沙疗下不同月龄兔膝骨关节炎股骨的骨质骨量及生物力学性能变化

研究维医沙疗对不同月龄兔骨性关节炎(OA)股骨的骨质骨量变化及生物力学性能的影响。实验选用新西兰大白兔成熟期组16只,生长期组16只,对其右后股骨膝关节腔注射木瓜蛋白酶建OA模型,成熟期组随机分2组:对照组(不沙疗)8只,沙疗组8只;生长期组随机分2组:对照组(不沙疗)8只,沙疗组8只;采用CT扫描4次(建模前1d、建模第13、27、41d),MIMICS软件获取股骨模型、各骨质的骨体积和骨体积比的变化;最后进行股骨三点弯曲试验,获得弹性载荷和弹性挠度并计算截面惯性矩、最大弯曲正应力、弯曲弹性模量和结构刚度。实验结果表明:1成熟期兔股骨OA建模前1d与第13d相比较,松质骨量增多而皮质骨量减少(P0.05);而各自相比对照组,沙疗组在沙疗作用下OA兔股骨松质骨量减少和皮质骨量增多(P0.05)。2各自相比对照组,沙疗组OA兔股骨挠度和横截面惯性矩无统计学差异(P0.05),而截面面积、最大弯曲正应力、最大载荷、弹性模量和结构刚度变大(P0.05)。本研究显示:1维医沙疗对不同月龄兔OA股骨的各骨质骨量变化都有良性影响。2维医沙疗能改善不同月龄兔OA股骨的力学性能。     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植膝类风湿关节炎兔：关节滑膜体积和软骨厚度的MRI评价

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞具有显著的免疫调节功能和多向分化潜能,可抑制类风湿关节炎的炎症反应,促进软骨损伤的修复。 目的：用骨髓间充质干细胞治疗兔早期类风湿关节炎,运用MRI观察软骨厚度及滑膜体积的改变,评价治疗效果。 方法：选取42只新西兰大白兔,用卵蛋白制造类风湿关节炎模型,造模第4周(治疗前)取6只兔行MRI和病理检查以对照,余36只兔随机分模型组和骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组,两组于治疗后1,2,3个月分别选取6只兔行MRI和病理检查。对病变膝关节的滑膜体积和软骨厚度进行MRI测量及病理学评分。 结果与结论：治疗1,2,3个月,类风湿关节炎组滑膜进行性增厚,软骨厚度变薄,病理学评分增加;骨髓间充质干细胞治疗组滑膜增厚程度减轻,关节软骨厚度恢复,病理学评分减低。MRI测量数据和病理学评分有相关性。提示MRI可用于评价骨髓间充质干细胞对早期类风湿关节炎的疗效。     

关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型基质金属蛋白酶-9表达的影响

目的观察膝关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-9表达的影响。方法健康家兔30只,随机分为对照组(空气组)、骨性关节炎组(OA组)和医用臭氧组(25μg/ml),使用Hulth法复制出膝骨性关节炎(OA)模型。分别在造模成功时和处死前测定兔膝关节活动度,末次注射后3 d处死实验兔,免疫组化方法与Western blot方法检测关节软骨中MMP-9蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测关节软骨中MMP-9 mRNA水平的变化。结果造模成功后,OA组和医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度均显著降低,但是采用医用臭氧治疗后,医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度显著升高。OA组兔关节软骨中MMP-9蛋白与mRNA的表达水平比对照组显著升高,但臭氧组兔膝关节MMP-9蛋白与mRNA的表达显著降低。结论降低关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-9的表达可能是医用臭氧有效治疗膝关节炎的作用机制之一。     

关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型基质金属蛋白酶-13表达的影响

目的观察膝关节腔内注射医用臭氧对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-13表达的影响。方法健康家兔30只,随机分为对照组(空气组)、骨性关节炎组(OA组)和医用臭氧组(25μg/ml),使用Hulth法复制出膝骨性关节炎(OA)模型。分别在造模成功时和处死前测定兔膝关节活动度,末次注射后3 d处死实验兔,免疫组化方法与Western blot方法检测关节软骨中MMP-13蛋白的表达变化,RT-PCR方法检测关节软骨中MMP-13 mRNA水平的变化。结果造模成功后,OA组和医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度均显著降低,医用臭氧组兔膝关节活动度显著升高。OA组兔关节软骨中MMP-13蛋白与mRNA的表达水平显著升高,但是采用医用臭氧治疗后,臭氧组兔膝关节MMP-13蛋白与mRNA的表达水平显著降低。结论降低关节软骨中基质金属蛋白酶-13的表达可能是医用臭氧有效治疗膝关节炎的作用机制之一。     

低频脉冲超声干预膝骨关节炎模型兔关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3的表达

背景：研究表明,低频脉冲超声能促进全层关节软骨缺损修复,延缓实验性早期骨关节炎的病变进展。水通道蛋白3存在于关节软骨及滑膜上,并在骨关节炎的发病机制中发挥重要作用。 目的：探讨低频脉冲超声对实验性膝骨关节炎兔关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3表达的影响。 方法：成年新西兰兔左后膝关节用管型石膏固定于伸直位制动6周制备实验性兔膝关节骨关节炎模型,造模成功后随机分为两组：实验组予以低频脉冲超声治疗(频率为1 MHz,功率为2.0 W),1次/d,15 min/次;对照组不接受超声治疗。分别于治疗后2,4,8周,采用免疫组织化学方法观察兔关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3的表达。 结果与结论：随着造模后时间的延长,各组兔关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3的表达均有所增加;与对照组比较,实验组兔关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3表达明显降低(P < 0.01)。说明低频脉冲超声能降低实验性兔膝骨关节炎关节软骨及滑膜水通道蛋白3的表达,从而缓解关节肿胀,延缓软骨及滑膜的退变,具有软骨及滑膜保护作用。     

膝关节神经支选择性切断对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨病理变化的影响

目的:观察选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨病变的影响。方法:采用改良Hulth法复制兔膝骨性关节炎模型,通过外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支。利用"测定双足平衡设备"检测和评价兔膝关节功能变化,肉眼观察兔膝关节大体结构。组织切片H-E染色,光镜下观察关节软骨组织结构,应用显微电脑测量软件测量关节软骨厚度。运用TUNEL法检测软骨细胞的凋亡。结果:模型组右侧(患侧)膝关节蜷缩、无力,检测显示以左侧后足承重为主。治疗组右侧(患侧)后足承重分布情况较模型组有明显改善。模型组兔膝关节软骨出现退变的表现,软骨细胞过度凋亡,其凋亡指数明显高于正常组,而治疗组兔膝关节软骨退变有明显改善,细胞凋亡指数明显低于模型组。模型组和治疗组膝关节软骨厚度均较正常组有明显减小,但治疗组软骨厚度较模型组有明显增厚。结论;选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨细胞凋亡有抑制作用,并能改善病变关节软骨的结构,加强关节的功能。     

滑膜软骨瘤病的X线病理分析

目的 探讨滑膜软骨瘤病的临床、病理与X线联系及诊断价值．方法 回顾性分析了17例滑膜软骨瘤病的临床、病理及X线表现．结果 本病好发于下肢大关节，多为单关节．膝关节10例(双侧2例)、肩关节3例、髋关节、肘关节、腕关节、指掌关节各1例．主要临床表现：关节肿痛、弹响(6例)，绞锁(3例)，触及可活动或不活动性硬块(9例)．X线特点：在关节内及其周围见数目、大小、密度、形态不一的钙化或骨化游离体．结论 正确判断和认识关节内游离体来源与发展的病理变化及X线表现对诊断本病有较重要的价值．     

选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨超微结构的影响

目的观察选择性切断膝关节神经支对兔膝骨性关节炎模型关节软骨超微结构的影响。方法采用Huhh法复制兔膝骨性关节炎模型，通过外科显微镜下选择性切断兔膝关节神经支，对关节软骨等结构进行形态学观察，运用TUNEL法检测软骨细胞的凋亡，并应用透射电镜观察关节软骨超微结构的变化。结果模型组兔膝关节软骨出现退变的表现，软骨细胞过度凋亡，其凋亡指数（31．25±6．83）明显高于正常组（3．16±0．65；P〈0．05）。模型组关节软骨超微结构明显受损，软骨细胞出现核固缩，线粒体肿胀，粗面内质网扩张、脱颗粒；软骨基质内胶原纤维断裂溶解，结构模糊。治疗组兔膝关节软骨退变有明显改善，细胞凋亡指数（15．43±3．72）明显低于模型组（P〈0．05），关节软骨超微结构较模型组有明显改善。结论选择性切断膝关节神经支对膝骨性关节炎模型兔关节软骨细胞凋亡有抑制作用，并能改善关节软骨的超微结构。     

转化生长因子β1与骨形态发生蛋白2联合修复膝关节软骨损伤

目的 通过探讨转化生长因子β1(TGF-β1)和骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP-2)联合使用对兔膝关节全层关节软骨的修复作用,为关节软骨损伤的治疗提供参考依据.方法 取8只6月龄健康家兔,随机分成两组,每组4只.在无菌条件下,于兔双侧膝关节股骨内外侧髁关节负重面制备直径3mm、深2mm全层关节软骨缺损,用胶原海绵填充或将胶原...     

早期关节活动对前交叉韧带重建后腱骨愈合的影响

背景：异体移植物可作为前交叉韧带重建翻修以及膝关节复合损伤修复的选择。 目的：通过建立异体韧带移植重建前交叉韧带的动物模型,观察早期活动对异体植入物止点腱骨愈合的组织形态以及关节活动功能恢复的影响。 方法：健康成年新西兰兔9只,随机取3只兔双侧跟腱作为供体,取6只兔切断一侧膝关节前交叉韧带,固定重建前交叉韧带。动物随机数字表法均分运动组和制动组,6周后观察关节活动功能、腱骨愈合大体观察以及组织学观察。 结果与结论：术侧肢体活动情况基本正常,所有动物前交叉韧带上下止点愈合情况均良好。前交叉韧带周围滑膜均可见明显增生。活动组可见较多Sharpey纤维,腱骨间接连接形成,而制动组未见明显Sharpey纤维。说明术后6周异体重建物止点已有腱骨愈合,早期活动对重建物的腱骨愈合并无明显不良影响,可能还更有利。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.