伴有后囊缺陷的后极白内障的超声乳化手术

目的评价后极白内障的手术技巧和疗效。方法后极白内障31例（49只眼）,总结术前术中后囊情况、手术低参数超声乳化技巧、术中并发症以及术后视力。结果术中后囊完整透明31只眼（63．26％）,点状浑浊但保持完整10只眼（20．41％）,术中后囊破裂8只眼（18．33％）。术后矫正视力：0．1—0．3者3只眼（6．12％）,0．4-0．6者21只眼（42．86％）,0．8～1．0者25只眼（51．02％）。结论后极白内障术中后囊破裂发生率比普通白内障高。通过特定的超乳仪器低参数设计、轻柔的水分层、黏弹剂辅助减少眼压大幅度变动等操作可以有效地减少术中并发症并提高术后视力。     

Diagnosis and management of congenital cataract with preexisting posterior capsule defect

PURPOSE: To establish and evaluate the diagnostic signs, intraoperative performance, and postoperative outcomes in children with congenital cataract with a preexisting posterior capsule defect (PCD). SETTING: Iladevi Cataract & IOL Research Centre, Ahmedabad, India. METHODS: This study evaluated 400 consecutive eyes that had congenital cataract surgery, of which 27 (20 children) had a confirmed preexisting PCD. Seven children had bilateral defects. The preoperative diagnostic signs of PCD under maximum pupil dilation included well-demarcated, thick defect margins; white dots on the posterior capsule; and white dots in the anterior vitreous that moved with the degenerated vitreous like a fish tail (fish-tail sign). Hydrodissection was not attempted. Bimanual irrigation/aspiration and 2-port anterior vitrectomy were performed. The mean follow-up was 17.9 months +/- 16.96 (SD). RESULTS: The mean age of the 16 boys and 4 girls with a PCD was 21.98 +/- 33.33 months. Nineteen eyes (70.3%) had total white mature cataract. In 7 eyes (25.92%), the preexisting PCD was converted into a posterior capsulorhexis. Twenty eyes (74.07%) had an AcrySof MA30BA intraocular lens (IOL) implanted in the bag and 4 eyes (14.81%), in the sulcus. Three eyes (11.11%) were left aphakic. The visual axis remained clear in all eyes, and the IOL was well centered in 24 eyes (88.88%). CONCLUSION: Establishing the diagnostic signs of PCD with the eye fully dilated and carefully planning the surgery produced satisfactory technical and visual outcomes.     

外伤性白内障后囊缺损后房型人工晶体缝线固定术

目的：观察36例（36眼）外伤性白内障后囊缺损行后房型人工晶状体缝线固定术的效果。方法：10眼为异物伤行异物摘出联合一期植入术。7眼为术中后囊缺损大而改行缝线固定术。19眼为二期缝线固定术。结果：所有患者术后均获得有用视力，其中达0．5以上25眼（69．4％）。结论：人工晶状体缝线固定植入术治疗外伤性白内障效果满意，不同程度恢复有用视力及双眼单视功能。     

Cytological factors relating to posterior capsule opacification following cataract surgery.

Simulated extracapsular cataract extractions on cadaver eyes were performed which demonstrated that the cells of the anterior capsule remain largely intact and that only a small amount of cortical lens matter remains postoperatively. Human lens epithelial cells from normal and cataractous lenses were grown in culture. There was no appreciable difference in growth rate between cells from normal and those from cataractous lenses or between equatorial and central capsule cells. The cells grew from the cut edges of the capsule, suggesting that release from contact inhibition is an important factor in stimulating proliferation. The daughter cells became increasingly abnormal and metaplastic in successive generations, but there was no evidence of differentiation into fibroblasts within the 35-day culture period, suggesting that a retinal growth factor may be involved with the fibrosis occurring in opacification of the posterior capsule. A small anterior capsulotomy will release fewer cells from contact inhibition and hence reduce cell proliferation after extracapsular cataract extraction.     

玻璃体平坦部切除术后后囊膜缺损患者1例的白内障手术治疗

目的:评价1例54岁女性糖尿病性视网膜病变患者玻璃体平坦部切除术后后囊膜缺损的手术治疗效果。方法:我们使用"内外水轮廓分离"技术进行白内障超声乳化术对此例患者进行手术。结果:使用后房型人工晶状体植入后,手术进展顺利。结论:仔细散瞳检查后的精确诊断和详细讨论患者的病情,对于晶状体后囊缺损患者的成功治疗是必要的。     

Modified Malyugin ring iris expansion technique in small-pupil cataract surgery with posterior capsule defect

We describe a simple technique involving modification of iris expansion with the Malyugin ring (MicroSurgical Technology) in nondilating small-pupil cataract surgery with preexisting posterior capsule defect or intraoperative posterior capsule tear. A 6-0 polyglactin suture is placed in the leading scroll of the Malyugin ring, and the end of the suture is secured at the main port incision. This prevents the iris expander from inadvertently dropping into the vitreous during intraoperative manipulation.     

Dye-enhanced cataract surgery. Part 3: posterior capsule staining to learn posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis

PURPOSE: To evaluate the use of 2 dyes for staining the posterior capsule to enhance visualization during posterior continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (PCCC). SETTING: Center for Research on Ocular Therapeutics and Biodevices, Storm Eye Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA. METHODS: Indocyanine green 0.5% (ICG) and trypan blue 0.1% were used to stain the posterior capsule for performing PCCC in 8 human eyes obtained postmortem. The eyes were prepared according to the posterior video technique of Miyake-Apple. After CCC and hydrodissection/delineation were performed, the nucleus was carefully delivered by hydroexpression. Cortical cleanup was completed by irrigation/aspiration. The posterior capsule was stained by instilling 1 microdrop of ICG (4 eyes) or trypan blue (4 eyes) in the capsular bag. A PCCC was then performed by 2 independent surgeons (4 eyes/surgeon) not familiar with this technique. Each surgeon also performed PCCC in 2 eyes without the use of dye. RESULTS: Both dyes facilitated the performance of PCCC after staining the otherwise transparent posterior capsule. It was easier to differentiate the stained posterior capsule flap from the underlying transparent anterior hyaloid phase of the vitreous. In addition, optic capture of an intraocular lens, with or without anterior vitrectomy, was easily accomplished because of the enhanced visualization by posterior capsule staining. CONCLUSIONS: Posterior capsule staining can be successfully used to learn and perform the PCCC procedure, combined with optic capture, anterior vitrectomy, or both.     

Pupillography of relative afferent pupillary defect contralateral to monocular mature cataract

Case report: Few previous reports have documented a relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD) in the eye contralateral to a dense unilateral cataract.We report pupillographic findings of a 55-year-old man with a mature cataract in the left eye and an RAPD in the right eye, whose RAPD disappeared after cataract surgery in his left eye. Using binocular infrared video pupillography, we recorded the pupillary responses of the two eyes simultaneously during an automated swinging flashlight test before and after the cataract surgery. The average contraction amplitude in both eyes was significantly larger when the unaffected left eye was stimulated before the cataract surgery, but this difference in contraction amplitude disappeared after surgery on the left eye.Comments: An RAPD was shown quantitatively with a pupillographic technique in the eye contralateral to a mature cataract, confirming previous studies that indicate a dense cataract may produce a small but definite RAPD in the contralateral eye. Such an RAPD associated with a dense cataract must be taken into consideration when evaluating patients with unilateral visual loss.     

Polishing the posterior capsule after extracapsular extraction of senile cataract.

Posterior capsular polishing is performed to delay or prevent capsular opacification. To study its effectiveness, a prospective study of 412 patients with bilateral senile cataracts was conducted. Each patient had bilateral extracapsular cataract extraction with laser ridge, posterior chamber lens implantation. The right eye of each patient had posterior capsular polishing using the Tennessee-Freeman polisher. The posterior capsule in the left eye was not polished. All patients above the age of 80 years (22 patients) had bilateral opacification within 16 months postoperatively. For patients less than 80 years old (390 patients), the cumulative capsulotomy rate in the polished capsule group was 9.2% (36 eyes); in the unpolished capsule group the rate was 12.0% (47 eyes) for the same follow-up time (average 30 months). There was no statistical difference in the incidence of posterior capsular opacification between the polished and unpolished groups. Polishing the posterior capsule after lens cortex cleaning had no significant role in delaying or preventing capsular opacification.     

Minimizing risk to the capsule during surgery for posterior polar cataract

Posterior polar cataract is associated with a deficiency of the posterior capsule in a high percentage of cases, leading to a high incidence of capsule rupture and potential vitreous loss. We describe an approach that minimizes the risk of vitreous loss. The key is viscodissection, a technique that can be applicable in other situations.     

Preoperative prediction of posterior capsule plaque in eyes with posterior subcapsular cataract

AIM: To determine whether the plaque on the posterior capsule can be predicted preoperatively, in patients with posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC), undergoing cataract surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A prospective study of 140 consecutive eyes with PSC, who underwent cataract surgery, was conducted. The prediction of preoperative presence or absence of plaque within the PSC was noted on slit lamp examination, in dilated pupils. A single observer made the observations under oblique illumination, where the slit lamp was placed at an angle of 30 degrees to 45 degrees. Evaluation of the plaque through slit lamp examination was standardized in terms of illumination and magnification. The observations were recorded using a video camera (Image archiving system, Carl Zeiss, Jena Germany) attached to a slit lamp (Carl Zeiss, SL 120 Jena, Germany), keeping the illumination at 100%. The prediction of plaque was noted in terms of its presence or absence on the posterior capsule. All the patients received counseling regarding the presence of plaque. Capsule polishing of the posterior capsule in Cap Vac mode, was done in all cases. The posterior capsule was examined for presence or absence of plaque, either on the first postoperative day, or within a week, with maximal mydriasis. The observer's results were tabulated and later analyzed to judge the incidence of predictability of plaque in PSC. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 45+/-6.2 years (range 32-61 years); 104 (74.3%) were males. One hundred and eight (77.1%) patients were under 50 years. The presence or absence of plaque was predicted correctly in 124 (88.6%) eyes. The prediction of plaque was incorrect in 16 (11.4%) eyes. CONCLUSION: The prediction of presence or absence of plaque was accurate in 88.6% cases. We believe that counseling patients with posterior capsule plaque before the surgery is the key to avoiding unpleasant surprises.     

白内障囊外摘出术晶状体后囊破裂原因的分析

目的探讨白内障囊外摘出术中晶状体后囊破裂的原因。方法269例(301眼)常规现代白内障囊外摘出术,术中29眼(9.64%)晶状体后囊破裂,其中25眼玻璃体脱出,相应处理后25眼一期植入人工晶状体。结果分析后囊破裂原因:11眼因水分离或娩核造成截囊口后裂、囊袋撕脱;14眼注吸皮质时误吸周边部前囊或直接损伤后囊;4眼外伤性白内障术前已有后囊破孔。结论晶状体后囊破裂与手术熟练程度、水分离、娩核、截囊方法、手术设施、白内障类型有关。     

台盼蓝在白色白内障超声乳化术中的应用

目的 探讨台盼蓝对晶状体前囊染色在白色白内障手术中应用效果。方法82例87眼随机分为染色组43例46眼与对照组39例41眼，染色组术中用台盼蓝染色，观察前囊膜着色效果、撕囊成功率、在超声乳化术中囊膜保护的完整率以及术中、术后并发症等，并与对照组进行统计学分析。结果染色组前囊膜均均匀着色，撕囊成功率与术中囊膜完整率均为100％，与对照组比较有明显统计学差异；术后视力、眼压、炎症反应、角膜内皮水肿与对照组比较无统计学差异。结论台盼蓝染色是一种简单安全的晶状体前囊膜染色技术，提高了前囊膜的可见度，有助于白色白内障超声乳化术连续环形撕囊术(continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis,COC)和整个手术的顺利进行。     

Ultrastructure of anterior lens capsule of intumescent white cataract

Purpose: To analyse the anterior lens capsule thickness and ultrastructure changes of intumescent white cataracts in comparison with nuclear cataracts to prove possible structural reasons for surgical difficulties with the intumescent white cataract. Methods: Anterior lens capsules from 35 eyes with intumescent white and 35 eyes with nuclear cataracts were analysed for their thickness by semithin sections technique and for morphological characteristics by transmission electron microscopy. Results: Capsule thickness was not significantly different in intumescent white compared to nuclear cataracts (mean values 17.5 and 18.5 μm, respectively, p = 0.369). The main morphological features of capsules were extrusions of capsule at the basement membrane‐epithelial border embedding cellular material which were significantly more frequent in intumescent cataracts. Filaments in the basement membrane as well as rarefication of its structure and lamellae were often concomitant with the extrusions. Conclusions: Anterior capsules of white intumescent cataracts do not differ in thickness but have different ultrastructure morphology compared to nuclear cataracts. The extrusions of basement membrane at the basement membrane‐epithelial border towards epithelium, the filamentary inclusions within basement membrane and its rarefication could be the structural causes of tensile weakness and hence additional reason to surgical problems.