蒲江县古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的了解蒲江县长秋乡古佛村2005年血吸虫病监测点疫情动态情况,为血吸虫病防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,开展2005年监测工作。结果钉螺面积147958m2,活螺平均密度0·28只/框(每框=0·11m2),未发现阳性钉螺,人群血吸虫感染率2·16%,耕牛血吸虫感染率为4·35%。结论蒲江县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平,应继续加强耕牛粪便管理和人畜同步治疗,巩固已取得的防治成果,防止疫情反弹。     

眉山市东坡区一里村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的及时掌握血吸虫病流行现状,疫情动态变化,为制定血吸虫病防治规划和决策提供科学依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》和《四川省血吸虫病监测实施方案》确定了东坡区秦家镇一里村为国家血吸虫病监测点,按照方案要求开展了2005年血吸虫病监测工作。结果监测钉螺面积32020m2,活螺密度3·95只/框(每框=0·11m2),钉螺阳性率0·103%;查见阳性钉螺12只。间接血凝试验检查阳性率44·17%;Kato-Katz法居民感染率5·39%;耕牛阳性率4·82%,全村2005年无急性血吸虫病例,现有晚期血吸虫病患者16人。结论东坡区居民血吸虫感染率仍较高,应加强沟渠灭螺,耕牛粪便管理和人畜同步治疗,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

德昌县新河村2006年血吸虫病疫情监测结果分析

目的掌握德昌县血吸虫病监测点2006年疫情,为防治工作提供科学依据。方法按照全国血吸虫病监测方案,在德昌县六所乡新河村开展2006年监测工作。结果监测点的钉螺面积为5042 m^2,平均钉螺密度0.04只/框（每框=0.11 m^2）,没有发现感染性钉螺。人群血吸虫感染率0.79%,患者EPG几何均数26.48。耕牛感染率为1.35%。结论德昌县已达到国家血吸虫病传播控制标准,但应继续加强监测和巩固工作,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

2005-2009年广汉市联江村血吸虫病疫情监测

目的掌握平坝地区血吸虫病监测点的疫情情况,为血吸虫病防治提供科学依据。方法按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,对广汉市联江村监测点的血吸虫病疫情进行调查。结果 2005-2009年钉螺总面积从10 710 m2下降到7 870 m2,活螺密度前4年比较稳定,但2009年回升较多为1.17只/框(每框=0.11m2),5年来未发现感染性钉螺,钉螺主要分布在沟渠和稻田等环境。2005-2009年人群血清阳性率从7.44%下降到3.73%,人群血吸虫感染率从0.52%下降到0。2005-2009年家畜耕牛除2006年查出3头病牛,阳性率30%以外,其余年份均未查出阳性病牛。结论 2005-2009年广汉市人群血吸虫病感染率、家畜血吸虫感染率、钉螺总面积均下降,血吸虫病疫情得到较好控制。     

2010-2014年四川省血吸虫病监测点疫情分析

目的了解四川省血吸虫病流行趋势和疫情变化规律,为制定血吸虫病防治策略提供参考依据。方法按照平坝、丘陵、山区3种山丘亚型,选择15个血吸虫病监测点进行纵向观察。2010-2014年每年在监测点开展人畜病情、螺情和相关因素调查,比较逐年血吸虫病疫情指标变化趋势。结果 2010-2014年15个监测点监测点人群血吸虫抗体阳性率从9.34%下降至5.43%,人群血吸虫感染率由0.13%下降至0。钉螺面积从59.34hm2下降到12.53 hm2,下降率为78.89%,无新发现有螺面积,活螺密度从0.19只/框下降到0.10只/框,未发现感染性钉螺。钉螺主要分布在沟渠和稻田等环境。家畜传染源仍以耕牛为主,监测数量在117~325只之间,4年来耕牛血吸虫病感染率为0。结论四川省血吸虫病疫情总体上已趋于低度流行状态,应加强健康教育工作,建立敏感高效的预警监测体系,及时发现疫情,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

2006年湖北省国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情监测

目的分析2006年湖北省国家级血吸虫病疫情监测点监测结果，为制定血吸虫病防治对策提供科学依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求，开展16个监测点的监测工作，并统计分析各项指标。结果湖北省16个监测点居民血吸虫感染率为1. 91%，耕牛感染率为12. 06%，活螺平均密度为0. 67只/0*1 1112，感染螺平均密度为0.0011只/0.1 1112，钉螺感染率为0.17%。与2005年相比，螺情指标有较大幅度下降。结论人群感染率较低，但耕牛疫情重，是整个血防工作的重点和难点，要认真落实针对耕牛的各项血吸虫病防治措施。查灭螺工作不可忽视。     

湖北省国家级血吸虫病监测点两年疫情比较

目的分析比较2005、2006年湖北省国家级血吸虫病监测点疫情,为制定全省防治策略提供科学依据。方法按《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,开展16个监测点的监测工作,并将2年的监测结果进行比较。结果2005年和2006年16个监测点居民血吸虫感染率分别为1.71%和1.91%,2006年较2005年上升了11.69%;耕牛平均感染率分别为11.69%和12.06%,2006年与2005年相比上升了3.17%;活螺平均密度、感染性钉螺平均密度和钉螺感染率分别为0.850 0只/0.1 m2、0.002 5只/0.1 m2、0.29%和0.670 0只/0.1 m2、0.001 1只/0.1 m2、0.17%,2006年较2005年分别下降了21.45%、56.00%和41.59%。结论湖北省血吸虫病疫情较重,防治工作难度较大,仍然需要加大综合防治措施力度,认真落实各项防治措施。     

仁寿县志气村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的及时掌握血吸虫病流行现状,疫情动态变化,为制定血吸虫病防治规划和决策提供科学依据。方法根据《全国血吸虫病监测方案》和《四川省血吸虫病监测实施方案》规定的项目及内容,对全国血吸虫病监测点仁寿县珠加乡志气村开展了2005年监测工作。结果查出有螺面积29 770 m2,活螺密度5.09只/框(每框=0.11 m2),未发现感染螺。人群血吸虫感染率0.53%(3/561)。耕牛感染率2/9。结论仁寿县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平,应加强沟渠灭螺和耕牛治疗,防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

中江县大田坝村2005年血吸虫病监测点结果分析

目的 掌握丘陵地区血吸虫病流行趋势和疫情变化规律，评价防治效果，为科学制订血吸虫病防治策略提供可靠依据。方法 按照《全国血吸虫病监测方案》的要求，对中江县大田坝村开展2005年监测工作。结果 监测点钉螺面积18070m^2，平均活螺密度0．064只／框（每框=0．11m^2），感染螺密度0．0001只／框，钉螺感染率0．098％。监测点平均血清学阳性率9．84％，粪检未检出感染者。耕牛感染率5．80％。结论 中江县血吸虫病已控制在较低水平，应加强沟渠灭螺和耕牛防治力度，防止血吸虫病疫情回升。     

2010年湖北省血吸虫病疫情监测

目的掌握2010年湖北省血吸虫病监测点疫情。方法按照《湖北省血吸虫病监测方案》的要求,在全省血吸虫病流行区选择有代表性的207个流行村作为监测点,开展人畜查病和钉螺调查。结果 207个监测点居民血吸虫感染率为1.01%,耕牛感染率为1.14%,活螺平均密度为0.50只/0.1m2,感染螺平均密度为0.0004只/0.1m2,钉螺感染率为0.08%。结论与2009年相比,2010年湖北省血吸虫病疫情出现了明显下降,但疫情仍不稳定且容易反复,需进一步加大传染源控制力度,加强耕牛管理以及查灭螺工作。     

莫沙必利改善夜间消化不良症状的随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照研究

功能性消化不良（FD）的发病机制尚未完全明了。夜间上腹部症状是影响FD患者生活质量的重要因素。促动力药对夜间FD症状的治疗作用和机制不详。目的：探讨莫沙必利对FD患者夜间消化不良症状的治疗作用。方法：采用随机、双盲、安慰剂平行对照的前瞻性设计，连续选取主诉有夜间FD症状（上腹部疼痛、饱胀、嗳气）的患者，经一周安慰剂治疗筛选，无安慰剂治疗反应者分别给予莫沙必利（5mgtid）和安慰剂治疗。治疗前后分别行夜间症状评估以及夜间胃内DH值和胆红素联合检测。结果：共纳入43例有夜间FD症状的患者，28例对安慰剂治疗无反应。治疗后，莫沙必利组夜间上腹部疼痛、饱胀、暖气的症状积分均明显降低（R0．05），夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉0．14的时间百分比均明显降低（P〈O．05）；而安慰剂组上述指标无明显差异（P〉O．05）。莫沙必利组夜间症状积分改善程度与夜间胃内pH值和胆红素吸收值〉O．14的时间百分比降低程度有明显相关性（P〈O．05）。结论：莫沙必利能显著改善夜间FD症状．其机制可能与减轻夜间胃十二指肠胆汁反流有关。     

Biodiesel Production on Monometallic Pt,Pd, Ru,and Ag Catalysts Supported on Natural Zeolite

Biodiesel production from rapeseed oil and methanol via transesterification reaction facilitated by various monometallic catalyst supported on natural zeolite (NZ) was investigated. The physicochemical characteristics of the synthesized catalysts were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller method (BET), temperature-programmed-reduction in hydrogen (H₂-TPR), temperature-programmed-desorption of ammonia (NH₃-TPD), Scanning Electron Microscope equipped with EDX detector (SEM-EDS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) methods. The highest activity and methyl ester yields were obtained for the Pt/NZ catalyst. This catalyst showed the highest triglycerides conversion of 98.9% and fatty acids methyl esters yields of 94.6%. The activity results also confirmed the high activity of the carrier material (NZ) itself in the investigated reaction. Support material exhibited 90.5% of TG conversion and the Fatty Acid Methyl Esters yield (FAME) of 67.2%. Introduction of noble metals improves the TG conversion and FAME yield values. Increasing of the metal loading from 0.5 to 2 wt.% improves the reactivity properties of the investigated catalysts.     

Insights on linking forests, trees, and people from the air, on the ground, and in the laboratory

Governing natural resources sustainably is a continuing struggle. Major debates occur over what types of policy "interventions" best protect forests, with choices of property and land tenure systems being central issues. Herein, we provide an overview of findings from a long-term interdisciplinary, multiscale, international research program that analyzes the institutional factors affecting forests managed under a variety of tenure arrangements. This program analyzes satellite images, conducts social-ecological measurements on the ground, and tests the impact of structural variables on human decisions in experimental laboratories. Satellite images track the landscape dimensions of forest-cover change within different management regimes over time. On-the-ground social-ecological studies examine relationships between forest conditions and types of institutions. Behavioral studies under controlled laboratory conditions enhance our understanding of explicit changes in structure that affect relevant human decisions. Evidence from all three research methods challenges the presumption that a single governance arrangement will control overharvesting in all settings. When users are genuinely engaged in decisions regarding rules affecting their use, the likelihood of them following the rules and monitoring others is much greater than when an authority simply imposes rules. Our results support a frontier of research on the most effective institutional and tenure arrangements for protecting forests. They move the debate beyond the boundaries of protected areas into larger landscapes where government, community, and comanaged protected areas are embedded and help us understand when and why deforestation and regrowth occur in specific regions within these larger landscapes.     

Update on antiplatelet agents, including MATCH, CHARISMA, and ESPRIT

Despite recent advances in the acute treatment of stroke, prevention and risk factor modification remain the mainstays of management for patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. The majority of noncardioembolic ischemic strokes are atherothrombotic, presumed to be associated with the activation and aggregation of platelets. Antiplatelet medications have been shown to be effective in the secondary prevention of stroke of presumed arterial origin, both as monotherapy and in combination. Among combination of antiplatelet agents, aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole has demonstrated statistically significant additive benefit over monotherapy with each agent. Clopidogrel plus aspirin does not prevent recurrent ischemic stroke over each component individually, and the combination increases the risk of hemorrhagic side effects. This article reviews the most recent studies on antiplatelet medications, including the combination of aspirin and clopidogrel or extended-release dipyridamole, and discusses some of the controversies that still exist with the use of antiplatelet agents.     

Culture,caregiving, and the frail elderly on malo,vanuatu

This paper addresses the indigenous meaning of old age and frailty on Malo Island (Natamambo), Vanuatu, (the South Pacific). While local meanings are of course germane to the sense of personhood, they have also been affected by cultural, demographic and social change that has occurred in recent decades. The paper presents discussion of the effects of these changes on old age and aging. Finally, the paper examines family caregiving by middle-aged adults for frail elders, in the context of social change. It is clear that the ideology of caregiving is under negotiation at the present time.