永生化成牙本质细胞表达牙本质基质蛋白的实验研究

目的　探讨永生化人成牙本质细胞样细胞系hTERT-hOd-l表达牙本质基质蛋白的情况。方法　矿化液培养hTERT-hOd-l细胞5周,检测骨钙素(OC)分泌量和碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性。采用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR和原位杂交方法检测Ⅰ型胶原、骨涎蛋白(BSP)、牙本质基质蛋白1 (DMP1)以及成牙本质细胞标志物牙本质涎磷蛋白(DSPP) 和牙本质涎蛋白(DSP)在细胞中的表达。结果　在矿化液诱导下,hTERT-hOd-l细胞ALP活性和OC分泌量升高。 hTERT-hOd-l细胞在mRNA水平上表达BSP、DMP1和DSPP,在蛋白质水平上表达DSP和Ⅰ型胶原。结论　hTERT- hOd-l细胞在体外表达牙本质基质蛋白,具有矿化的潜能。     

Dentinogenesis and Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is critical for proper mineralization of tooth dentin, and understanding its structure and function should yield important insights into how dentin biomineralization is controlled. During the recent six years, DSPP-derived proteins isolated from developing porcine teeth have been characterized. Porcine DSPP is expressed and secreted by odontoblasts and is processed by BMP-1, MMP-20 and MMP-2 into three main parts: dentin sialoprotein (DSP), dentin glycoprotein (DGP), and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). We have learned that DSP is a proteoglycan that forms covalent dimers, DGP is a phosphorylated glycoprotein, and DPP is a highly phosphorylated intrinsically disordered protein that shows extensive length polymorphisms due to the genetic heterogeneity of its coding region.     

Refined mapping of the human dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene within the critical dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and dentin dysplasia type II loci

Dentinogenesis imperfecta type II and dentin dysplasia type II are diseases resulting in abnormal dentin formation, which have been mapped to overlapping regions of human chromosome 4q defined by markers D4S2691 and D4S2692 (6.6 cM) and D4S3291 and SPP1 (14.1 cM), respectively. Recently, two of the major non-collagenous proteins of dentin, dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP, phosphophoryn) have been shown to be encoded by a single gene, termed dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), which has been mapped to human chromosome 4. The purpose of this study was to perform refined mapping of DSPP related to these disease loci by gene content mapping, as well as to place the DSPP gene on the physical map of human chromosome 4 by sequence tagged site (STS) content mapping. Human genomic DSPP clones were isolated, and gene content mapping performed with specific primers for dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (secreted phosphoprotein 1, SPP1). STS content mapping was then performed with flanking STS markers to these dentin/bone gene loci. Our results demonstrate that the DSPP and DMP1 genes are within a maximum distance of 110 kb. Both DSPP and DMP-1 have been placed on the physical map of human chromosome 4 within the interval defined by markers D4S564 and D4S1292. DSPP is thereby strengthened as a candidate gene for both DGI-II and DD-II.     

骨髓间质干细胞转染牙本质涎磷蛋白基因的实验研究

目的 评价牙本质涎磷蛋白（DSPP）转基因修饰骨髓问质干细胞（BM-MSC）后，对BM-MSC生物学特性及DSPP表达的影响。方法构建含小鼠DSPP基因的真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）／DSPP，用脂质体介导转染大鼠BM-MSC；RT-PCR检测转染后细胞的Pax-9和DMP-1基因表达情况；检测转染细胞矿化诱导后Von Kossa钙盐染色计算单位面积钙结节形成率。结果成功构建DSPP真核表达载体pcDNA3．1（＋）／DSPP，酶切后得到3．0kb和5．4kb的片段，与回收的目的基因和载体基因片段大小相符；经转染BM-MSC后24h可见DSPP基因表达，48h后可见有Pax-9基因表达，无DMP-1基因表达；转基因后的BM-MSC免疫组化染色显示DSPP阳性；转染细胞矿化诱导后钙结节形成率高于未转染细胞。结论BM-MSC转基因表达DSPP能够增强其矿化能力，并诱导牙齿发育相关基因的表达，提示DSPP可能在牙齿发育早期具有一定作用。     

Splicing site mutations in dentin sialophosphoprotein causing dentinogenesis imperfecta type II

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) type II (OMIM # 125490) is an inherited disorder affecting dentin. Defective dentin formation results in discolored teeth that are prone to attrition and fracture. To date, several mutations have been described in the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) gene, causing DGI types II and III and dentin dysplasia type II. DSPP encodes two proteins: dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin phosphoprotein (DPP). Here, we describe a mutational analysis of DSPP in seven Finnish families with DGI type II. We report two mutations and five single nucleotide polymorphisms. In one family we found a mutation that has been described earlier in families with different ethnicity, while in six families we found a novel g.1194C>A (IVS2-3) transversion. Bioinformatic analysis of known DSPP mutations suggests that DGI type II is usually caused by aberration of normal splicing.     

Role of the NH2‐terminal fragment of dentin sialophosphoprotein in dentinogenesis

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) is a large precursor protein that is proteolytically processed into a NH₂‐terminal fragment [composed of dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and a proteoglycan form (DSP‐PG)] and a COOH‐terminal fragment [dentin phosphoprotein (DPP)]. In vitro studies indicate that DPP is a strong initiator and regulator of hydroxyapatite crystal formation and growth, but the role(s) of the NH₂‐terminal fragment of DSPP (i.e. DSP and DSP‐PG) in dentinogenesis remain unclear. This study focuses on the function of the NH₂‐terminal fragment of DSPP in dentinogenesis. Here, transgenic (Tg) mouse lines expressing the NH₂‐terminal fragment of DSPP driven by a 3.6‐kb type I collagen promoter (Col 1a1) were generated and cross‐bred with Dspp null mice to obtain mice that express the transgene but lack the endogenous Dspp (Dspp KO/DSP Tg). We found that dentin from the Dspp KO/DSP Tg mice was much thinner, more poorly mineralized, and remarkably disorganized compared with dentin from the Dspp KO mice. The fact that Dspp KO/DSP Tg mice exhibited more severe dentin defects than did the Dspp null mice indicates that the NH₂‐terminal fragment of DSPP may inhibit dentin mineralization or may serve as an antagonist against the accelerating action of DPP and serve to prevent predentin from being mineralized too rapidly during dentinogenesis.     

TLR9在成牙本质细胞中的表达

目的：研究成牙本质细胞中TLR9、DSPP基因表达特征及信号转导途径。方法：采用RT-PCR检测TLR9在小鼠牙髓组织中及TLR9、DSPP在成牙本质细胞系中的表达。用CpGODN-A和CpGODN-B刺激细胞,在时间梯度0、3、6、9、12、24h,检测TLR9、DSPP基因的表达特征。结果：TLR9mRNA在小鼠牙髓组织中有表达。TLR9、DSPPmRNA在成牙本质细胞中都有显著的表达,在CpGODN刺激下显著上调,在6h处于峰值。结论：TLR9在成牙本质细胞中有表达;TLR9的特异性表达对DSPP基因表达量有影响。     

Expression and processing of small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins in mouse odontoblastic cells

OBJECTIVE: Small integrin-binding ligand N-linked glycoproteins (SIBLINGs) are expressed in dentin and believed to control dentinogenesis. Five members of SIBLING family include bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP). These genes are clustered on chromosome 4q in humans and share similar biological features. DSPP and DMP1 are processed into given structural/functional fragments in rat and porcine. It still remains unclear whether these evidences occur in mouse and other SIBLING members are also processed into given fragments from their parent precursors. The aim of this study was to identify expression and processing of the five proteins in two mouse odontoblastic cell lines. DESIGN: Two mouse odontoblastic cells were used to study expression and processing of the five SIBLING proteins by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses. RESULTS: Immunohistochemistry study showed that all of the five SIBLING members were expressed within the cytoplasm and cellular processes in the mouse odontoblastic cell lines. Expression levels of DMP1 and DSPP were higher in differentiated mouse odontoblasts than undifferentiated mouse odontoblasts. Immunolabelling signal of DSP and MEPE was also detected within the nucleus in the two cell lines. Western blot assay indicated that all five members were processed into at least two fragments in these cells. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that different processed products and expression levels of the SIBLING proteins may play distinct biological functions in tooth development and mineralisation.     

牙胚细胞条件培养液诱导大鼠胚胎面突外胚间充质细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化

目的：探讨牙胚细胞条件培养液（TGC—CM）在诱导面突外胚间充质细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化中的作用。方法：取妊娠12．5d SD大鼠胎鼠第4代下颌突外胚间充质细胞,在牙胚细胞条件培养液（TGC—CM）的诱导下,通过形态学观察、免疫组化、RT—PCR等方法,探索牙胚细胞条件培养液诱导面突外胚间充质细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化的可能。结果：面突外胚间充质细胞在诱导培养基中生长良好。培养7d,在诱导组中细胞出现核极化,有很长的突起,细胞平行排列。抗牙本质涎蛋白（DSP）呈阳性反应。RT—PCR显示mRNA水平表达成牙本质细胞特异的牙本质涎磷蛋白（DSPP）和牙本质基质蛋白-1（DMP-1）。结论：面突外胚间充质细胞在含有多种细胞因子的TGC—CM的作用下能分化为成牙本质样细胞,能为研究牙齿的分化和发育提供良好的模型和实验依据。     

Establishment of porcine pulp-derived cell lines and expression of recombinant dentin sialoprotein and recombinant dentin matrix protein-1

The major non-collagenous proteins in dentin have extensive post-translational modifications (PTMs) that appear to be odontoblast-specific, so expression of recombinant dentin proteins in other cell types does not achieve the in vivo pattern of PTMs. We established cell lines from developing porcine dental papillae and used them to express recombinant dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and dentin matrix protein-1 (DMP1). Pulp cells were immortalized with pSV3-neo and clonally selected. Cell lines were characterized by reverse transcruption-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and assayed for alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralized nodule formation. One of the five cell lines (P4-2) exhibited an odontoblastic phenotype, as determined by expression of tooth-specific markers, response to cytokines, and ability to form mineralized nodules. DSP and DMP1 expression constructs were transiently transfected into various cell lines. DSP, expressed by P4-2 cells, contained chondroitin 6-sulfate, which is a defining modification of the DSP proteoglycan. DMP1 was secreted and cleaved by proteases, even in human kidney 293 cells, which normally do not express DMP1, demonstrating susceptibility to non-specific proteolysis. Both recombinant proteins enhanced P4-2 cell attachment in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that we have immortalized porcine odontoblast-like cells which express recombinant dentin extracellular matrix components with post-translational modifications that closely resemble those produced in vivo.     

Expression and distribution of SIBLING proteins in the predentin/dentin and mandible of hyp mice

Oral Diseases (2010) 16 , 453–464 Objectives: Human X‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) and its murine homologue, Hyp are caused by inactivating mutations in PHEX gene. The protein encoded by PHEX gene is an endopeptidase whose physiological substrate(s) has not been identified. Dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP), two members of the Small Integrin‐Binding LIgand, N‐linked Glycoprotein (SIBLING) family are proteolytically processed. It has been speculated that PHEX endopeptidase may be responsible for the proteolytic cleavage of DMP1 and DSPP. To test this hypothesis and to analyse the distribution of SIBLING proteins in the predentin/dentin complex and mandible of Hyp mice, we compared the expression of four SIBLING proteins, DMP1, DSPP, bone sialoprotein (BSP) and osteopontin (OPN) between Hyp and wild‐type mice. Methods: These SIBLING proteins were analysed by protein chemistry and immunohistochemistry. Results: (1) Dentin matrix protein 1 and DSPP fragments are present in the extracts of Hyp predentin/dentin and bone; (2) the level of DMP1 proteoglycan form, BSP and OPN is elevated in the Hyp bone. Conclusions: The PHEX protein is not the enzyme responsible for the proteolytic processing of DMP1 and DSPP. The altered distribution of SIBLING proteins may be involved in the pathogenesis of bone and dentin defects in Hyp and XLH.     

牙本质磷蛋白在犬乳恒牙替换期表达的原位杂交研究

目的：观察牙本质磷蛋白（DPP）mRNA在犬乳恒牙替换期的表达，寻找研究牙本质形成与损伤修复的良好模型。方法：采用原位杂交的方法，检测犬牙替换期恒牙胚、发育中的恒牙和乳牙DPP mRNA的表达。结果：犬恒牙胚、发育中的恒牙和乳牙均检测到DPP mRNA的表达，DPP mRNA存在强弱变化。结论：DPP在犬牙存在表达，并具有时空特异性。     

Enamel malformations associated with a defined dentin sialophosphoprotein mutation in two families

Dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) mutations cause dentin dysplasia type II (DD-II) and dentinogenesis imperfecta types II and III (DGI-II and DGI-III, respectively). We identified two kindreds with DGI-II who exhibited vertical bands of hypoplastic enamel. Both families had a previously reported DSPP mutation that segregated with the disease phenotype. Oral photographs and dental radiographs of four affected and one unaffected participant in one family and of the proband in the second family were used to document the dental phenotypes. We aligned the 33 unique allelic DSPP sequences showing variable patterns of insertions and deletions (indels), generated a merged dentin phosphoprotein (DPP) sequence that includes sequences from all DSPP length haplotypes, and mapped the known DSPP mutations in this context. Analyses of the DSPP sequence changes and their probable effects on protein expression, as well as published findings of the dental phenotype in Dspp null mice, support the hypothesis that all DSPP mutations cause pathology through dominant-negative effects. Noting that Dspp is transiently expressed by mouse pre-ameloblasts during formation of the dentino-enamel junction, we hypothesize that DSPP dominant-negative effects potentially cause cellular pathology in pre-ameloblasts that, in turn, causes enamel defects. We conclude that enamel defects can be part of the dental phenotype caused by DSPP mutations, although DSPP is not critical for dental enamel formation.     

血管内皮生长因子和转化生长因子β1基因调控人根尖乳头细胞矿化相关因子的研究

目的克隆人血管内皮生长因子（VEGF）异构体中的VEGF165,构建真核表达载体,探讨过表达VEGF165和转化生长因子β1（TGFβ1）对人根尖乳头细胞矿化相关因子的影响。方法提取人脐静脉内皮细胞系ECV304总RNA,采用逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）方法扩增VEGF165基因,插入pcDNA3.1hisA,构建重组质粒pcDNA3.1hisA-VEGF165,经酶切及测序验证正确后,将其和pcDNA3.1hisA-TGFβ1转染人根尖乳头细胞,采用实时定量聚合酶链反应检测转染效率和骨涎蛋白（BSP）、牙本质涎磷蛋白（DSPP）、骨钙素（OCN）、牙本质基质蛋白1（DMP1）的表达。结果插入表达载体的VEGF165基因序列与GenBank数据库中的序列具有100%同源性;转染后VEGF165及TGFβ1 mRNA显著增高;各实验组DSPP mRNA的表达均升高（P＜0.05）,实验2组和实验3组的OCN mRNA升高（P＜0.05）,各组间BSP mRNA的表达差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,DMP1 mRNA均未见表达。结论成功构建VEGF165真核表达载体,VEGF165和TGFβ1均能促进人根尖乳头细胞多种矿化因子的表达,与根尖乳头细胞的分化相关。     

aFGF和TGFβ1联合诱导猪牙乳头细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化

目的建立猪牙乳头细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化的体外诱导方案。方法联合应用aFGF和TGFβ1对体外培养的猪牙乳头细胞进行平面诱导,观察诱导后细胞的形态学变化,通过Von Kossa染色检测诱导后细胞的矿化能力,并采用免疫荧光染色和RT-PCR检测成牙本质细胞特异性标志物——DSP蛋白和DSPP mRNA在诱导后细胞中的表达。结果诱导后部分细胞出现细长的单侧细胞突起,在矿化液培养2周后形成典型的矿化结节,并且表达DSP蛋白和DSPP mRNA。结论联合应用aFGF和TGFβ1可以诱导体外培养的猪牙乳头细胞向成牙本质样细胞分化。     

人牙髓干细胞在钛金属表面向成骨细胞样细胞分化的实验研究

目的：探讨矿化液诱导条件下人牙髓干细胞( human dental pulp stem cells,HDPSCs)在钛金属表面向成骨细胞样细胞分化的潜力。方法将HDPSCs接种于钛金属板表面,于第3、7d时观察其增殖状态。将HDPSCs接种于钛金属板表面进行矿化液诱导,于诱导的第0、3、5、7、14、21、28d时,采用RT-PCR检测其牙本质涎磷蛋白( DSPP)、碱性磷酸酶( ALP)、骨涎蛋白( BSP)和骨钙素( OCN)的基因表达。 Western印迹分析、免疫荧光检测BSP及OCN蛋白表达。对照组为矿化液诱导培养皿中的HDPSCs,检测指标、方法基本相同,免疫细胞化学染色检测OCN蛋白表达。结果钛金属板上 HDPSCs增殖迅速,表现出良好的生物相容性。两组细胞均自诱导第3天ALPmRNA呈高表达、DSPP始终不表达。培养皿组BSP、OCNmRNA于第5天开始表达,并随时间延长而表达增高;钛金属组BSP、OCNmRNA表达于第14天出现第一峰值,随后有所下降,28天再次升高。两组BSP蛋白表达趋势与其RT-PCR结果一致,第5天 OCN染色阳性。结论钛金属表面 HDPSCs 经矿化液诱导向成骨细胞样细胞分化。