Usefulness of renal resistive index in the diagnosis and evolution of the obstructive uropathy. Experimental study

ObjectiveThe study was focused on determining the effectiveness and reliability of using the renal resistance index as a method of diagnosing and monitoring the evolution of obstructive uropathy treatment. For this purpose, we conducted an experimental study on a homogenous group of animals that all had the same level of obstruction.Material and methods15 healthy female pigs were used. The experiment was divided into three phases: phase I consisted of a study prior to unilateral pyeloureteral junction obstruction, performing retrograde ureteropyelography, renal Bmode ultrasound and duplex-Doppler (of both kidneys) at a level of the arcuate arteries. Then, the obstruction was performed on the animals. Phase II commenced by diagnosing the lesion, 6 weeks after the previous phase, by means of the aforementioned diagnostic methods. Finally, the endourological treatment was completed. Animals were monitored (Phase III) 15 weeks after the endopyelotomy, using the same methods as in the study, by assessing the urinary tract (fluoroscopy) and both kidneys by determining the renal resistance index and ratio.ResultsAll the animals in the study showed signs of urinary obstruction on radiology and renal ultrasound 6 weeks after ureteral ligature. After treatment and follow-up, all animals showed signs of having recovered from the obstructive uropathy. Values of ?RI during the 3 phases are detailed below. Fase I ?IR = 0.01, Fase II ?IR = 0.11, Fase III ?IR = 0.02.ConclusionRI determination using duplex-Doppler is effective for distinguishing obstructive dilatation using non-invasive techniques. However, this parameter provides very slight differences and it can also be influenced by too many direct and indirect factors (observational, patient age, anaesthesia, haemodynamic parameters, etc.), to supplant the classic diagnostic methods.     

彩色多普勒超声在诊断勃起功能障碍中的应用

用彩色多普勒超声血流显像配合阴茎海绵体内血管活性药物注射（ＩＣＩ）,观察３６例阴茎勃起功能障碍患者双侧阴茎海绵体动脉收缩期峰血流速度（ＰＳＶ）、舒张末期血流速度（ＥＤＶ）及阻力指数（ＲＩ）。结果表明：（１）１１例患者做ＩＣＩ前用彩色多普勒超声不能测出上述指标;（２）２５例在ＩＣＩ前测得ＰＳＶ、ＥＤＶ参数与３６例ＩＣＩ后ＰＳＶ、ＥＤＶ参数有显著性差异。本文并对多普勒超声在诊断血管性ＥＤ的价值及可能发生的误差进行讨论。     

彩色多普勒超声评估雷诺现象患者掌指动脉血流参数变化

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声评估雷诺现象患者掌浅弓动脉、指掌侧固有动脉病变的应用价值。方法采用彩色多普勒超声对病例组42例雷诺现象患者的左侧掌浅弓动脉、左侧中指指掌侧固有动脉进行检查,记录血管走行、血流充盈情况及血流动力学参数:收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)、舒张末期血流速度(EDV)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)。对照组为35名接受体检的正常健康成人,分别测量上述各参数,比较病例组和对照组各参数的差异。结果病例组患者左侧掌浅弓动血流充盈尚可,彩色血流显示率为100%(42/42),左侧中指指掌侧固有动脉血流充盈差,血管变细、甚至闭塞,血管彩色血流示率为92.86%(39/42)。与对照组相比,病例组患者左侧中指指掌侧固有动脉PSV、EDV和左侧掌浅弓动脉EDV减低,RI、PI均增高,比较差异均有统计学意义(P均0.05);病例组左侧掌浅弓动脉PSV较对照组减低,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论彩色多普勒超声能够评估雷诺现象患者指掌侧固有动脉、掌浅弓动脉血流动力学改变,可为雷诺现象的诊断、治疗提供有效依据。     

急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤的肾叶间动脉血流动力学改变

目的探讨急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的超声血流动力学指标改变情况。方法收集40例接受手术治疗的急性Stanford A型主动脉夹层患者,分别在手术前1天、术后即刻(进入重症监护室)、手术后6、24、48h测量双肾叶间动脉收缩期峰值流速(PSV)、舒张期最小流速(EDV)、搏动指数(PI)、阻力指数(RI),同时记录血肌酐(sCr)水平和尿量。以AKIN为标准将患者分为AKI组和无AKI组,比较两组间差异。结果 40例患者中,AKI组27例,无AKI组13例。无AKI组与AKI组患者术后6、24h肾叶间动脉EDV、PI、RI差异有统计学意义(P均0.05)。肾叶间动脉EDV与sCr呈负相关(r=-0.508,P=0.001),PI、RI与SCr呈正相关(r=0.411、0.443,P=0.009、0.005)。结论通过肾叶间动脉EDV、PI、RI可早期预测AKI发生,术后6、24h是超声测量肾叶间动脉血流动力学指标预测肾损伤的最佳时间。     

Obstructive uropathy due to prolapsed lower ureters and bladder in patients with severe procidentia: A report of two cases

INTRODUCTIONPelvic organ prolape is not uncommon in multi-parous or elderly women. It is one of the rare but important causes of obstructive uropathy. Herein, we report two cases of severe procidentia that were referred with obstructive uropathy due to prolapsed bladder and ureters.PRESENTATION OF CASEThe first case was a 78-year-old woman, with severe pelvic organ prolape and secondary bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and post-renal failure. She was treated successfully by bilateral nephrostomy insertion and then pessary insertion. The second case was a 75-year-old woman who referred with the same presentation, but treated surgically with burch colposuspention and synchronous bilateral ureteral stent insertion.DISCUSSIONPelvic organ prolapse is not uncommon in old women. In addition to physical problems of procidentia, it may cause acute renal failure (ARF), chronic renal failure (CRF), and finally end stage renal disease (ESRD) if undiagnosed.CONCLUSIONIn every aged female case with obstructive uropathy and/or bilateral hydroureteronephrosis with unknown causes, gynecologic examination should be performed for early detection of possible pelvic organ prolapse. Appropriate management is necessary to prevent renal failure from uterine prolapse (UP).     

Prenatal urinary matrix metalloproteinase profiling as a potential diagnostic tool in fetal obstructive uropathy

Background/Purpose

The diagnostic evaluation, patient stratification, and prenatal counseling for congenital obstructive uropathy remain sub-optimal. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression profiles are emerging as a valuable diagnostic tool in assorted disease processes. We sought to determine whether congenital obstructive uropathy impacts MMP expression in fetal urine.

Methods

Fetal lambs (n = 25) were divided in two groups: group I (n = 12) underwent a sham operation and group II (n = 13) underwent creation of a complete urinary tract obstruction. Gelatin zymography panels for 4 MMP species were performed on fetal urine in both groups at comparable times post-operatively. Statistical analysis was by the Fisher's exact test (P < .05).

Results

Overall fetal survival was 80% (20/25). A variety of significant differences in MMP expression between the two groups were identified. The following profiles were present only in obstructed animals: any MMP other than MMP-2 (P = .029), including any MMP other than 63 kDa and 65 kDa (P = .009); 2 or more MMPs excluding MMP-2s (0.029); and 3 or more MMPs (P = .029).

Conclusions

Limited matrix metalloproteinase expression is present in the urine of normal ovine fetuses. Fetal obstructive uropathy impacts urinary MMP expression in various distinguishable patterns. Prenatal urinary MMP profiling may become a practical and valuable diagnostic tool in the evaluation of congenital obstructive uropathy.     

Spermatogenesis and spectral echo-colour Doppler traces from the main testicular artery

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the peak systolic velocity (PSV), end-diastolic velocity (EDV) and resistive index (RI) of testicular arteries may be useful in distinguishing the various causes of dyspermia when compared with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testicular volume. PATIENTS, SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The study included nine men with obstructive and 20 with unobstruc-tive azoospermia, 17 with oligoasthenospermia and clinical varicoceles, with male accessory glans inflammation (MAGI), 38 with undetermined oligoasthenospermia, 19 with MAGI, 11 with clinical varicoceles, 32 subjects with normal sperm analysis and recent paternity (fertile controls), and 15 with normal sperm analysis and a varicocele with recent paternity (fertile + varicoceles). Testicular volume, FSH, PSV, EDV and RI were compared among the dyspermic and/or control groups using analysis of variance. RESULTS: The PSV and RI were useful for identifying the different groups of patients, while EDV, FSH and testicular volume were not. Men with varicoceles, varicoceles + MAGI or fertile with varicoceles had the highest PSV and RI; fertile controls, those with obstructive azoospermia and MAGI had similar PSVs and RIs, those with unexplained oligoasthenospermia had a significantly lower PSV and RI, and men with unobstructive azoospermia had the lowest PSV and RI. CONCLUSIONS: The RI and PSV are reliable indicators for routine clinical use to identify infertile/dyspermic men, while EDV, FSH and testicular volume are not. The RI and especially PSV clearly differentiated obstructive from unobstructive azoospermia.     

DIRECT PERIPHERAL VENOPUNCTURE: ANOTHER NEW CHOICE OF TEMPORARY VASCULAR ACCESS

Background. Femoral, subclavian, and internal jugular veins access have been widely used for temporary vascular access for hemodialysis, but their use has been associated with a significant complication rate. We report in three selected hemodialysis patients with the procedure of direct peripheral venopuncture as temporary vascular access to reduce complications.

Methods. We have demonstrated hemodialysis via direct puncture of peripheral veins of the antecubital fossa (cephalic vein in the process of arterial inflow to dialyzer and venous outflow from dialyzer to basilic vein) as temporary vascular access for these patients.

Results. Renal function of case 1 and case 2 progress to normal status after several sessions of dialytic therapy as well as quit hemodialysis, and case 3 successfully shifts to peritoneal dialysis following four sessions of dialytic therapy.

Conclusions. We recommend this short-term access contribute a important additional new choice in selected patients with acute, reversible renal failure, obstructive uropathy, initiation of peritoneal dialysis, patients on peritoneal dialysis with peritonitis, or under plasmapheresis therapy.     

First case report of spontaneous perinatal gastric perforation in premature neonate with potter sequence and syndrome

Introduction and importanceThe Potter sequence is defined as a series of congenital defects related to severe oligohydramnios, associated with polycystic kidney disease, bilateral renal agenesis, pulmonary hypoplasia, obstructive uropathy and premature rupture of membrane, which compromises the life of the neonate sometime after birth. Within the evidence published so far, which is very little, no perforation of the gastrointestinal tract has been reported as a complication of this condition.Case presentationMale neonate born preterm with prenatal diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia, polycystic renal dysplasia and severe oligohydramnios (Potter sequence), presented acute respiratory distress syndrome 10 min after birth, requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to the intensive care unit. During her stay in intensive care, he developed abdominal distension and presence of biliary content in the nasogastric tube. An abdominal X-ray was performed and showed signs of pneumoperitoneum, evidencing gastric perforation on exploratory laparotomy.Clinical discussionGastric perforation in neonates is a condition that causes high health costs, morbidity, high risk of mortality and disability, regardless of the cause. The management of gastric perforation in Potter syndrome, as well as any other complication, represents a challenge due to the prognosis of these patients. Renal failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome are disorders that compromise the function of various structures and organs such as the heart and brain.ConclusionGastric perforation is a possible complication of the Potter sequence or syndrome. In addition, there is no literature describing the benefits or disadvantages of specific surgical techniques in the resolution of perforation.     

The intrarenal resistive index as a pathophysiological marker of obstructive uropathy

PURPOSE: The intrarenal resistive index is a physiological parameter that indirectly reflects the degree of resistance in the intrarenal vasculature. Resistive index measurements have been advocated for the diagnostic evaluation of several renal pathologies, including obstructive uropathy. However, despite extensive research in this field during the last decade clear guidelines on the use of resistive index measurements for discriminating obstructive from nonobstructive dilatation of the upper urinary tract remain elusive. Therefore, we reviewed the literature to clarify the proper role of resistive index measurements in the context of obstructive uropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the recent literature on the use of resistive index measurements for the diagnostic evaluation of obstructive uropathy. RESULTS: Despite a continuously growing body of literature the resistive index has yet to be recognized as a dependable parameter when it comes to resolving the long-standing dilemma of the dilated upper urinary tract. While proponents have observed that this method has sensitivity and specificity that supersede those of conventional methods, opponents have reported that the resistive index is an unreliable parameter that is prone to systemic and local influences. CONCLUSIONS: Resistive index measurements are still in a developmental phase. Additional studies are needed before this technique may be used reliably for the diagnosis of obstructive uropathy.     

CT指导介入治疗下腔静脉Budd-Chiari综合征

目的评估CT对下腔静脉型Budd-Chiari综合征(BCS)介入治疗的临床指导价值。方法收集于我院接受介入治疗的329例下腔静脉型BCS患者,所有患者术前均接受CT检查,并根据CT诊断结果制定介入治疗方案。以DSA治疗结果为金标准,评估CT诊断的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值和阴性预测值。结果 DSA示下腔静脉不完全闭塞型BCS 108例,下腔静脉完全闭塞型221例;CT诊断下腔静脉不完全闭塞型99例,下腔静脉完全闭塞型230例。与DSA结果相比,CT诊断15例假阴性,6例假阳性。CT术前制定是否破膜的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为94.19%、97.29%、86.11%、93.49%及93.94%,CT术前制定介入治疗方法的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值及阴性预测值分别为97.55%、100%、92.52%、96.49%和100%。结论 CT诊断下腔静脉型BCS准确率较高,且有助于制定介入治疗方案。     

Urethroplasty with dorsal oral mucosa graft in female urethral stenosis

IntroductionFemale urethral stenosis is not a very common pathology and its treatment is controversial. Therapeutic options vary from urethral dilatation and internal urethrotomy to other more complex reconstructive surgical techniques. The use of oral mucosa grafts to treat urethral stenosis has provided excellent long-term results in men, however there are few studies on their use in female urethral stenosis. We present our experience in the management of urethral stenosis using dorsal oral mucosa grafting.Materials and methodsWe present 2 cases of female patients with a history of repeated urinary tract infections associated with low obstructive uropathy. In both cases, we encountered distal urethral stenosis, where both were treated with urethral plasty by means of dorsal oral mucosa grafting.ResultsThe surgery took place without complications. Hospitalization time was 24 hours in both cases. The catheter was removed on the tenth postoperative day. The urethrocystography showed good urethral calibre with no signs of urinary fistula. After a mean follow-up of 18 months, neither patient presented symptoms of low obstructive uropathy or urinary incontinence.ConclusionsUrethroplasty with dorsal oral mucosa grafting is a reproducible and effective therapeutic option for the treatment of urethral stenosis in women.     

Chronic obstructive uropathy due to uretero-inguinal hernia: A case report

INTRODUCTIONInguinal hernia in men is common but uretero-inguinal hernia is very rare.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 85-year-old obese man presented with chronic obstructive uropathy with previous renal ultrasound showing bilateral enlarged kidneys and hydronephrosis. The medical history revealed a 3-year history of a noticeable bilateral partial reducible inguinoscrotal herniae associated with urinary symptoms. Progress CT scan showed very large inguinal herniae, which were predominantly fat-containing with the ureters herniated, and both kidneys were displaced inferiorly.DISCUSSIONUretero-inguinal hernia in patients with native kidneys is rare, but cases of renal failure secondary to uretero-inguinal hernia have also been reported previously in the literature with two anatomical variations have been reported – paraperitoneal and extraperitoneal types. Endourological and surgical procedures are rarely straight-forward because of tortuosity of the herniated ureter.CONCLUSIONAlthough uretero-inguinal hernia is rare, it can be the cause of chronic renal impairment.     

磁共振胰胆管造影联合容积内插体部检查多期动态增强扫描诊断梗阻性黄疸病因

目的探讨MRCP联合容积内插体部检查(VIBE)多期动态增强扫描诊断梗阻性黄疸病因的价值。方法回顾性分析经术后病理证实的125例梗阻性黄疸患者的MRCP和VIBE多期动态增强扫描资料,计算和比较MRCP、VIBE多期动态增强扫描及二者联合诊断梗阻性黄疸病因的准确率。结果 MRCP、VIBE多期动态增强扫描及二者联合诊断梗阻性黄疸病因的总准确率分别为76.80%(96/125)、80.80%(101/125)和84.80%(106/125),三者比较差异无统计学意义(P=0.275);良性梗阻74例,三者诊断其病因总准确率分别为91.89%(68/74)、86.49%(64/74)和90.54%(67/74),差异无统计学意义(P=0.532);恶性梗阻51例,三者诊断其病因总准确率分别为54.90%(28/51)、72.55%(37/51)和76.47%(39/51),其中VIBE多期动态增强扫描联合MRCP准确率明显高于单纯MRCP(P=0.022)。结论 MRCP联合VIBE多期动态增强扫描诊断梗阻性黄疸、尤其是恶性梗阻性黄疸病因准确率高。     

Left ventricular volumes by echocardiography in chronic aortic and mitral regurgitations

Objectives Cut-off values for left ventricular (LV) dimensions indicating severe valve regurgitation have not been defined. The aim of this study was to establish echocardiographic cut-off values for LV dimensions indicating severe chronic aortic (AR) or mitral (MR) regurgitation. Design The hemodynamic significance was confirmed by documented reduction of end-diastolic volume (EDV) and symptom relief after surgery. Eighty-three patients with moderate or severe regurgitation (AR, n?=?41; MR, n?=?42) without other cardiac conditions underwent prospectively two-dimensional (2DE), real-time three-dimensional (RT3DE) echocardiography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) exams within 4?h. Results The relationship between EDVCMR and EDV2DE and EDVRT3DE were strong (R 0.95 and 0.91). EDV index cut-offs for 2DE/RT3DE?>87/104?ml/m² identified AR patients with severe regurgitation with a positive likelihood ratio (PLR) of 5.0/5.0. The corresponding in patients with MR EDV index cut-offs were?>69/87?ml/m² with a PLR of 14.9/5.5. LV linear dimensions could not identify patients with severe regurgitation. Conclusions LV volumes by echocardiography can support the diagnosis of severe chronic regurgitation. Importantly, other causes for LV enlargement have to be considered.     

Osseous lithiasis: an unusual condition

Bone lithiasis is an uncommon disease unfrequent reported in the literature. Its origin is supported on urothelium and conjuctive tissue bone metaplasia. High suspicious index is needed to establish its diagnosis; where radiological signs and extracorporeal lithotripsy resistence drive to these uncommon entity. Definitive diagnosis is based on histological exam. We report a 49-year-old patient with left obstructive uropathy due to a high ureteral lumbar lithiasis who precised ureterolithectomy and partial ureterectomy after extracorporeal litotripsy failure. Histological exam confirmed bone lithiasis and squamous metaplasia. Epidemiologic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects are briefly reviewed in literature. Bone calculus treatment includes lithectomy and urothelium resection to avoid posterior recurrence. Possible association to tumoral transformation suggests close evolutive follow-up.     

Ecografía Doppler renal con medición de índices de resistencia vs. gammagrafía renal con 99mTc-DTPA para el diagnóstico de estenosis ureteropiélica en niños

ObjectiveA cross-sectional study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the usefulness of Doppler ultrasound with resistive index (RI) measure compared with renal scintigraphy with ^99mTc-DTPA in children with unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction.MethodsThe study included children under 15 years with a diagnosis of unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction, healthy contralateral kidney with or without an antecedent of ureteropyeloplasty. The selected patients were sent to the Nuclear Medicine Department to carry out a renal scintigraphy with ^99mTc-DTPA and days later were sent to the Radiology Department for the performance of Renal Doppler Ultrasound with RI.ResultsA total of 21 patients were included in the study, 15 males and 6 females, representing 71.4% and 28.6%, respectively. Mean age was 5.3 years. Only 3 had an antecedent of ureteropyeloplasty in the affected kidney. The scintigraphy reported data of unilateral obstruction in 18 patients, including the 3 patients with previous surgery. The average glomerular filtration rate (GFR) obtained with the scintigraphy was 100.28 ml/min. The average GFR in affected kidneys was 43.03 ml/min and 57.24 ml/min in healthy kidneys (p < .001). Doppler ultrasound with RI reported ectasia in 100% of the affected kidneys and one normal contralateral kidney. The average RI in affected kidneys was 0.69 mm/s and 0.50 mm/s in healthy kidneys (p < .001).ConclusionsWith the results obtained, we can suggest that ultrasound Doppler with measurement of RI can be an alternative tool to renal scintigraphy with ^99mTc-DTPA in some cases.     

Polycystic dysplasias of the kidney. Apropos of 55 cases

The authors define their diagnostic approach and current management of Polycystic Renal Dysplasia (PRD) on the basis of a retrospective study of 55 children. Antenatal and postnatal renal ultrasonography and I.V.P. ensure early diagnosis of this congenital malformation; these two investigations together with cystography demonstrate the high incidence (16/55) of associated contralateral uropathy (vesicoureteric reflux, megaureter, hydronephrosis). Three therapeutic possibilities are discussed: therapeutic abstention and ultrasound guided cyst aspiration may be justified, but the authors prefer surgery as it allows confirmation of the diagnosis, elimination of the symptoms related to the cysts and their complications, confirmation of the absence of an associated nephroblastoma and treatment of any associated contralateral uropathy. In any case, it is impossible to restore the function of the dysplastic kidney, hence the importance of identifying any associated contralateral uropathy which could determine the vital prognosis.     

Positive end-expiratory pressure during laparoscopy: cardiac and respiratory effects

Study ObjectiveTo determine the effect of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on the respiratory system and on cardiac function.DesignProspective randomized study.SettingOperating room.Patients60 ASA physical status 1 women scheduled for pelvic laparoscopic surgery.InterventionsPatients were ventilated normally during surgery; PEEP was modified depending on patient group allocation. Group A was the control group and did not receive PEEP. Group B received PEEP 5 cmH₂O and Group C received PEEP 10 cmH₂O.MeasurementsRespiratory parameters measured were partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO₂), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂), and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (ETCO₂). Cardiac parameters measured were left ventricular end-diastolic volume index (LVEDVI), ie, ratio of LVEDV/body surface area (BSA; [LVEDVI = end-diastolic volume [EDV]/BSA); left ventricular (LV) systolic function, tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right ventricular (RV) fractional area change (FAC), RV dimensions in the apical 4-chamber view, tracing basal and mid-cavity minor dimensions and longitudinal dimension, cardiac index, systolic pulmonary artery pressure (PASP), and systolic RV pressure (RVSP). Respiratory and cardiac measurements were recorded at T0 (baseline); T1 (after anesthesia induction, before pneumoperitoneum induction); at 10 (T2), 20 (T3), and 30 (T4) minutes after CO₂ insufflation; and at the end of surgery (T5).Main ResultsVentilation with PEEP at 10 cm H₂O led to significant improvement in both respiratory and cardiac parameters. A reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance and enhanced washout of expiratory CO₂ occurred. Ten and, to a lesser extent, 5 cm H₂O of PEEP decreased LV stroke work.ConclusionsVentilation with PEEP (up to 10 cm H₂O) recruits the hypoventilated areas of the lungs and reduces cardiac afterload.     

Recombinant Human Erythropoietin Restrains Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-induced Diabetic Rats Exposed to Renal Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

BackgroundRenal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury (RI/RI) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) in surgical practice. Oxidative stress plays a crucial role in this process. Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is usually used to treat anemia resulting from several diseases. However, the functional involvement of rhEPO in diabetic RI/RI remains unclear. The present study was intended to investigate the antioxidant role of rhEPO on RI/RI in DM rats.MethodsThe bilateral renal arteries and veins of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were subjected to 45 minutes of ischemia followed by 1, 6, and 24 hours of reperfusion with or without rhEPO pretreatment at the beginning of an I/R procedure. The renal tissue pathomorphology, renal function, oxidative stress, and inflammatory response were evaluated by detection of a series of indices by hematoxylin-eosin staining, commercial kits, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and spectrophotofluorometry, respectively.ResultsCompared to the I/R group, renal function was significantly advanced in the erythropoietin group, whose subjects were also subjected to renal tissue injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation.ConclusionThese results suggest that rhEPO preconditioning can attenuate diabetic RI/RI through regulating endogenous antioxidant activity.