心因性非癫痫性发作儿童个性特征与父母养育方式的相关性分析

【目的】 探讨心因性非癫痫性发作(psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, PNES)儿童个性特征与父母教养方式的相关性。 【方法】 采用艾森克个性问卷(Eysenck Peersonality Questionnaire, EPQ)、父母养育方式问卷(Egma Minnen av Bardndosnauppforstran, EMBU)对43例PNES儿童和43名正常对照组儿童进行评估,并作相关分析。 【结果】 PNES儿童EPQ中TP、TN分量表得分明显高于对照组儿童,差异有高度统计学意义(P＜0.01);EMBU中父亲的情感温暖与理解因子得分低于对照组儿童,父亲的惩罚严厉因子、过分干涉因子、母亲的过分干涉与过度保护因子、父母亲的拒绝否认因子得分高于对照组儿童(P<0.01)。PNES儿童个性的精神病倾向、内外向、神经质及掩饰度与EMBU的一些因子相关。 【结论】 父母不良的教养方式不利于PNES患儿形成良好的个性。     

犯罪青少年人格特征与父母教养方式研究

目的 了解犯罪青少年的人格特征,探索犯罪青少年人格与父母教养方式之间的关系.方法 采用艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和父母教养方式量表(EMBU),调查275名犯罪青少年人格特征及父母教养方式,将犯罪青少年人格特征与全国常模进行比较分析,对犯罪青少年人格特征与父母教养方式进行相关分析.结果 犯罪青少年在4个维度上的测验结果与全国常模都存在显著差异,其中外倾性、神经质和精神质维度的得分显著高于常模,而掩饰性的得分显著低于常模.神经质与父母惩罚严厉、过干涉过保护、拒绝否认呈正相关;掩饰性与父母惩罚严厉和母亲拒绝否认呈负相关.结论 父母教养方式对犯罪青少年的人格特征有重要的影响,预防青少年的人格问题需要父母采取良好的教养方式.     

父母教养方式与儿童人格特征相关研究

目的:探讨父母教养方式与儿童人格特征的关系。方法:用父母养育方式问卷(EMBU)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)评定郑州市1015例儿童,并对父母教养方式与儿童人格特征作相关分析。结果:父母的温暖理解与EPQ的内外向因子正相关,惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、过分干涉与EPQ的情绪稳定性、精神质因子负相关。结论:父母教养方式是影响子女人格特征发展的重要因素,过多使用负性情感易使子女出现不良人格特征。     

蒙汉族大学生人格特质与父母养育方式关系

目的 探讨并比较蒙、汉族大学生人格特征与父母养育方式的关系,为少数民族地区心理健康教育提供理论依据.方法 采用父母养育方式评价量表(EMBU)、艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)和一般调查问卷对722名蒙汉族大学生进行调查.结果 在EMBU中,除父母温暖理解因子外,汉族学生其余EMBU各因子分均高于蒙古族(t=-7.14～-3.03,P＜0.001),蒙古族女生父母过分干涉、过分保护因子高于男生(t=4.06,P＜0.001;t=-2.40～-2.21,P＜0.05),汉族大学生在父母养育方式上性别差异均无统计学意义(t=-1.45～0.76,P＞0.05);在EPQ中,蒙汉族大学生各维度得分差异均有统计学意义(t=-6.47～3.80,P＜0.001),蒙古族女生精神质得分高于男生(t=-4.10,P＜0.001),汉族女生神经质得分高于男生(t=-2.05,P＜0.05);相关及回归分析结果显示,蒙汉族大学生人格特征各维度与父母养育方式大部分因子均有一定的相关性.结论 蒙汉族大学生的人格特征与父母养育方式存在差异,2个民族的父母养育方式对大学生人格特征的形成均具有重要影响.     

深圳市外来劳务工防御方式特征分析

目的 研究广东省深圳市外来劳务工防御方式的特点.方法 用防御方式问卷(DSQ)及艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)对1 530名深圳市外来劳务工进行防御方式及人格类型调查分析.结果 男性不成熟防御机制分(4.58±1.24)分,高于女性(4.39±1.08)分(P=0.003);外向性格类型的成熟防御机制分数[外向稳定和外向不稳得分为(5.48±1.07),(5.37±1.26)分],明显高于内向性格[内向稳定、内向不稳得分为(5.05±1.14),(5.18±1.13)分](P<0.05);不成熟防御机制分由高到低依次是内向不稳(5.05±1.00)分、外向不稳(4.81±1.04)分、内向稳定(3.92±1.00)分、外向稳定(3.75±0.98)分.结论 男性劳务工使用不成熟的防御机制频度多于女性,不同性格类型劳务工的防御方式差别明显.     

中学生不良行为及人格和父母教养方式的路径研究

目的探讨中学生不良行为与人格和父母教养方式间的直接与间接路径,为预防中学生不良行为,完善干预路径,降低不良行为发生率提供依据。方法采用艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)、父母教养方式评价量表(EMBU)、自编不良行为问卷对789名中学生进行统一问卷调查。结果中学生不良行为的检出率为34.85%,其中高中(38.75%)显著高于初中(30.17%)(χ~2=6.34,P=0.01);存在行为问题的学生神经质和精神质得分显著低于正常组(t_N=-13.44,P<0.01;t_P=-6.48,P<0.01);父亲情感温暖理解、惩罚严厉、母亲过分干涉过度保护与神经质、精神质对不良行为的解释度为26.1%,中介效应值占比分别为26.37%、18.18%和43.37%,神经质人格在父亲拒绝否认、过度保护和不良行为间起完全中介作用。结论父母教养方式不仅对不良行为发生有直接预测,还通过人格特征间接预测不良行为的发生。     

198例乳腺癌患者人格特征与心理防御机制的分析

目的研究乳腺癌患者的人格特征与心理防御机制。方法按1︰1均衡配比的原则,抽取198例健康人为对照组,198例乳腺癌患者为病例组。采用Bond防御机制问卷(DSQ)和艾森克人格问卷(EPQ)分别测评心理防御方式和人格特征。结果与对照组、全国女性常模比较,乳腺癌患者EPQ的E、N量表分降低;与常模比较L分增高;60岁以上患者P分增高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);不成熟防御机制中的被动攻击、潜意显现、抱怨、退缩因子分较高,60岁以上患者投射、躯体化较高,中间型防御机制中的消耗倾向、否认、掩饰得分较高,60岁以上患者隔离较高,60岁以下患者回避、假性利他较高,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义。结论乳腺癌患者人格特征和防御方式不同于健康人,主要采用不成熟和中间型心理防御机制,值得在临床综合治疗中予以关注。     

父母教养方式对精神分裂症患者人格特征及精神症状的影响

目的探讨父母教养方式对精神分裂症患者人格特征和精神症状的影响,为确立科学的教养方式、以提高其防治水平提供依据。方法采用父母教养方式评估量表、中国人人格问卷、简明精神症状量表对93名精神分裂症患者和93名健康者进行问卷调查,分析不同教养方式与患者人格特征、精神症状的关系。结果 (1)患者组父母教养方式中的情感温暖理解因子得分明显低于对照组(P0.05);(2)患者组父亲教养中的惩罚严厉、偏爱、拒绝否认得分明显高于对照组(P0.05);(3)患者组母亲教养方式中的过分干涉、偏爱、拒绝否认得分明显高于对照组(P0.05)。(4)精神分裂症患者人格特征和精神症状与父母教养方式的一些因子相关。结论父母教养方式对精神分裂症患者人格特征和精神症状有一定影响。     

成年男性暴力型罪犯人格特征与父母教养方式的相关性

目的分析和探讨父母教养方式对暴力型罪犯人格的影响。方法采用人格诊断问卷(PDQ-4+)、父母教养方式问卷(EMBU)对176名暴力型罪犯(研究组)及189名普通人群(对照组)进行调查,分析父母教养方式对人格诊断总分的影响。结果人格障碍研究组总评分(41.38±13.05)高于对照组(26.15±14.16),且各分型得分亦高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05)。家庭教养的方式评分中,父母情感温暖、理解、父亲过度保护得分低于对照组,父母的惩罚严厉、父母的拒绝否认得分高于对照组(P值均0.05);研究组的人格诊断问卷总分与父母的情感温暖、理解呈负相关(r为-0.376、-0.329,P值均0.05),与父母的惩罚严厉、拒绝否认、父亲的过分干涉、过分保护及母亲的偏爱呈正相关(r=0.154～0.363,P0.05);研究组的多元线性回归显示父母亲的情感温暖及理解、惩罚严厉、拒绝否认一定程度上影响暴力型罪犯人格特征的形成(P值均0.05)。结论暴力型罪犯人格存在明显偏离,与不良的养育方式有一定关系。     

酒驾者心理健康水平与应对方式、人格特征的研究

目的探讨酒驾者心理健康水平、应对方式、人格特征,及其应对方式、人格对心理健康的影响。方法运用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、应对方式问卷(CSQ)、艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)对60名酒驾者(研究组)和60名无酒驾史的同质驾驶员(对照组)进行调查及统计分析。结果除强迫因子外,酒驾者SCL-90总分及各因子得分均高于对照组(P<0.05)。酒驾者CSQ中自责、幻想、退避因子分高于对照组,EPQ中精神质、神经质因子分高于对照组(P均<0.05)。酒驾者SCL-90结果与CSQ幻想、自责、退避呈正相关(r为0.334～0.556),与EPQ精神质、神经质人格呈正相关(r为0.285～0.515)。结论酒驾者存在较多的心理问题、不成熟的应对方式及神经质、精神质人格。为减少酒驾行为,应根据其心理特征、应对方式和人格特点针对性的干预。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.