婴儿乙型肝炎疫苗全程免疫后抗-HBs低应答者再免疫方法的研究

为了探索新生儿乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗全程免疫后,乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)低应答者的再免疫方法,于2000年10月～2002年11月,将乙肝疫苗全程免疫(10μg×3)后抗-HBs和乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)均阴性的171名婴儿随机分成6组,除设立1组对照外,其余5组分别采用不同的再免疫方法A组,增加接种次数,再接种3针;B组,接种剂量加倍,再接种3针;C组,改变接种途径,改为皮内接种3针;D组,接种疫苗与A组相同,但同时联合应用免疫调节剂1个疗程;E组,更换疫苗种类,改用重组(CHO细胞)乙肝疫苗.5组均按0、1、2个月程序接种.结果显示抗-HBs总阳转率为89.04%,抗-HBs几何平均滴度(GMT)为590.38mIU/ml.A、B、C、D、E组抗-HBs阳转率分别为87.50%、90.91%、60.00%、100.00%、96.77%;各组GMT分别为604.82mIU/ml、770.46mIU/ml、372.45mIU/ml、651.70mIU/ml、508.66mIU/ml.第1、2、3针再免疫后的抗-HBs阳转率分别为59.79%、84.71%、89.04%;GMT分别为122.71mIU/ml、354.70mIU/ml、590.38mIU/ml.表明乙肝疫苗初次免疫失败的婴儿,再免疫的效果是肯定的.相对而言,以联合应用免疫调节剂或更换乙肝疫苗种类更为理想,再免疫的针次以2～3针为宜,免疫程序0、1、2个月即可.     

成人乙型肝炎疫苗无应答者大剂量再免疫效果评价

摘要:目的　探讨2种大剂量乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗对无应答成人再免疫的效果,为60 μg/1.0 ml乙肝疫苗的临床应用提供依据。方法　将有乙肝疫苗全程接种史、乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）及乙肝表面抗体（抗-HBs）阴性的健康成人,根据知情同意、随机原则分为2组,1组为20 μg组,即接种3针20 μg乙肝疫苗,按“0、1、6”程序;1组为60 μg组,即接种1针60 μg乙肝疫苗。完成免疫程序后3个月内检测乙肝5项指标。结果　无应答成人再免疫后,20 μg组和60 μg组2组抗-HBs阳转率约为88%,且正常应答者,2组抗-HBs几何平均滴度（GMT）水平相近,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,低应答者,60 μg组抗-HBs GMT高于20 μg组（P＜0.05）。男性抗-HBs阳转率较女性低（P＜0.05）,不同年龄组间抗-HBs阳转率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。结论　1针60 μg/1.0 ml乙肝疫苗和3针20 μg/ml乙肝疫苗疗效相当,可根据个体实际情况选择免疫方案。     

不同种类国产乙肝疫苗的免疫效果及安全性评价

目的了解2种重组乙肝疫苗免疫效果,为成人免疫接种提供参考。方法将152名成人随机分为2组,按0、1和6个月免疫程序分别接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗和重组CHO乙肝疫苗,全程免疫后1个月检测血清抗-HBs阳转率和抗-HBs平均几何滴度(GMT),同时观察所有接种对象的不良反应。结果重组酵母乙肝疫苗和重组CHO乙肝疫苗的抗-HBs阳转率为89.04%和91.14%;抗-HBs平均几何滴度分别为202.99 mIU/ml和201.98 mIU/ml,两者差异均无有统计学意义。不同性别、不同年龄人群对两种疫苗的免疫效果也无显著差异,但肥胖者抗-HBs阳转率要明显低于其他人群。所有接种对象未发现明显的异常反应。结论重组酵母和重组CHO乙肝疫苗均有较好的免疫原性和安全性。     

乙肝疫苗低(无)应答儿童再免疫效果观察

目的评价乙肝疫苗低应答/无应答儿童重新接种或加大剂量接种后的免疫效果。方法用酶联免疫法（ELISA）筛选出1岁以内已全程接种乙肝疫苗的4-6岁儿童血清HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc 3项指标全为阴性者,再用固相放射免疫法（RIA）复核并对抗-HBs小于10mIU/ml者,使用重组（CHO细胞）乙肝疫苗,按10μg剂量/1针次和20μg剂量/1针次分2组接种,均为0、1、6程序接种3针,完成接种后1-2月时采血,检测抗-HBs水平。结果2019例筛选儿童血清HBsAg、抗-HBs、抗-HBc 3项指标全为阴性者672例,占33.28%。抗-HBs〈2.1mIU/ml的无应答儿童占27.44%,2.1-9.9mIU/ml的低应答儿童占5.05%。10μg剂量接种组采集到158例血清,抗-HBs≥10mIU/ml者155例,占98.10%,GMT为364.36mIU/ml。20μg剂量接种组采集到173例血清,抗-HBs≥10mIU/ml者172例,占99.42%,GMT为392.86mIU/ml。2组疫苗再免疫后抗-HBs的GMT增幅为53.61-721.87倍。结论乙肝疫苗无（低）应答儿童重新接种乙肝疫苗3针后免疫效果良好,10μg剂量组与20μg剂量组的抗体达到保护水平率差异无统计学意义,无应答儿童再免疫后产生的抗体GMT水平2组差异无统计学意义,低应答儿童的抗体GMT水平则表现为20μg剂量组高于10μg剂量组。     

大学生接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗3年效果观察

目的了解大学生接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗后的免疫效果,为乙型肝炎预防提供资料。方法以某学院2002年入学HBsAg检测呈阴性的1252名学生为对象,按免疫程序分别接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗5μg/支3针,观察其免疫1、2、3年后血清的抗-HBs阳转率,并对免疫无应答(HBV5项指标全部阴性)的学生,加强疫苗接种(10μg/支),按免疫程序分别再接种3针重组酵母乙肝疫苗,1个月后再检测抗-HBs。结果全程接种乙肝疫苗1年后检测抗-HBs阳转率为93.3%,2年后为85.2%,3年后为79.85%,与全程免疫后1年相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。加强疫苗接种程序后1个月抗-HBs阳转率达97.3%,与加强免疫前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论重组酵母乙肝疫苗免疫效果良好,但必要时需加强免疫,增加抗体应答者的远期免疫效果,发挥其免疫保护作用。     

乙肝疫苗初免失败婴儿再免疫方法研究

目的探索乙肝疫苗初次全程免疫失败婴儿的再免疫方法.方法对乙肝疫苗全程免疫后乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙肝病毒表面抗原(HBsAg)均阴性的144名婴儿,随机分成5组,1组为对照组,其余4组分别采用不同的再免疫方法,观察再免成功率.结果抗-HBs总阳转率为93.79%,抗-HBs几何平均滴度(GMT)为546.97mIU/ml,各组抗-HBs阳转率分别为87.88%、90.91%、100%、96.88%;各组GMT分别为475.34mIU/ml、658.65mIU/ml、625.18mIU/ml、455.90mIU/ml.结论乙肝疫苗初免失败婴儿,再免成功率达93.79%.     

大学生接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗后免疫效果临床研究

[目的]了解大学生接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗后的免疫效果,为乙型肝炎预防提供资料.[方法]以某学院2003年入学HBsAg检测呈阴性的1350名学生为对象,按免疫程序分别接种重组酵母乙肝疫苗5μg/支3针,观察其免疫1、2、3年后血清的抗-HBs阳转率,并对免疫无应答(HBV5项指标全部阴性)的学生,加强疫苗接种(10μg和20μg/支),按免疫程序分别再接种3针重组酵母乙肝疫苗,1个月后再检测抗-HBs阳转率.[结果]全程接种乙肝疫苗1年后检测抗-HBs阳转率为88.51%,2年后为83.79%,3年后为73.77%,与全程免疫后1年相比,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).加强疫苗接种剂量10μg和20μg分别按程序接种后,1个月抗-HBs阳转率达96%和98%,与加强免疫前比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).[结论]重组酵母乙肝疫苗免疫效果良好,但必要时需加强免疫,增加抗体应答者的远期免疫效果,发挥其免疫保护作用.     

乙肝疫苗免疫后无应答者再次接种免疫效果的观察

目的观察重组(酵母)基因乙肝疫苗(简称乙肝疫苗)接种的免疫效果,为提高预防接种的阳转率提供依据。方法对560名新生采用0、1、6月方案,预防接种乙肝疫苗后1个月检测抗-HBs阴性者,采用0、1、2月方案再次进行免疫,1个月后检测抗-HBs仍阴性者,采取增加剂量(10μg/ml)再按0、1、2月方案进行接种,观察免疫接种的效果。结果初次接种一个月后,抗-HBs阳转率为77.5%,男性与女性阳转率差别不大(P>0.05);对抗-HBs阴性者,再次接种乙肝疫苗后抗-HBs阳转率为80.16%,女性高于男性(P<0.05);对抗-HBs仍然阴性者,采取增加剂量第3次接种,阳转率为100%。结论初次全程免疫后未产生免疫应答者,经再次和第3次免疫接种后抗-HBs阳转率可达100%。     

5岁以上儿童5μg重组乙型肝炎疫苗(酵母)加强免疫效果评价

目的比较不同剂次重组乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(酵母)[Hepatitis B vaccine made by recombinantdeoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)techniques in polymorpha Yeast,HepB-Y]加强免疫效果,为加强免疫决策提供依据。方法选择一周岁内完成乙肝疫苗(Hepatitis B vaccine,HepB)基础免疫的5岁以上儿童1728例,采集血清,使用化学发光法检测乙肝病毒表面抗原(Hepatitis B virus surface antigen,HBsAg)、乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)、乙肝病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),对仅抗-HBs阳性者接种5μg重组HepB-Y一剂次、抗-HBs阴性者接种三剂次,接种后1个月采血检测抗-HBs。结果加强免疫前、加强免疫一剂次和三剂次后抗-HBs阳性率分别为40.10%、94.04%、99.54%,三者两两之间抗-HBs阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。抗-HBs阴性者加强免疫一剂次、三剂次后抗-HBs阳转率分别为88.50%、99.42%,二者差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),加强一剂次后,各年龄组儿童抗-HBs阳转率随年龄增加呈下降趋势(P<0.05),加强三剂次后,各年龄组儿童抗-HBs阳转率与年龄未呈现相关性(P>0.05)。抗-HBs阴性者加强免疫一剂次、三剂次后几何平均滴度(geometric means of titer,GMT)分别为450.47IU/L、664.95IU/L,抗-HBs阳性者加强免疫一剂次后GMT为3 663.68IU/L。结论采用5μg重组HepB-Y对5岁以上抗-HBs阳性儿童加强免疫一剂次、对5岁以上抗-HBs阴性儿童加强免疫三剂次,免疫效果良好。     

不同剂量国产重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗成年人免疫效果及影响因素研究

目的 通过随机双盲对照试验,评价10μg和20μg国产重组酵母(CHO)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗应用于成年人的免疫效果,以及影响免疫效果的个体因素.方法 在北京市4个区县范围内选择18～45岁未接种乙肝疫苗、乙肝五项指标均为阴性的642名成年人作为研究对象,随机分为两组,按照"0-1-6"程序分别接种10μg和20μg CHO乙肝疫苗,通过问卷方法调查每个对象可能影响乙肝疫苗免疫效果的个体因素.于接种第三针1个月后采血,以雅培化学发光的方法检测抗-HBs滴度值,抗-HBs阴性者采用荧光定量PCR方法进一步检测HBV DNA,利用logistic回归分析方法分析影响抗-HBs阳转的个体因素.结果 10μg和20μg两个剂量组抗-HBs阳转率分别为88.8%(95%CI:85.4%～92.2%)和95.3%(95%CI:93.0%～97.6%).按照抗-HBs＜100 mIU/ml为低无应答标准,低无应答率分别为34.3%和17.4%;抗体几何平均滴度(GMT)分别为173.42 mIU/ml和588.51 mIU/ml.多因素分析表明:患糖尿病、配偶为乙肝病毒感染者以及大年龄组人群是抗体阳转不利因素,而20μg疫苗剂量有利于抗体阳转.结论 CHO乙肝疫苗20μg免疫效果优于10μg,乙肝疫苗免疫效果评价应考虑多因素的影响.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.