静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式和性行为与丙型肝炎病毒感染关系的研究

目的 了解四川省凉山州某地区静脉吸毒人群共用注射器具方式及性行为与丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)感染的关系。方法 以社区为基础使用标准化问卷调查静脉吸毒人群人口学特征和静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式、性行为情况;通过检测研究对象的HCV抗体确定是否感染HCV。结果 在静脉吸毒379人中,静脉吸毒人群HCV感染率为对71.0％(269/379)。单因素分析结果显示近3个月共用针头或注射器和既往感染梅毒在HCV感染方面差异有统计学意义。趋势性检验发现随着共用针头或注射器、共用洗针头或注射器水的频率以及共用注射器具伙伴数的增加HCV的感染率也在增加。多因素分析结果显示,近3个月共用针头或注射器。既往感染梅毒是HCV感染的危险因素,其OR值分别为1.468(95％CI:1.045～2.061)和2.914(95％CI:1.327～6.398)。未见性行为对HCV感染的影响。结论 需考虑采用定群血清流行病学研究来进一步阐明静脉吸毒共用注射器具方式及性行为同HCV感染的关系及其联系强度。     

社区静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒感染现状

目的　了解四川省凉山彝族自治州静脉吸毒人群人类免疫缺陷病毒 (HIV)感染率及其危险因素。方法　于 2 0 0 2年 11月 8～ 2 9日 ,以社区招募方式调查凉山彝族自治州地区静脉吸毒人群的社会人口学、静脉吸毒共用注射器具和性行为方式与HIV感染的关系。采集血样进行HIV和梅毒抗体检测。结果　提供知情同意和符合纳入标准的 379人 ,HIV感染率为 11 3% (43人 )。在单因素χ2 分析中 ,民族、近 3个月共用注射器具总次数、近 3个月共用棉球和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。在多因素logistic回归模型分析中 ,近 3个月共用注射器具总次数 (OR =2 2 8;95 %CI为 1 18～ 4 4 3)和梅毒感染 (OR =3 10 ;95 %CI为 1 4 8～ 6 4 8)与HIV感染有关。结论　近 3个月共用注射器具总次数和梅毒感染与HIV感染有关。     

静脉吸毒人群HIV感染危险因素研究

目的　了解四川省凉山地区静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染危险因素。方法　以社区为基础 ,调查静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染危险因素。结果　静脉吸毒人群艾滋病病毒感染率为 11 3 % (43 / 3 79)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中 (P <0 0 5) ,共用注射器具 10次及以上的OR值为 2 0 3 4。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中 (P <0 10 ) ,共用注射器具 10次及以上和近 6个月有新的性伙伴是艾滋病病毒感染的危险因素。结论　应针对该地区静脉吸毒人群进行戒毒和性行为干预来控制艾滋病病毒的传播     

静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒抗体阳转随访研究

目的 调查四川省某地区静脉吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)血清抗体阳转情况及其危险因素,以了解该人群HCV流行的态势.方法 以社区为基础在四川省西昌市招募HCV血清抗体阴性的静脉吸毒人群107人,每6个月随访高危吸毒行为和性行为情况,采集血样检测HCV血清抗体.结果 队列随访2年,静脉吸毒人群队列保持率为81.3%(87/107),HCV阳转率为38.45/100人年.在多因素Poisson回归模型分析中,性别(RR,2.59;95%CI,1.18～5.65)、年龄(RR,0.52;95%CI,0.28～0.96)、近3个月静脉注射频率≥7次/周(RR,2.68;95% CI,1.33～5.42)和近3个月共用针头或注射器(RR,2.22;95%CI,1.11～4.45)是HCV血清抗体阳转的危险因素.结论 静脉吸毒人群HCV新发感染率高,应采取有效的干预措施以减少静脉吸毒人群的共用注射器行为和高危性行为.     

昭通市吸毒人员丙型肝炎病毒感染情况调查分析

目的了解昭通市吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况,分析感染途径及原因,为加强吸毒人员管理,有效防控丙型肝炎病毒在该人群中的传播提出针对性防控措施和依据。方法对昭通市戒毒劳教所所有在押吸毒人员进行问卷调查,同时采集静脉血3m L,用ELISA方法进行丙肝抗体的检测并作统计分析。结果 1 184名吸毒人员,丙型肝炎病毒感染者539名,感染率45.52%;注射方式和烫吸方式吸毒的感染率分别为76.15%和23.21%,注射感染率明显高于烫吸感染率(χ2=3.84,P0.05);0-6月,7月-1年,1年1月-2年,2年1月-5年,5年1月-10年,以及10年以上不同吸毒年限的感染率依次为(%):20.34,29.61,33.71,43.88,59.72,80.33(χ2=11.07,P0.05),吸毒年限越长,感染率越高。结论昭通市吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率明显高于我国一般人群的3.2%和世界卫生组织统计,全球平均感染率的3%;注射吸毒感染率明显高于烫吸感染率;吸毒年限长的感染率高于吸毒短的感染率。注射感染是丙型肝炎病毒感染的主要途径,但其他感染途径也不容忽视;共用注射器吸毒是感染的主要原因,性乱,长期反复接触病原体也是引起高感染率的原因之一。对该人群丙型肝炎病毒感染的防控要早:让吸毒人员及早戒毒;少:打击贩毒,减少吸毒;干预:通过针具交换,推广使用安全套,干预高危行为。     

共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染关系的研究

目的探讨吸毒人群共用注射器静脉吸毒与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004-05/07,采用横断面研究调查四川省西昌市吸毒人群的社会人口学、吸毒频率、共用注射器静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数以及性行为特征。同时采集血样进行HIV和抗体检测。结果调查吸毒人群451人,HIV感染率为15.1%(68/451),其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17.8%(66/370)。在多因素Logistic回归模型分析中,与HIV感染关系有统计学意义的变量是彝族(OR=2.91;95%CI,1.67～5.10)、至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的总次数(1～19次OR=4.67;95%CI,2.35～9.26;20次及以上OR=4.20;95%CI,1.52～11.61)和至今共用注射器具静脉吸毒的伙伴人数7人及其以上(OR=2.17;95%CI,1.01～4.68)。结论吸毒人群共用注射器具静脉吸毒的社会网络大小与其HIV感染有关,需通过降低共用注射器具静脉吸毒的次数和伙伴人数来控制HIV的传播流行。     

静脉吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具行为特征调查

目的 了解四川省凉山彝族自治区静脉吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具吸毒的行为学特征。方法 通过访谈和填写调查表，对379名静脉吸毒人员的社会人口学情况、近3个月内静脉吸毒共用注射器具吸毒方式、性行为等有关的行为学特征进行了调查。结果 近3个月内，43．8％(166人)的参加者与他人共用过注射器具(直接或间接共用)；41．2％(156人)的参加者与他人有过直接共用注射器具行为；33．3％(126人)的参加者与他人有过间接共用注射器具行为。直接共用注射器具的多因素logistic回归模型分析中，有统计学意义的人口学变量是汉族。间接共用注射器具的多因素logistic回归模型分析中，有统计学意义的变量为较低的文化程度和住自己的房子或租房。近6个月有新性伴的为115人(30．3％)。近1个月与非主要性伴进行异性性交每次都使用安全套的占14．6％(13／89)。结论 静脉吸毒人群中间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为、高危性行为普遍，在进行健康教育时，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染关系的研究

目的了解四川省凉山彝族自治州地区吸毒人群直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式与HIV感染的关系。方法于2004年5月至7月，从社区中招募吸毒人群调查其社会人口学特征、近3个月直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒方式、近6个月性行为情况。采集研究对象的血样进行HIV抗体检测。结果在调查的吸毒人群中HIV感染率为15．1％（68／451），其中静脉吸毒人群HIV感染率为17．8％（66／370）。多因素Logistic分析结果显示，民族（OR为2．40；95％CI为1．39～4．13）、近3个月共用针头和注射器（OR为2．02；95％CI为1．12～3．63）、近3个月共用洗针头或注射器用水（OR，4．00；95％；CI，1．28～12．54）与HIV感染关系有统计学意义。结论四川省凉山彝族自治州吸毒人群HIV感染率高，直接和间接共用注射器具静脉吸毒行为以及高危性行为普遍，应加强对此类行为的干预。     

我国吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况的系统评价

目的综合评价我国吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染状况,为开展相关防治和控制工作提供科学依据。方法系统检索中国学术期刊全文数据库、中文科技期刊数据库(维普)和万方中文数据库以及Pub Med Central、EBSCO-ASC+BSC、Web of Knowledge数据库,收集2000-2016年收录的有关我国吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染情况的文献,采用Meta分析合并感染率,并进行亚组分析,且对文献进行发表偏倚分析。结果共筛选出符合标准文献42篇,吸毒者总样本量为29 506名,吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率为55.00%(95%CI:47.00%~62.00%)。亚组分析结果显示,我国中部地区吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率(62.22%)最高,东部地区(57.14%)次之,西部地区(47.38%)最低;男性吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率(60.90%)高于女性(56.74%);注射吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率(73.17%)远高于非注射人群(21.88%);41~50年龄段的吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率(59.64%)最高、≤30年龄段(43.74%)最低。结论我国吸毒人群丙型肝炎病毒感染率远高于正常人群,需采取综合措施,预防和控制毒品和丙型肝炎病毒的传播。     

自贡市吸毒人群HIV和HCV合并感染情况分析

[目的]了解自贡市吸毒人群HIV、HCV合并感染状况及其危险因素的相关性。[方法]调查美沙酮门诊吸毒人员的社会人口学、吸毒方式,并采集血样检测HIV、HCV抗体。[结果]在698名吸毒人员中,HIV抗体阳性144人,阳性率为20.63%(144/698);共用注射器占静脉吸毒人群的32.26%;HCV抗体阳性584人,阳性率为83.67%(584/698);在HIV感染者中合并感染HCV134人,感染率为93.05%(134/144)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,静脉吸毒时间、共用注射器、文化程度是HIV/HCV合并感染的影响因素。[结论]自贡市吸毒人群HIV合并感染HCV比例高,在吸毒人群中存在许多加速艾滋病和丙型肝炎流行的危险因素。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.