先天性胆胰管合流异常的内镜诊断与治疗

目的探讨ERCP对胆胰管合流异常（APBDJ）的诊断价值与临床处理原则。方法回顾分析近5年来接受ERCP诊疗的患者中,APBDJ的发生情况、分型特点、与合并胆胰疾病的关系,以及内镜下处理的情况。结果探讨ERCP对胆胰管合流异常（APBDJ）的诊断价值与临床处理原则。方法回顾分析近5年来接受ERCP诊疗的患者中,APBDJ的发生情况、分型特点、与合并胆胰疾病的关系,以及内镜下处理的情况。结论ERCP是APBDJ一种直接、可靠的诊断手段;APBDJ与胆囊癌、胆总管囊肿及慢性胰腺炎等症有非常密切的关联;APBDJ患者可根据合并症的具体情况,采取相应的内镜治疗措施。     

内镜下胰胆管造影术对胆胰管汇合异常的诊断及治疗价值

目的:探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)对胆胰管汇合异常(APBDJ)的诊断、治疗及其效果的价值。方法:回顾分析2009年1月至2014年7月本院确诊的52例APBDJ患者的临床表现、诊断及治疗方式,用直观模拟标度尺(VAS)评分来评估治疗前、后腹痛症状的改善情况。结果:患者的临床表现以腹痛为主,发生率为80.8%。常并发胆管结石(38.5%)、慢性胰腺炎(25.0%)及急性胰腺炎(15.4%)。经ERCP确诊的患者中,磁共振胆胰管成像(MRCP)的检出率为18.6%。内镜下治疗包括内镜下留置鼻胆管引流(ENBD)(61.5%)、内镜下胆管括约肌切开术(EST)(47.7%)及内镜下逆行胆管引流(ERBD)(23.1%)。经治疗后,患者疼痛VAS评分明显下降[(1.2±0.8)分比(5.8±1.6)分,P<0.05]。结论:APBDJ的主要症状为腹痛,胆管结石及急慢性胰腺炎发生率较高。ERCP是APBDJ一种可靠的诊断手段。可根据患者合并症的具体情况采取相应的内镜治疗措施,有效改善症状。     

MRCP对ERCP胆管插管难度预测的价值

目的:探讨磁共振胰胆管成像(magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography,MRCP)对内镜下逆行胆胰管造影术(endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography,ERCP)胆管插管难度预测的价值.方法:采用回顾性分析方法,收集93例术前行MRCP检查的ERCP患者,根据ERCP胆管插管难易程度将患者分为ERCP胆管插管困难组(A组,30例)和非困难组(B组,63例).对两组患者MRCP图像上相关解剖学指标(包括胆总管直径、胰管直径、胆胰管汇合角度、胆胰管汇合点与十二指肠内壁间距、胆胰管末端间距)进行观察和测量,比较分析两组患者MRCP图像上述解剖指标数据的差别,探讨其对ERCP胆管插管难度预测的价值.结果:ERCP胆管插管成功率为98.92%.两组患者MRCP上胆总管直径、胆胰管汇合角度存在差异(4.48±1.27 vs 6.73±2.32;25.89±14.40 vs 43.37±24.88,P<0.05),而两组患者性别、年龄、胰管直径、胆胰管汇合点与十二指肠内壁间距、胆胰管末端间距的差异无统计学意义.ERCP胆管插管难度与MRCP图像上胆总管直径、胆胰管汇合角度有相关性(P<0.05),而与胰管直径、胆胰管汇合点与十二指肠内壁间距、胆胰管末端间距无相关性.结论:ERCP术前常规行MRCP检查对判定ERCP胆管插管难易程度有一定指导意义.     

ERCP对胰胆管汇流异常的诊断价值

胰胆管汇流异常(anomalous junction of pancreatico biliary duct,AJPBD)是指在解剖学上胰管和胆管由于在十二指肠壁外合流,形成过长共同管Oddi括约肌功能紊乱致胆汁和胰液混流,引起一系列胆胰系病变,本病由本積(1916)、Babbitt(1969)、古味(1975)相继报道,近年来,随着影像诊断技术的广泛开展,报告的例数日益增多,我院自1977年开展ERCP以来,共发现119例,约占ERCP检查总数的0.85％,其中男29例,女90例,男女比例1:3.1,年龄3～64岁,平均31.48±20.0岁,其中＜10岁33例,11～20岁23例,21～30岁15例,31～40岁20例,41～50岁11例,51～60岁9例,＞60岁8例,病史最短6h,最长32年,临床症状:发热36例,腹痛104例,恶心呕吐76例,黄疸43例,腹块12例,肝功异常49例,有淀粉酶增多史25例,胰胆管AJPBD的诊断,主要依据为ERCP片上共同管的长度和形态.具体长度为≥15 mm,按Komi对AJPBD的分型标准进行分型,即胰管汇流到胆管上为P-B型,胆管汇流到胰管上为B-P型,胰胆管汇合形式复杂不能按上述二型分类者为复杂型.本组结果:胰胆管共同管长度为15～45 mm(22.4±16.0 mm),其中P-B型89例,B-P型35例,复杂型3例,各种胰胆疾病情况及AJPBD关系附表.     

ERCP在儿童胰胆管合流异常诊治中的应用价值

目的探讨ERCP在儿童胰胆管合流异常(PBM)诊治中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析2018年1月至2021年12月间南京医科大学附属儿童医院普外科行ERCP诊疗的77例PBM患儿的临床资料, 总结PBM的临床特征、分型和术后护理措施, 比较ERCP诊治前后患儿生命体征和生物化学指标变化, 记录术后并发症发生情况。结果按照日本胆胰管合流异常研究组(JSGPM)分型, 77例患儿中A型34例, B型18例, C型21例, D型4例。68例合并先天性胆管扩张, 9例无胆管扩张。77例PBM患儿在全麻下行ERCP操作92例次, 成功91例次, 失败1例, 操作成功率98.91%。ERCP诊疗术式包括乳头括约肌切开术7例次, 乳头球囊扩张术28例次, 探条扩张术22例次, 网篮或球囊取石术22例次, 逆行胆管支架引流35例次, 胰管支架引流4例次, 鼻胆管引流18例次, 鼻胰管引流2例次, 胆管支架取出术14例次。77例PBM患儿经ERCP治疗后, 体温、FLACC评分、直接胆红素、血淀粉酶、丙氨酸转氨酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶、谷氨酰基转移酶等指标较术前明显下降, 差异有统计学意义(P值均<0.00...     

预切开在ERCP诊疗Ⅰ型胰胆合流异常中的应用

胰胆管合流异常(pancreaticobiliary maljunction,PBM)是一种罕见的胆胰系先天性疾病,目前诊断主要依靠逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP),但Ⅰ型胰胆合流异常患者在ERCP操作中常规选择性胆管插管往往十分困难.本研究对Ⅰ型PBM患者采用胰管预切开和(或)开窗预切开的方法成功完成胆管插管,使ERCP成功率达100％,现报道如下.     

ERCP在胰胆管合流异常相关疾病中的诊治进展

1916年日本学者Kozumi在对1例先天性胆总管囊肿患者进行解剖时,首先发现了合并胰胆管合流异常。1969年美国Babbit首次提出了胰胆管合流异常的概念,随后胰胆管合流异常被证实与许多胆道疾病和胰腺疾病（如先天性胆总管囊肿、胆石症、胆囊癌、胰腺炎等）密切相关。ERCP因可直接观察胆胰系统并清楚显示胰胆管解剖异常而成为诊断胰胆管合流异常的金标准。本文就ERCP在胰胆管合流异常相关疾病中的诊治进展作一综述。一、胰胆管合流异常的形成及诊断胰胆管合流异常是指胰管、胆管在十二指肠壁外汇流的先天性解剖畸形,造成共同通道过长,使十二指肠乳头部括约肌的作用不能作用于汇流部,导致胆汁、胰液相互混合引起逆流,而发生胆道及胰腺的各种疾病。     

内镜在胰胆管合流异常诊疗中的作用探讨

目的探讨ERCP在胰胆管合流异常中的诊断价值,评估内镜治疗的效果。方法16例胰胆管合流异常（PBM）患者,通过ERCP造影进行PBM分型,结合临床症状,分析引起相关疾病的机制、影像特点,根据合并的其它胰胆疾病,选择适当的内镜取石、扩张或引流等治疗,观察治疗效果。结果16例胰胆管合流异常患者多伴有腹痛、呕吐、黄疸等症状,及转氨酶和／或淀粉酶水平的升高。其中,Ⅰ型（B—P型）7例,Ⅱ型（P—B型）5例,Ⅲ型（复杂型）4例;合并胆总管囊肿扩张10例,无扩张者5例,胆管癌并狭窄1例;伴有胆管结石11例（4例为蛋白栓）、胰管结石2例（1例不伴胆管结石）。9例予内镜下胆管取石,2例胰管取石,术中置入胆道支架引流7例,行鼻胆管引流3例,胰管支架置入5例,胆道金属支架置人1例。术后临床症状均明显缓解。结论ERCP是一种可靠的诊断手段,其分型与PBM相关疾病表现有明显相关,选择性、暂时性的内镜治疗在外科术前是有效的、必要的。     

无先天性胆管囊性扩张型的胰胆管汇流异常与胆胰疾病的关系

目的：研究无先天性胆管囊性扩张型的胰胆管汇流异常（APBJ）及其与与胆胰疾病的关系。方法：分析1995年1月－2002年1月间逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）、术中胆道造影（IOC）、磁共振胰管造影（MRCP）等影像学检查的2150例胆胰疾病中的52例无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ及其与胆胰疾病的关系。结果：本组APBJ的发生率为2．4％，APBJ的检查发现率为ERCP2．9％，IOC2．4％、MRCP2．0％，在52例无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ中有P－C型（胰管注入胆总管）32例、C－P型（胆总管汇入胰管）20例。胆囊上皮增生的发生率为51．9％，胆囊结石的发生率为73．1％，胆囊息肉样病变的发生率为26．9％，急性胰腺炎的发生率为34．6％，结论：APBJ与胆囊疾病关系密切，无先天性胆管囊性扩张型APBJ的胆囊上皮增生和胆囊息肉样病变发生率高，是胆囊癌发生的一个高危因素，对此类型APBJ病人主张预防性胆囊切除，APBJ是胰腺炎发病的一个重要因素，C－P型APBJ的胰腺炎发生率高，在反复胰腺炎发作而无明显原因时，应考虑有APBJ的存在。     

胰管支架在内镜逆行胆胰管造影中的应用价值

[目的]探讨胰管支架在选择性胆管插管的内镜逆行胆胰管造影术(ERCP)中的应用价值。[方法]将114例选择性胆管插管的ERCP患者随机分为支架组(51例)和非支架组(63例),支架组在插入胰管后行经胰管胆胰管隔膜切开术后常规置入胰管支架之后继续下一步治疗,非支架组在进入胰管后行经胰管胆胰管隔膜切开术后再行选择性胆管插管及下一步治疗,观察2组患者ERCP后胰腺炎(PEP)的发生率及插管成功率。[结果]支架组PEP发生率1.96%(1/51)、插管成功率98.04%(50/51),非支架组PEP发生率14.28%(9/63)、插管成功率84.13%(53/63),2组患者PEP发生率及插管成功率差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]选择性胆管插管的ERCP患者在插入胰管后置入胰管支架可降低其PEP的发生率,提高插管成功率。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.