荧光原位杂交技术检测慢性粒细胞白血病微小残留病

目的 研究应用荧光原位杂交技术(FISH)检测慢性粒细胞白血病微小残留病，及用FISH技术对缓解期慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)患者外周血进行检测，评价其体内微小残留病的意义。方法 应用CG和I-FI舛对30例CML(13例给予化疗、17例移植后)患者初发和／或缓解期的骨髓及外周血标本进行分析，分别检测Ph染色体和BCR/ABL融合基因的存在。结果 对13例临床给予化疗的患者初发期的外周血和骨髓进行CG分析，Ph检出率分别为15％(2／13)、100％(13／13)。同时进行I-FISH分析，均可检出BCR/ABL融合基因。对初发期骨髓的CG、I-FISH分析结果进行统计学分析，两组无显著差异；对外周血的CG、I-FISH分析结果进行统计学分析，两组有显著差异。对其缓解期骨髓CG、I-FISH分析结果进行统计学分析，两组有显著差异；对缓解期外周血CG、I-FISH结果进行统计学分析，两组有显著差异；对缓解期外周血I-FISH和骨髓I-FISH结果进行统计学分析，两组呈显著相关。对17例移植后患者CG、I-FISH结果进行统计学分析，两组有显著差异。结论 FISH技术检测慢性粒细胞白血病微小残留病敏感性大大高于常规细胞遗传学分析；采集缓解期外周血进行荧光原位杂交分析，可作为一种方便易行的手段评价微小残留病。     

荧光原位杂交技术在诊断变异Ph易位及Ph(一)慢性髓细胞白血病中的应用

目的 探讨荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术在诊断变异Ph易位及Ph(-)慢性髓细胞白血病(chronic myelocytic leukemia,CML)中的应用价值.方法 应用常规R显带方法,对9例伴有变异Ph易位和2例Ph(-)CML患者采用双色双融合bcr/abl探针进行FISH检测.结果 9例变异Ph易位CML患者异常核型除涉及9和22号染色体外,还涉及1、3、5、12、13、15、17、21号染色体,且部分类型为重现性异常,FISH结果均为阳性,信号特征为2R2G1Y;2例Ph(-)CML患者核型正常,FISH结果阳性,信号特征分别为1R1G2Y和1R1G1Y.结论 FISH技术对伴有变异Ph易位及Ph(-)CML患者的诊断更具有优势,可根据阳性细胞信号特征分析其异常核型,判断标记基因异常改变情况,是常规染色体显带分析的有益补充.     

Clinical implications of fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in 13 chronic myeloid leukemia cases: Ph-negative and variant Ph-positive.

Thirteen chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients, 10 with variant Philadelphia (Ph) translocations and 3 Ph negative cases, were analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with the use of BCR and ABL cosmid probes and a chromosome 22 painting probe. In the variant Ph translocations, the BCR-ABL fusion gene was located on the Ph chromosome; in 1 CML Ph-negative patient, the BCR-ABL fusion gene was located on the Ph chromosome; and, in 2 patients, it was located on chromosome 9. The chromosome 22 painting probe was detected on the third-party chromosome of the variant translocation, and in none of the variant translocations was there any detectable signal on chromosome 9. In CML patients with clonal evolution of a simple Ph, a signal of the chromosome 22 painting probe was detected on the der(9) of the Ph translocation. It was concluded that the variant Ph translocations evolved simultaneously in a three-way rearrangement. The clinical parameters of the 13 patients were similar to those of a large group of CML patients with a simple Ph translocation. It is suggested that, to determine the prognosis of CML patients with a complex karyotype, FISH analysis with a chromosome 22 painting probe be performed.     

BCR-ABL探针在慢性粒细胞白血病中的应用

目的用常规细胞遗传学（conventional cytogenetics,CC）和荧光原位杂交（fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization,FISH）技术检测Ph染色体。方法常规细胞遗传学分析（CC）,荧光原位杂交（FISH）技术。结果7例患者4例Ph染色体阴性,其中2例分别伴有t（18;22）和t（17;22）异常,其余2例为异基因造血干细胞移植后正常核型。一例培养后无中期分裂相。2例Ph染色体阳性,FISH结果bcr/abl（＋）细胞检出率分别为63.87%,84.51%,7.56%,4.0%,74.45%,67%,47%。结论常规细胞遗传学与荧光原位杂交技术相结合对CML患者诊断治疗过程中肿瘤负荷动态检测有显著意义。     

Monitoring twenty-six chronic myeloid leukemia patients by BCR-ABL mRNA level in bone marrow:a single hospital experience

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is caused by the BCR-ABL oncogene. The Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) from a reciprocal translocation, t(9;22) (q34;q11) causes a fusion gene, BCR-ABL, that encodes a constitutively active tyrosine kinase. Treatment of CML by imatinib is effective to control the tyrosyl phosphorylation of the protein related to the cell signaling. BCR-ABL mRNA is overexpressed in the minimal residual disease (MRD), known as an early sign of relapse. Between December 2005 and June 2008, we measured BCR-ABL mRNA levels in the bone marrow (BM) from patients by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR) in Aomori Prefectural Central Hospital. Eighty-six samples from 26 patients were collected. Among the 26 CML patients, 11 patients (42%) were in the pretreatment group. Seven (64%) of the 11 patients achieved complete molecular response (CMR). In the post-treatment group consisting of the remaining 15 patients, 9 (60%) patients achieved CMR. The patients receiving imatinib at a dose over 300 mg per day required 13 (6-77) months [median (range)] to achieve CMR. On the other hand, the patients receiving a dose below 300 mg per day required 29.5 (11-84) months [median (range)]. When BCR-ABL mRNA was detected during the treatment course of patients with CMR, careful observation of BCR-ABL mRNA was useful for tracking the clinical course of patients. In conclusion, the BCR-ABL mRNA level was useful for monitoring the clinical course in 26 patients with CML.     

Acute promyelocytic leukemia: four distinct patterns by flow cytometry immunophenotyping

A total of 97 acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) patients with adequate flow cytometry (FC) data, bone marrow aspirates and presence of t(15;17)/PML-RARA by cytogenetics and/or FISH studies were analyzed for immunophenotypic pattern. Leukemic cells had the following phenotype: CD11b-, CD11c-, CD13+, CD33+, CD45+, CD64+/-, CD117+, and HLA-DR-. A subset of cases showed also an expression of CD2, CD4, CD34, and CD56. Based on the immunophenotype and side scatter properties (SSC), four FC patterns were recognized. The majority of cases represented classical (hypergranular) APL and were characterized by high SSC, positive CD117, lack of CD34, heterogeneous CD13, and bright CD33 (pattern 1). Second most common type, corresponding to the hypogranular (microgranular) variant of APL differed from classical APL by low SSC and frequent co-expression of CD2 and CD34 (pattern 2). Rare cases of APL (pattern 3) showed a mixture of neoplastic cells (low SSC/CD2+/CD13+/CD33+/CD34+/CD117+) and prominent population of benign granulocytes/maturing myeloid precursors (high SSC/CD10+/-/CD16+/-/ CD117-). One case showed two APL populations, one with hypogranular and one with hypergranular characteristics (pattern 4). Apart from a well-known FC pattern of hypergranular APL, we presented less common immunophenotypic variants of APL, which helps to identify an additional group of patients who would benefit from fast confirmatory FISH and/or PCR testing for t(15;17)/PML-RARA.     

Complex translocation involving Ph chromosome in a patient with typical chronic myelogenous leukemia.

We report a cytogenetic study of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) who, while displaying a Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome, resulting from a standard t(9;22) at diagnosis, during the chronic phase (CP) showed disappearance of the Ph and occurrence of new chromosome changes, including a marker probably arising from a translocation involving chromosome 17 and the Ph. In situ hybridization confirmed the cytogenetic appearance and demonstrated that the breakpoint on the Ph marker occurred below the BCR-ABL fusion gene.     

伴有22三体的t(5;17)变异易位急性早幼粒细胞白血病

目的 探讨一例核型为47,XY,t(5;17),+22的少见急性早幼粒细胞白血病(acute promyelo-cytic leukemia,APL)的临床和实验特征.方法 在常规核型分析的基础上,应用荧光原位杂交(fluorescencein situ hybridization,FISH)和多重荧光原位杂交(multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization,M-FISH)技术进一步检测该病例的细胞遗传学异常,并结合文献分析此类少见变异易位的临床特点.结果 FISH检测PML-RARa阴性,但77%的细胞显示存在17号RARa基因的重排或复制;BCR-ABL阴性,但74%的细胞显示有22号染色体的复制或重排.M-FISH明确RARa基因重排系5号与17号染色体易位所致,并证实了22号三体的存在.结论 变异型t(5;17)易位,形成NPM-RARa融合基因的急性早幼粒细胞白血病是APL中少见的类型.骨髓形态表现为奥氏小体缺如,核型中常伴有其它附加染色体异常,全反式维甲酸(all-trans retinoicacid,ATRA)联合化疗有效,但易复发,合并弥漫性血管内凝血及高白细胞者预后凶险.     

New highly sensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization method to detect PML/RARA fusion in acute promyelocytic leukemia

We investigated a new fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) method to detect PML/RARA fusion and/or anomalies of the RARA gene (alias RARalpha) in interphase nuclei from patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). This method uses a commercially available product with two different colored fluorescent probes to detect both PML/RARA gene fusion products (double fusion signal or dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization [D-FISH]). A total of 82 bone marrow specimens were studied, including 30 from normal bone marrow transplant donors, 33 from patients with untreated APL, 14 from patients with treated APL, and 5 from APL patients with known translocation variants or alternate translocations. The signal patterns and percentage of abnormal nuclei were determined in a blinded study on 500 interphase nuclei for each specimen. Based on 25 normal specimens, the normal cutoff was >0.6% and >1.6% for t(15;17) and t(17;var), respectively. The clinical sensitivity for this series of patients was 98% and the clinical specificity was 100%. The results suggest that the new D-FISH probe set can detect all t(15;17)(q22;q21) and all variant forms of this translocation associated with PML and RARA. In addition, this FISH method can detect all alternate translocations involving RARA and not PML. This FISH method can be used both for the accurate diagnosis of APL and to monitor low levels of disease in treated patients.     

荧光原位杂交检测慢性粒细胞白血病

目的 探讨对慢性粒细胞白血病进行荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)检测的意义.方法 对158例慢性粒细胞白血病标本采用24 h短期培养法制备染色体,然后应用双色双融合BCR/ABL探针进行FISH检测,部分标本同时采用R显带技术进行染色体核型分析.结果 158例中共检出Ph阳性标本98例,其中69例(70.4%)为典型双色双融合BCR/ABL探针信号模式(1R1G2F),其余29例(29.6%)为3类12种非典型模式.各种非典型信号模式中出现频率较高的依次为:1R1G1F7例(7.1%)、2R1G1F 5例(5.1%)、1R1G2F&1R1G3F 4例(4.1%)、2R2G1F 3例(3.1%).对18例有核型资料的非典型信号的病例分析显示:其中3例特殊信号系由变异Ph易位引起;2例中出现的3个融合信号来源于附加的Ph染色体;4例核型与FISH结果不吻合,提示染色体分析存在错漏之处;3例染色体为典型Ph易位,而FISH结果为单个融合信号,系由der(9)号的部分缺失所致;3例核型中未发现Ph染色体.但FISH显示40%～64%的细胞中存在一个融合信号,从而明确慢性粒细胞白血病诊断;3例是移植或经格列卫治疗后的患者,染色体均为正常核型,而FISH检测到极小比例的阳性细胞.结论 FISH在慢性粒细胞白血病诊断、判断变异易位、隐匿Ph易位、衍生9号缺失、干扰素及格列卫的疗效观察以及移植后监测等诸多方面均具有重要价值.     

Combined analysis of morphology and fluorescence in situ hybridization in follow-up of minimal residual disease in a child with Philadelphia-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia

The past decade has brought new technologies to the study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in leukemia. Each of them has limitations and is far from being accurate. Recently, a new multiparametric cell scanning system (Duet) was introduced to the field of MRD detection. This system has the advantage of automatically scanning large numbers of cells and performing combined analysis of morphology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on the same cell. We used this system to characterize the lineage and degree of maturation of the cells carrying the minor m-BCR/ABL fusion, in a follow-up of an 8-year-old boy with Philadelphia-positive (Ph(+)) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The boy was treated using a high-risk protocol and was closely monitored with FISH analysis for cells carrying the m-BCR/ABL fusion. Consecutive analysis along 2.5 years from remission showed 0.2-4.5% m-BCR/ALB(+) cells in the peripheral blood (PB), which is within the accepted background range for this method. The combined analysis found that all the m-BCR/ABL(+) cells were mature lymphocytes. Because mature lymphocytes have a long life span in the circulation, this finding supports the fact that the patient is in remission. Moreover, since mature differentiated cells have a low proliferative capacity, there is a low risk for relapse.     

慢性髓性白血病患者β-catenin的表达及其临床意义

目的:比较β-catenin在慢性髓性白血病(CML)各期中的表达情况,并分析与bcr/abl及伊马替尼细胞遗传学疗效的关系,为探讨CML疾病进展机制及寻找新的治疗靶点提供理论依据。方法:采用RT-PCR和Western blotting方法,检测99例CML患者骨髓单个核细胞中β-catenin mRNA和蛋白质水平的表达,分析与bcr/abl的相关性;94例CML患者服用伊马替尼1年后FISH检测bcr/abl融合基因,分析β-catenin与伊马替尼细胞遗传学疗效的关系。结果:CML急变期、加速期患者β-catenin的表达明显增高(P0.01),而慢性期与正常人无明显差别(P0.05);β-catenin与bcr/abl表达水平无明显相关性(r=0.314,P0.05);未达主要细胞遗传学缓解的CML患者β-catenin明显增高(P0.01)。结论:CML疾病进展阶段β-catenin的表达明显升高,β-catenin的表达与bcr/abl无明显相关,而与伊马替尼疗效有关,β-catenin可能参与CML疾病进展机制,可作为新的治疗靶点。