新生儿线状IgA大疱性皮病

患儿男, 生后10 d, 因皮肤红斑、水疱6 d就诊入院。皮肤科检查:全身皮肤散在或融合分布红斑, 在正常皮肤或红斑基础上可见大小不等的紧张性水疱, 部分水疱破溃、糜烂;口腔黏膜可见血疱、红色糜烂面。组织病理检查示表皮下水疱, 疱内可见中性粒细胞及少量嗜酸性粒细胞。直接免疫荧光检查显示:沿基底膜带有均质型线状IgA和颗粒状C3沉积, IgG阴性。诊断:新生儿线状IgA大疱性皮病。给予营养支持、防感染等综合治疗后, 皮肤红斑、水疱消退, 黏膜损害减轻出院。患儿出院后16个月电话随访, 一般情况良好, 皮肤黏膜皮损消退、愈合, 无新发皮疹, 生长发育正常。     

Optical coherence tomography imaging of bullous diseases

Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non‐invasive optical imaging technique with a micrometer resolution that may potentially offer real‐time bedside imaging of sufficient detail to allow for morphological discrimination between different types of bullae. Objective To explore the potential of OCT in bullous skin disorders by looking at a set of patients with skin blisters of known origin and study the OCT images for possible hallmarks of the blistering level. Materials and methods OCT provides cross‐sectional, tomographic images of the skin. A consecutive series of patients were recruited and their lesions imaged by OCT: 3 patients with bullous pemphigoid (BP), 1 patient with extensive bullae following burns, 1 patient with pemphigus, 1 patient with subcorneal pustular dermatosis, and a patient with Dariers disease. The latter two were included due to similarity to pemphigus with respect to the level of defect cell adhesion. Results In OCT images, BP bullae are easily depicted as dark, ovoid to round well‐demarquated areas, and BP bulla morphology is clearly different from the burn blisters and the pemphigus‐like disease with respect to the blistering level. Discussion Differentiation of epidermal and subepidermal blisters is demonstrated using OCT. The variation within pemphigoid lesions and pemphigus‐like diseases is however too subtle to allow for differential diagnosis; this may be ascribed to limited resolution. Enhanced resolution of OCT may overcome this obstacle.     

获得性大疱性表皮松解症误诊一例并文献复习

报道一例反复误诊的获得性大疱表皮松解症并对相关文献进行复习。患者,女,25岁。皮疹泛发全身,主要表现为张力性水疱,疱壁紧张,尼氏征阴性,在外院误诊为天疱疮、线状IgA大疱病。组织病理检查示:表皮下水疱;盐裂IIF：IgG沉积在真皮侧; DIF:表皮基底膜IgG、C3、IgM、IgA带状沉积,ELISA：BP180,BP230均阴性,诊断为获得性大疱性表皮松解症,给予甲泼尼龙、氨苯砜、人免疫球蛋白、吗替麦考酚酯等治疗,病情好转。     

Successful treatment of a case of idiopathic linear IgA bullous dermatosis with oral sulfasalazine

Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD) is a rare acquired autoimmune chronic vesiculobullous dermatosis affecting primarily young children and older adults. We report a 17‐year‐old Chinese boy with a 2‐month history of intense itching erythema or tense vesicles on healthy skin or on an erythematous base, with parts of lesions arising a characteristic “cluster of jewels” pattern. With the characteristics of vesicles or blisters on the skin, subepidermal blisters with neutrophilic infiltrate on histology, and linear IgA deposits on the basement membrane zone and absence of other immunoglobulins on direct immunofluorescence, LABD was dignosized. Sulfapyridine has also been reported as one of the best options of systemic therapy for LABD. Our patient successfully treated with only oral sulfasalazine (alternative medicine of sulfasalazine), which is safe and effective.     

13例线状 IgA大疱性皮病临床病理特征分析

收集2012年7月至2019年6月在本科室诊治的13例LABD,其中男11例,女2例。儿童型6例,成人7例。临床表现：红斑基础上或外观正常的皮肤上出现水疱和大疱,疱壁紧张,疱液清亮,尼氏征(－) 。皮损组织病理均见表皮下疱,直接免疫荧光见IgA线状沉积于基底膜带。1例患者合并类风湿关节炎,1例患者合并器质性焦虑障碍,1例患者合并阵发性夜间性血红蛋白尿症,1例合并低蛋白血症,1例合并慢性乙型病毒性肝炎。     

Pemphigus vegetans with isolated involvement of the nose and chest: rare variant of pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris is chronic bullous disease that manifests as bullae and erosions of skin and mucosas, with intraepidermal suprabasal cleft formation seen in the histological examination. It has a rare variant called pemphigus vegetans, where vesicles and bullae are replaced by pustular, verrucous and hyperpigmented lesions, mainly in skin folds. The treatment is similar to that for classic pemphigus vulgaris. The authors present an exuberant case of pemphigus vegetans, covering the nose and chest exclusively, without oral or flexural lesions.     

IgA-epidermolysis bullosa acquisita in a child resulting in blindness

Epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) is an acquired subepidermal bullous disease characterized by IgG autoantibodies directed against type VII collagen, the major component of anchoring fibrils. The classical phenotype of EBA is a non-inflammatory, mechanobullous disease resembling the dystrophic forms of inherited epidermolysis bullosa. Mucous membrane involvement is frequent but usually mild. We report a 1-year-old girl suffering from IgA-EBA, who presented with an initial eruption of disseminated urticarial lesions and tense blisters of the skin but subsequently developed severe oral and ocular lesions reminiscent of cicatricial pemphigoid. Direct immunofluorescence of the skin and buccal mucosa revealed linear IgA and C3 at the basement membrane zone (BMZ). IgA anti-BMZ autoantibodies stained the dermal side of salt-split skin by indirect immunofluorescence and recognized a dermal protein of 290 kDa co-migrating with type VII collagen by immunoblotting. Direct and indirect immunoelectron microscopy revealed IgA deposits overlying the anchoring fibrils. The ocular involvement led to total blindness in spite of intense treatment. This case of childhood IgA-EBA is particularly striking because of the cicatricial pemphigoid phenotype with severe ocular involvement which resulted in blindness. It reinforces the necessity to use modern immunological methods to classify autoimmune bullous diseases in order to allow early and appropriate treatment.     

Benign chronic bullous dermatosis in childhood with involvement of the mouth mucosa

We report on a rare case of benign chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood (BCBDC) in a 5-year-old girl. In addition to the characteristic symptoms such as abrupt onset of the disease, tense blisters, predominant affection of the face, and later imitation of impetigo, we observed uncommonly extensive involvement of the oral mucosa. Whereas histopathology was not diagnostic, direct immunofluorescence could verify BCBDC as it showed linear deposits of IgA along the basement membrane zone. This case gives rise to the discussion of the clinical entity and nomenclature of BCBDC in relation to similar bullous diseases of childhood and adults.     

Case of shift from linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis to pemphigus herpetiformis for a short period of time

Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH ) is a rare variant of pemphigus characterized by erythemas and vesicles, tending to present with annular‐shaped lesions. Immunologically, immunoglobulin (Ig)G deposition at the keratinocyte cell surfaces is observed. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis (LABD ) is a rare subepidermal blistering disease with linear IgA deposits at the epidermal basement membrane zone (BMZ ). The annular‐shaped skin lesions in PH mimic clinical manifestation of other autoimmune bullous diseases, including LABD , although PH and LABD have different immunological and histopathological features. Herein, we report the first case of a shift from LABD to PH . A 70‐year‐old Japanese man presented annular erythemas surrounded by vesicles on the trunk and extremities. Histopathological examination revealed subepidermal bullae and eosinophilic spongiosis. Direct immunofluorescence demonstrated linear IgA deposits at the epidermal BMZ . Immunoblot analyses of normal human epidermal and dermal extracts, supernatant of HaCaT cells, recombinant proteins of BP 180 NC 16a and C‐terminal domains, and purified laminin‐332 showed no reactivity for either IgG or IgA. IgG chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassays for desmogleins 1 and 3, and BP 180 were all negative. These findings led to the diagnosis of sole LABD . Although oral prednisolone temporarily improved the skin lesions, annular erythema without vesicles remained. A new skin biopsy revealed subcorneal pustules with eosinophils, but no subepidermal bullae. Direct immunofluorescence revealed IgG and C3 deposition at the keratinocyte cell surfaces. IgG enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for mammalian desmocollins 1–3 revealed desmocollin 1 reactivity. Based on these findings, we made a diagnosis of sole PH .     

Mucocutaneous bullous amyloidosis with an unusual mixed protein composition of amyloid deposits

We describe a case of fatal systemic amyloidosis presenting with mucocutaneous bullous lesions in a patient with IgA kappa monoclonal gammopathy. The amyloid plaques were composed of an unusual mixture of immunoglobulin kappa light chain and amyloid A proteins. Whereas oesophageal and oropharyngeal blisters are known to occur in several types of bullous dermatoses, to our knowledge this is the first report of oesophagopharyngeal blisters complicating bullous amyloidosis.     

Paraneoplastic pemphigus associated with fatal bronchiolitis obliterans and appearance of anti‐BP180 antibodies in the late stage of the disease

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is an autoimmune bullous disease, which associates mainly with lymphoproliferative neoplasms. Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) with progressive respiratory failure is a significant cause of death in PNP. We report a case of PNP associated with follicular lymphoma and BO, which showed findings suggesting coexistence of bullous pemphigoid (BP). The patient showed bullous and ulcerative lesions on the lips and oral cavity, and flaccid blisters on the trunk and thighs associated with anti‐desmoglein (Dsg)3 antibodies. At later disease stage after commencement of treatment, anti‐BP180 antibodies and tense blister formation were observed. It was proposed that persistent interface dermatitis is the first event in PNP, and subsequently induce the production of autoantibodies to Dsg and components of the basement membrane zone, resulting in both intraepidermal and subepidermal blisters. We speculate that interface dermatitis caused by autoreactive T cells induced autoantibody production against Dsg3, and subsequently against BP180.     

Pemphigus vulgaris

Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic autoimmune bullous dermatosis that results from the production of autoantibodies against desmogleins 1 and 3. It is the most frequent and most severe form of pemphigus, occurring universally, usually between 40 and 60 years of age. It usually begins with blisters and erosions on the oral mucosa, followed by lesions on other mucous membranes and flaccid blisters on the skin, which can be disseminated. There is a clinical variant, pemphigus vegetans, which is characterized by the presence of vegetating lesions in the large folds of the skin. Clinical suspicion can be confirmed by cytological examination, histopathological examination, and direct and indirect immunofluorescence tests. The treatment is performed with systemic corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs may be associated, among them azathioprine and mycophenolate mofetil. More severe cases may benefit from corticosteroids in the form of intravenous pulse therapy, and recent studies have shown a beneficial effect of rituximab, an anti-CD20 immunobiological drug. It is a chronic disease with mortality around 10%, and septicemia is the main cause of death. Patients need long-term and multidisciplinary follow-up.     

IgA-lineare Dermatose im Erwachsenenalter mit klinischen Zeichen eines Stevens-Johnson-Syndroms

Immunohistologically linear IgA disease presents with unambiguous features, whereas clinical manifestations are variable. It sometimes shows similarity to other bullous dermatoses such as bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. A 73 year old female patient was referred with the diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid. One day after admission clinical examination revealed the classical features of Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS): widespread confluent atypical target lesions, partly raised, partly flat with central blisters, and erythematous spots, but few typical targets, as well as blisters and large areas of skin detachment on her back and buttocks, accompanied by erosions of the oral and genital mucosa. Direct immunofluorescence performed on peri-lesional skin showed linear deposition of IgA along the basement membrane zone, leading to the diagnosis of linear IgA disease of adults. Our case report shows that linear IgA disease may present with the clinical pattern of SJS.     

Non‐infectious ulcerating oral mucous membrane diseases

Non‐infectious ulcerative oral mucous membrane diseases are difficult to separate at first glance: they can appear as aphthous, bullous, lichenoid, drug‐induced or toxic‐irritative reactions. The overall considerations of history, localization of lesions, clinical and histological features, as well as direct and indirect immunofluorescence examination are required for the correct diagnosis. Some disorders start preferably at the oral mucosa, like pemphigus vulgaris and Adamantiades‐Behçet disease, while others, such as cicatricial pemphigoid and habitual aphthosis generally are confined to the mucous membranes. This overview summarizes clinical and diagnostic features, differential diagnoses and current therapeutic possibilities of non‐infectious inflammatory stom‐atopathies, which possess a specific position among skin diseases in distinction to infectious or neoplastic oral ulcers. This group of diseases includes aphthous lesions, lichen planus mucosae, lupus erythematosus, disorders with intraepi‐dermal or subepidermal formation of blisters including pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, erythema multiforme and variants as well as allergic or toxic contact stomatitis.     

A Case of Bullous Pemphigoid with Antibodies against Intercellular 130 KD Antigen

Pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid are two typical autoimmune bullous diseases that involve circulating autoantibodies directed against the epidermal cell surface and the epidermal basement membrane zone, respectively. The coexistence of pemphigus and bullous pemphigoid is rare. We describe a case of a 79-year-old man who had tense bullae and erythematous, erosive lesions on his trunk and four extremities. Histopathology revealed subepidermal blister formation without any evidence of intraepidermal acantholytic changes. Direct immunofluorescence study demonstrated deposition of IgG on the epidermal intercellular spaces, as well as along the basement membrane zone; C₃ was detected only on the latter. Indirect immunofluorescence study using monkey esophagus as a substrate demonstrated the presence of circulating antibodies against both junctional and intercellular antigens. In order to analyze the precise nature of this patient's antibodies, indirect immunofluorescence study using cultured human keratinocytes and immunoblot analyses were performed. Pemphigus vulgaris sera showed smooth and uniform staining on intercellular spaces. The patient's serum showed a granular and uneven staining pattern. Immunoblot analysis showed that the patient's serum reacted with the typical 230 kd (bullous pemphigoid) antigen and 130 kd antigen, which is close to the pemphigus vulgaris antigen.     

Pemphigus with pemphigoid-like presentation, associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue

A 53-year-old woman presented with an inoperable squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue associated with tense large bullae consistent with bullous pemphigoid, preceded by a prodrome of urticarial plaques. The histological findings showed a regenerating subepidermal blister with eosinophils and no acantholysis. Direct immunofluorescence study, however, showed positive staining for IgG and C3 throughout the epidermis consistent with pemphigus. The blistering eruption had no mucosal involvement and responded to low dose corticosteroids. Our patient may represent another presentation of a 'paraneoplastic pemphigus spectrum'.     

儿童线状IgA大疱性皮病1例

患儿男,2岁9个月。面颊、背部、双下肢泛发红斑、水疱伴疼痛15天。皮肤科情况:双侧面颊、耳廓可见红斑、糜烂,部分结痂。双下肢遍布黄豆大水疱,疱壁紧张,疱液清亮,尼氏征(-)。皮损组织病理示表皮下水疱形成,疱内可见浆液、中性粒细胞、淋巴细胞及嗜酸性粒细胞。免疫荧光IgA(+),基底膜可见线状沉积。诊断:儿童线状IgA大疱性皮病。     

外伤诱发自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病三例

目的 总结皮肤外伤诱发自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的临床特点、组织病理学表现等,探讨其可能的发病机制.方法 分析3例由皮肤外伤所诱发的天疱疮或类天疱疮患者的临床表现、组织病理特点及治疗,结合国内外相关文献讨论与总结.结果 3例自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病患者,女1例,男2例,年龄分别为62、60、71岁,由外伤或手术诱发,与发病间隔时间分别为5周、5周和3d,分别确诊为大疱性类天疱疮(BP180抗体109 U/ml,BP230抗体阴性)、寻常型天疱疮(Dsg1抗体68.8 U/ml,Dsg3抗体219 U/ml)和落叶型天疱疮(Dsg1抗体143 U/ml,Dsg3抗体阴性).经糖皮质激素系统和(或)外用治疗后皮疹均明显好转.结论 外伤可能是自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的1个诱发因素.对于外伤后伤口愈合不良或皮肤出现红斑、水疱、糜烂,用外伤或手术难以解释时,都应警惕自身免疫性大疱性皮肤病的可能,及时行组织病理或免疫病理检查.     

Autoimmune bullous skin diseases. Part 2: diagnosis and therapy

Autoimmune bullous skin diseases represent a heterogenous group of disorders of skin and mucosa which are commonly associated with IgG or IgA autoantibodies against distinct adhesion molecules of the skin. The antibodyinduced loss of adhesion between epidermis and dermis results in blister formation and extensive erosions. There is a great need for rapidly establishing the diagnosis of these disorders since they may run a severe and potentially life-threatening course. In addition, because of their rarity and heterogeneous symptoms, autoimmune bullous skin diseases often pose a major diagnostic challenge. While histopathological examinations provide evidence for the level of blister formation, immunofluorescence microscopy has been established to identify tissue-bound and circulating autoantibodies. Direct immunofluorescence microscopy represents the gold standard for detecting tissue-bound autoantibodies. Indirect immunofluorescence microscopy with defined tissue substrates is considered the first step in detecting circulating autoantibodies. Confirmatory tests such as ELISA, immunoblot or immunoprecipitation analyses are performed utilizing recombinant proteins or keratinocyte extracts. The later assays can be used for primary diagnosis as well as for immunoserological follow-up. Systemic immunosuppressive drugs usually represent the main therapeutic regimen. Initially, systemic corticosteroids are commonly administered in combination with steroid-sparing, immunosuppressive agents. Novel targeted treatments such as immunoadsorption, rituximab or high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins have proven to be highly effective in severe and refractory pemphigus. This review presents a state-of-the-art algorithm for making the diagnosis of autoimmune bullous disorders and provides an overview on currently available therapeutic options.     

Linear IgA Bullous Dermatosis in a Neonate

Abstract: A newborn black boy had two facial blisters at birth that progressed to bullous lesions over the trunk, genitals, extremities, and oral and tracheal mucosa. A biopsy specimen demonstrated a subepidermal bulla with mixed eosinophilic and neutrophille, inflammatory infiltrate. Direct immunofluorescence showed linear IgA, IgG, and C3 depositions along the basement membrane zone, consistent with a diagnosis of childhood linear IgA bullous dermatosis (chronic bullous dermatosis of childhood). The skin disease was controlled with combined prednisone and dipsone. This is the youngest reported patient with the disease. Linear IgA bullous dermatosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of blistering diseases of the newborn, and immunofluorescence should be performed on a skin biopsy specimen.