高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松的含量

目的 建立高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素氢化可的松滴耳液中氯霉素和氢化可的松的含量。方法 采用反相μBondpak C18色谱柱；甲醇-水(70：30)为流动相；检测波长为242nm，外标法定量。结果 氯霉素和氢化可的松的线性范围分别为5～301μg／mL(r=0．9995)，1-6μg／mL(r=0．9997)；平均加样回收率分别为：100．2％(RSD=0．75％)，99．53％(RSD=0．97％，n=5)；日内RSD分别为0．67％和0．66％(n=5)，日间RSD分别为0．74％和1．07％(n=4)。结论 该方法简便、准确，适合该制剂质量检验分析。     

HPLC同时测定阿司匹林、乙柳酰胺、咖啡因复方感冒片中三组分的含量

目的：建立同时测定阿司匹林、乙柳酰胺、咖啡因复方感冒片中三组分的含量的高效液相色谱法。方法；利用Inertsil-ODS柱，流动相为甲醇-0．1％二乙胺水溶液-冰醋酸（40：56：4），流速：1．0mL／min，检测波长280nm，外示法计算，结果：线性范围分别是：阿司匹林120～480μg／mL，r=0．9998；乙柳酰胺40～160μg／mL，r=0．9998；咖啡因20～80μg／mL，r=0．9997。回收率：阿司匹林100．3％；乙柳酰胺100．7％；咖啡因99．7％。结论：本方法分离效果好，辅料无干扰，快速，简便，适合于试制剂三组分的同时测定。     

RP-HPLC法测定口含片中绿原酸和甘草酸的含量

目的建立用RP-HPLC法测定口含片中绿原酸和甘草酸含量的方法。方法采用TIANHE-ODS柱；流动相绿原酸为甲醇-1％醋酸(30：70)，甘草酸为甲醇-1％醋酸(72:28)；流速均为1．0mL／min；检测波长绿原酸为327nm，甘草酸为254nm。结果绿原酸线性范围228μg/mL-11.4μg/mL(r=0.9994,n=5)，平均回收率99．9％(RSD=2.2%)，甘草酸线性范围20μg/mL-100μg/mL(r=0．9992，n=5)，平均回收率98.2％(RSD=2.4%。实验测得含片中绿原酸含量为6．46mg／片-6．90mg/片，甘草酸为9.44mg／片-9．93mg/片。结论本法操作简单、准确、重现性好，可作为该制剂的定量分析方法。     

用RP—HPLC法测定人体内辛伐他汀血药浓度

目的：建立RP-HPLC法测定人血浆中辛伐他汀的含量。方法：采用Kromasil C18色谱柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm）；流动相为甲醇-乙腈-水（80：5：15）；流速为1．0mL／min；检测波长238nm；柱温为30℃。结果：辛伐他汀的血药浓度在2．0～150．0ng／mL范围内线性良好，定量下限为2．0ng／mL。回归方程为A=1．589×10^8c-218．0，r=0．9999（n=7），低、中、高浓度（6．5、23．0、65．0ng／mL）的相对回收率分别为（100．28±3．35）％、（97．57±3．21）％和（100．25±2．82）％，日内和日间RSD为2．40％～4．32％（n=5）。结论：本法快速、高效、灵敏，适用于辛伐他汀的血药浓度测定。     

HPLC-ELSD法测定复方甘露醇注射液中葡萄糖和甘露醇的含量

目的：采用HPLC—ELSD法测定复方甘露醇注射液中葡萄糖和甘露醇的含量。方法：采用Alltech 700CH Carbohydrate Column为色谱柱；二次重蒸水为流动相；柱温为90℃；流速为0．50mL／min；蒸发光散射检测器(ELSD)检测。ELSD参数中载气流速为3．00SLPM，蒸发管温度为110℃，理论塔板数以甘露醇峰计应不低于2500。结果：葡萄糖在4．0～24．0μg／mL范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9990)，甘露醇在10．0～60．0μg／mL范围内浓度与峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9990)；葡萄糖的平均回收率为97．77％，RSD为1．09％，甘露醇的平均回收率为97．36％，RSD为1．78％。结论：本法可同时测定葡萄糖和甘露醇的含量，简便快捷，重现性好，结果准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定禽肉中四环素族残留量

目的建立禽肉中四环素族残留量的检测方法。方法采用高效液相色谱法，C18柱，流动相为0.01mol／L草酸铵溶液-二甲基甲酰胺-用氨试液调pH=8．3的0.02mol／L磷酸二氢铵（68：27：5），检测波长为370nm。结果回收率土霉素为99．7％-104．4％，四环素为92.5％～97.5％，金霉素为102.2％-104.6％。重复进样的RSD=0.71％（n=5）；土霉素、四环素、金霉素线形范围分别为0．09518—0.036632μg／mL，0.248～0.992μg／mL，0．09706～0.38842μg／mL，r=0.9998（n=5）。结论该方法准确可靠，能够满足禽肉中四环素族质量控制要求。     

高效液相色谱法测定茶碱麻黄碱片中茶碱与盐酸麻黄碱含量

目的用高效液相色谱（HPLC）法测定茶碱麻黄碱片中茶碱与盐酸麻黄碱的含量。方法采用Kromasil C18柱（150mm×4．6mm，5μm），流动相为0．05mol／L磷酸二氢钾溶液-甲醇-三乙胺（72：28：0．2），检测波长为215nm，流速为1．0mL／min，柱温为42℃。结果茶碱质量浓度的线性范围为22．34～111．7μg／mL，r=0．9999（n=6），平均回收率为99．85％，RSD为0．14％（n=9）；盐酸麻黄碱质量浓度的线性范围为5．17～25．86μg／mL，r=0．9997（n=6），平均回收率为99．25％，RSD为0．39％（n=9）。结论HPLC法简便易行，结果准确，重现性好。     

高效液相色谱法测定消银片含量

目的：用高效液相色谱法测定消银片含量；方法：ODS柱，以乙腈：0．1％磷酸溶液(40：60)为流动相，于220nm波长处检测，流速1．0ml／min；结果：该方法在50μg／ml～460μg／ml范围内，峰面积与浓度呈良好的线性关系(r=0．9998)，重复性试验RSD=1．21％(n=6)；结论：方法简便快速、重现性好。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定氯霉素滴眼液中氯霉素及有关物质的含量

目的采用反相高效液相色谱（RP—HPLC）法测定氯霉素滴眼液中氯霉素的含量及有关物质中二醇物和对硝基苯甲醛的含量。方法采用Phenomsil C18柱（250mm×4．6mm，5μm），以甲醇-水-10％四丁基氢氧化铵溶液（350：635：15）为流动相，流速为1．0mL／min，检测波长为272nm。结果质量浓度线性范围氯霉素为40．0～200．0μg／mL（r=0．9997），二醇物为3．0～15．0μg／mL（r=0．9994），对硝基苯甲醛为1．0～5．0μg／mL（r=0．9997）；方法的平均回收率为99．24％，RSD=1．08％（n=6）。结论RP—HPLC法分离效果好，灵敏度高，重现性好，结果准确可靠。     

高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中对乙酰氨基酚的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中对乙酰氨基酚的含量。方法：采用Alltech-C18柱，甲醇-水(20：80)为流动相，检测波长为246nm。结果：对乙酰氨基酚在4～60μg／mL范围呈线性，A=-13496．9609 78302．621 1C(r=0．9999)；平均回收率为99．83％，RSD为0．93％(n=6)。结论：高效液相色谱法测定复方氨酚葡锌片中对乙酰氨基酚的含量，方法准确、灵敏。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

---

Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.