胃肠道术后早期不同途径肠内营养的应用

目的 :比较胃肠道术后早期经鼻肠管和空肠造口管二条途径进行肠内营养支持的方便性、优越性以及并发症。　方法 :选择胃肠道手术病人共 5 5例 ,按序随机分成A、B、C三组 ,A组为鼻肠管组 ,B组为空肠造口管组 ,C组为对照组。A、B二组应用肠内营养输注系统 ,在手术后 6h开始均匀输注能全力 ,分别记录术中鼻肠管和空肠造口管的放置时间、观察肠内营养支持期间的临床表现 ,并分别测定肠内营养支持前后病人的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标以及术后并发症。　结果 :A组术中放置鼻肠管时间为 (2 9.2± 5 .6 )min ,B组术中经空肠穿刺放置Flocare可裂式空肠造口管时间为 (7.2± 2 .3)min ,二者比较差异非常显著 (P <0 .0 1)。术后肛门排气恢复时间A、B二组均比对照组快 (P <0 .0 1)。A组应用能全力后有 1例胃癌行根治术病人因腹痛、腹胀 ,不能耐受 ,中途停止使用 ;2例出现恶心、呕吐 ,经减慢输注速度后缓解 ;有 8例出现鼻咽部不适及 2例出现肺炎 ,经超声雾化、抗菌药物治疗后痊愈。B组 1例结肠癌行根治术病人因护理不当导致空肠造口管滑脱而中途停止使用 ;3例出现腹痛 ,经调整温度后缓解。所有病人没有出现腹泻、急性机械性肠梗阻、肠瘘和代谢性并发症。A组和B组应用能全力后 ,前白蛋白比对照组升高 (     

胃肠道术后6小时空肠造瘘肠内营养应用

目的探讨符合国内应用的胃肠道手术后早期肠内营养支持的方法.方法选用18例胃肠道手术患者,应用空肠穿刺造瘘和肠内营养输注系统于术后6 h开始均匀灌注,观察临床表现,分别测定肠内营养支持前后患者的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标以及C反应蛋白(CRP).结果肠内组术后肛门排气恢复时间(57.6+7.2)h,较对照组(76.8+28.8)h快,P＜0.01.所有患者没有出现腹泻,代谢性并发症和感染性并发症,其中16例能耐受术后6 h开始的肠内营养.肠内组血钾较对照组明显上升(P＜0.05);肝肾功能、电解质测定结果两组间没有变化,CRP较对照组明显下降(P＜0.01);体重,转铁蛋白较对照组上升,但仍在正常范围;前白蛋白较对照组上升(P＜0.05);视黄醇结合蛋白较对照组明显上升(P＜0.01).结论肠内营养制剂在术后6 h通过空肠穿刺造瘘和肠内营养输注系统进行肠内营养支持是一种可行的胃肠道手术后肠内营养支持的方法.     

胃肠道术后6小时经空肠造口肠内营养的应用

探索胃肠道术后早期肠内营养支持的方法。应用空肠穿刺造口和肠内营养输注系统 ,在术后 6 h开始均匀灌注 ,观察临床表现和分别测定肠内营养支持前后病人的血常规、血糖、肝肾功能、电解质和营养指标以及 CRP。结果 :肠内组术后肛门排气恢复时间 (5 7.6± 7.2 h)较对照组 (76 .8± 2 8.8h)快 ,P<0 .0 1。所有病人没有出现腹泻 ,代谢性和感染性并发症 ,16 / 18例能耐受术后 6 h开始的肠内营养。肠内组应用能全力后血钾较对照组明显上升 ,P<0 .0 5。其余肝肾功能、电解质测定结果两组间没有变化 ,肠内组应用能全力后 CRP较对照组明显下降 ,…     

免疫增强型肠内营养制剂在胃癌术后病人辅助化疗中的作用

目的:观察应用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂对胃癌术后病人辅助化疗中的临床疗效。方法:将84例胃癌术后辅助化疗病人随机分为A、B两组,每组42例。两组病人均于术中放置空肠穿刺造口管,并延期留置空肠造口管直至化疗6个疗程结束。A组每个化疗疗程经空肠造口管给予免疫增强型肠内营养液瑞能,每天1 500ml,共7 d;B组则每个化疗疗程经空肠穿刺造口管给予普通匀浆膳食,每天1 500 ml,共7 d。比较两组病人化疗后营养和免疫指标。结果:化疗后A组血红蛋白、血清清蛋白、前清蛋白及IL-2、NK细胞活性、CD3+、CD4+、CD4+/CD8+水平显著高于B组(P0.05)。结论:在胃癌病人术后辅助化疗期间,应用免疫增强型肠内营养制剂能减少化疗药物对病人营养状况和免疫功能的影响。     

喂养泵在肠内营养支持中的应用

0　引　　言近年来 ,随着肠内营养研究的深入及营养制剂与输注方法的不断改进 ,肠内营养与肠内喂养泵在十二指肠及空肠造口病人中广泛应用。我院 2 0 0 1年 6月至 12月对行十二指肠及空肠造口的 2 7例病人 ,将喂养泵应用于肠内营养支持 ,取得了满意的疗效 ,现报告如下。1　资料     

延期留置空肠造口管间断肠内营养在进展期胃癌术后辅助化疗中的应用评价

目的 研究延期留置空肠造口管间断肠内营养在进展期胃癌术后辅助化疗中应用的可行性及疗效.方法 将进展期胃癌术后行辅助化疗的82例患者按机械抽样法随机分成A、B两组,每组各41例.均于术中放置空肠造口管,A组延期留置空肠造口管至化疗6个疗程结束,每个化疗疗程经空肠造口管给予肠内营养液;B组于化疗前拔除空肠造口管,每个化疗疗程给予普通饮食.比较化疗后两组营养及免疫指标,观察延期留置空肠造口管相关并发症.结果 化疗后A组血红蛋白[(106.9±12.0)g/L]、血清白蛋白[(26.2±1.4)g/L]、前白蛋白[(202.9±32.2)mg/L]及IL-2[(11.9±2.1)μg/L]、NK细胞活性[(21.3±5.2)%]、CD:[(62.9±3.3)%]、CD4+[(26.1±4.7)%]、CD4/CD8(1.1±0.2)水平显著高于B组(P＜0.05或＜0.01);化疗期间A组呕吐发生率(4.9%,2/41)显著低于B组(26.8%,11/41),平均每日摄入量[(1312±114)ml]显著多于B组[(765±186)ml](P＜0.05).延期留置空肠造口管未发生相关严重并发症.结论 延期留置空肠造口管间断肠内营养在进展期胃癌术后辅助化疗中应用是安全可行的,可以有效地提高术后辅助化疗患者的营养及免疫状况.     

生长激素加早期肠内营养对胃肠道术后病人营养及T细胞亚群的影响

目的 探讨胃肠道术后病人生长激素加早期肠内营养对胃肠道术后病人营养及免疫力的影响。方法 将126例胃肠术后病人分成2组，A组早期肠内营养支持加生长激素治疗，B组传统的胃肠外营养。A组术后第3d开始用生长激素(GH)，连用1周，每天5IU。术后8d测定病人的多项营养指标及T细胞亚群。结果 术后8d A组病人转铁蛋白、前白蛋白、视黄醇结合蛋白明显高于B组(t＞2．36，P＜0.05)有显著差异。T细胞亚群亦增加，与B组比较(t＞2．26，P＜0.05)有显著差异。结论 胃肠术后病人早期肠内营养支持能迅速改善病人营养状态，减少并发症，适量应用生长激素能促进蛋白合成，增强免疫功能。     

穿刺式空肠造口术在肝移植中的应用

目的 :探讨术中穿刺空肠造口在肝移植受体中的应用 ,以便术后早期行肠内营养支持。　方法 :对 5例有适应证的肝移植病人 ,选用Flocare可裂式空肠穿刺造口管 ,于手术结束前 ,在距Treitz韧带约 2 0cm处作穿刺 ,使导管在肠壁内潜行 4～ 5cm后进入肠腔 ,再固定于腹膜壁层上 ,并于术后第 1天经空肠造口管给予肠内营养。　结果 :术中经空肠穿刺 ,放置造口管时间为 (9.2± 2 .3)min ,造口管应用良好 ,分别于术后 1 4～ 4 6天拔除。 5例病人中有 1例发生导管堵塞 ,在介入引导下用导丝予以疏通后重新应用。本组中未发生其他与空肠造口有关的并发症。　结论 :经穿刺式空肠造口置管可作为某些肝移植病人术后早期肠内营养的首选方法     

全胃切除术后经空肠造口行早期肠内营养的临床研究

目的：通过对全胃切除术后经空肠造口早期给予肠内营养治疗的观察，评价其疗效及可行性。方法：选择本院收治的胃癌全胃切除病人25例，随机分为两组，I组（对照组）12例，术后接受外周静脉营养；Ⅱ组（试验组）13例，术后24h开始经空肠造口行肠内营养治疗（连续7天），两组基本等热量，并对两组病人术前、术后进行营养状态评价，比较术后肠功能恢复及住院费用等。结果：试验组病人术后体重及营养状态均较对照组有明显改善，两组差异显著（P＜0．01）。而且试验组术后平均住院时间明显短于对照组（P＜0．01）。结论：全胃切除术后经空肠造口行早期肠内营养治疗，不仅安全、可靠、简便、经济，而且能有效地改善病人术后营养状况。     

肠内免疫营养在恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术后的临床应用

目的:观察肠内免疫营养对恶性梗阻性黄疸病人术后的临床应用效果.方法:该研究是前瞻、随机、单盲和对照的临床研究.将40例接受手术治疗的恶性梗阻性黄疸病人,随机分为标准肠内营养组和肠内免疫营养组,每组20例.两组病人年龄、性别、手术方式等方面均有可比性.术中空肠造口,术后按125.52 kJ/(kg·d)给予等热量的肠内营养支持,连续应用10天以上.标准肠内营养组给予标准肠内营养剂,肠内免疫营养组给予肠内免疫营养剂(Supportan).分别于手术前2天,术后第4和第14天检测血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和血清IL-6水平.结果:①术后第14天时,肠内免疫营养组血清清蛋白水平明显高于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.05).②术后第14天时,谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶两组间无显著性差异.③术后第4天时肠内免疫营养组CD4/CD8比值明显高于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.01).与术前2天相比,术后第14天时肠内免疫营养组的CD4/CD8比值明显升高(P＜0.05),而在标准肠内营养组则无显著性差异.④术后第14天时,肠内免疫营养组血清IL-6水平明显低于标准肠内营养组(P＜0.05).结论:恶性梗阻性黄疸病人手术后应用肠内免疫营养能改善病人的营养状况,增强机体对肿瘤的免疫功能,调理急性炎症反应,改善预后.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.