that the integrated effects of multiple factors: waning immunity, ADE, relaxed interventions, and higher variant transmissibility, make controlling COVID-19 challenging. We should prepare for a long struggle with COVID-19, and not entirely rely on the COVID-19 vaccine.