产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型和耐药性分析

目的研究我院住院患儿分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的基因型及其相关耐药性分析。方法收集2004年10月-2005年10月我院住院患儿呼吸道分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌75株，肺炎克雷伯菌45株，PCR限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分析及PCR产物克隆测序等方法明确ESBLs基因型，并结合体外抗生素敏感试验研究基因分型与细菌对不同头孢菌素及氨曲南的敏感性的关系。结果上述120株细菌中112株（93．3％）产CTX—M型p内酰胺酶；未能扩增出SHV型、TEM型ESBL基因。CTX—M型基因亚型主要为CTX—M9簇中的CTX—M-14型（78、6％），其次为CTX—M-1簇中的CTX—M-3型（19．6％），仅有1．8％为CTX—M-8型；携带CTX-M-1簇的菌株对头孢他啶、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、阿莫西林-克拉维酸、头孢吡肟及氨曲南的耐药率均明显高于CTX—M-9型。结论CTX—M基因型为武汉地区儿童分离大肠埃希菌以及肺炎克雷伯菌中最常见的ESBLs，CTX—M-14为最常见基因型，其次为CTX—M-3型；CTX—M-9簇及CTX-M-1簇对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦和氨曲南的水解能力差异明显。     

武汉市儿童医院临床分离大肠埃希菌与肺炎克雷伯菌中产质粒介导AmpC酶和ESBLs的研究

目的研究武汉市儿童医院临床分离高产质粒AmpC酶和超超广谱β内酰胺酶（SSBL）肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌的分子流行病学特征。方法收集我院2005年8月-2006年8月住院患儿临床分离的头孢西丁中介或耐药的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌161株。采用三维试验检测AmpC酶，表型确认试验检测ESBLs，质粒转化试验定位耐药基因；采用PCR技术扩增质粒AmpC与CTX—M基因；使用限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）技术确定CTX—M基因簇的特征；利用基因测序确定AmpC酶及CTX—M的基因亚型。结果DHA-1型和ACT-1型为主要的质粒AmpC酶基因型，发现1种新的ACT型质粒AmpC酶，其与ACT-1的同源性仅为84％。CTX—M-14型和CTX-M-3型为主要的ESBLs基因型。最常见的大肠埃希菌SSBL基因组合为CTX-M-14＋DHA-1＋ACT-1型，肺炎克雷伯菌的为CTX—M-3＋DHA-1＋ACT-1。结论我院临床分离的肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌中，产SSBL菌株所占比例显著高于单产质粒AmpC酶菌株；CTXM-14／CTX—M-3＋DHA-1＋ACT-1是大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中最常见的SSBL基因型。     

运用变性高效液相色谱快速检测CTX-M超广谱β内酰胺酶基因型

目的应用变性高效液相色谱（DHPLC）技术对确认产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株CTX-M型质粒酶进行基因分型，探讨其灵敏度和特异度，以建立快速检测CTX-M型ESBLs的新方法。方法采用PCR技术从大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中扩增出CTX—M型质粒的编码序列，用DHPLC技术对扩增产物进行分析和DNA测序，确定其基因突变的类型，通过比对两者结果后确定其基因型。结果从34株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌临床分离株中扩增出35份CTX-M型ESBLs编码序列（其中1株同时扩增到2份CTX—M型编码序列）。11份与标准菌株CTX—M-3一致；4份与标准菌株CTX—M-9一致；测序确定分别为CTX—M-3型和CTX—M-9型；20份表现为3种形态各异的异常洗脱峰，测序结果表明20份样本与其标准株对比均存在着基因突变，DHPLC中异常峰一致的样本均为同-基因亚型。结论DH—PLC可用于ESBLs基因分型的检测，能快速检测CTX—M的基因型，具有准确性高、简便快捷、经济等特点，有很大的临床应用价值。     

全国10所教学医院产ESBLs和质粒AmpC酶大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌的研究

目的研究全国10所教学医院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中同时产ESBLs及质粒型AmpC酶菌株的比率及其基因型特点,比较不同地区间的差别。方法收集来自中国不同地区的10所教学医院2003年度产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌90株和肺炎克雷伯菌61株,用等电聚焦电泳测定β内酰胺酶的等电点;接合试验证实酶基因有无可转移性;采用多重聚合酶链反应(MPCR)及序列分析确定质粒AmpC酶的基因型。结果武汉、南京、济南等地产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌所占比率相近,均在50%左右;北京产ESBLs大肠埃希菌所占比率低于肺炎克雷伯菌;其他各城市产ESBLs大肠埃希菌所占比率均略高于肺炎克雷伯菌。在产ESBLs菌株中24.4%大肠埃希菌和19.4%肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢西丁耐药。除沈阳无对头孢西丁耐药菌株外,其他医院均存在对头孢西丁耐药株。产ESBLs菌株基因型主要为CTX—M型,其中以CTX-M-9组最为常见,其次为CTX-M-1组。在同时产ESBLs和AmpC的菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌多于大肠埃希菌,且均为CTX-M/ DHA-1型(多为CTX-M-9/DHA-1型)。3株同时产ESBLs和AmpC肺炎克雷伯菌的接合子PCR结果与其供体菌完全相同。结论参与本研究的各所教学医院产ESBLs菌株基因型主要为CTX-M-9组,在同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶的菌株中,肺炎克雷伯菌多于大肠埃希菌,多为CTX-M-9/DHA-1型,该酶可通过质粒传播。     

湖南地区CTX-M型超广谱β内酰胺酶的研究

目的了解湖南本地区产CTX—M型超广谱β内酰胺酶（ESBLs）肠杆菌科细菌的检出率，确定其基因型，并对其流行病学特征进行研究。方法收集2004年10月至2005年7月湖南地区中南大学3家附属医院临床标本分离的多重耐药肠杆菌科细菌171株，按临床实验室标准委员会（CLSI／NCCLS）所推荐的方法进行表型确证试验，聚合酶链反应（PCR）进一步进行CTX—M酶基因型的检测，PCR产物测序并确定其基因型。结果171株多重耐药革兰阴性杆菌中142株表型检测阳性，经多重PCR扩增109株携带CTX—M基因，其中大肠埃希菌45株，肺炎克雷伯菌29株，阴沟肠杆菌21株，其他菌株14，CTX—M酶在产ESBLs肠杆菌科细菌中检出率达76．8％（109／142），经测序25株共检出3种基因型，即7株携带CTX-M-15、7株携带CTX-M-3和11株携带CTX-M-14。RAPD共做50株菌，26株大肠埃希菌有12种RAPD类型，14株肺炎克雷伯菌有6种RAPD类型，10株阴沟肠杆菌有7种RAPD类型。结论在湖南地区检出3种CTX—M型ESBLs基因，在一定程度上CTX—M酶存在克隆传播。     

运用多重PCR技术检测CTX-M型耐药基因的研究

目的了解产CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肠杆菌科细菌的阳性率、耐药性以及基因型分布。方法采用K-B琼脂扩散法,检测临床分离的85株大肠埃希菌和41株肺炎克雷伯菌对18种抗生素的耐药性,用双纸片增效试验检测产ES-BLs菌株,用多重PCR技术检测相关耐药基因,用DNA序列分析确认基因亚型。结果检测菌株中,ESBLs阳性56株,阳性率为44.4%。所有检测菌株对亚胺培南敏感。产ESBLs的菌株对头孢唑啉、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、头孢哌酮、头孢他啶等的耐药率为100.0%;质粒接合试验证实,CTX-M型ESBLs介导的耐药可以水平转移;ESBLs阳性菌株中有48株扩增到CTX M型耐药基因,其中CTX-M-3型11株,CTX-M-9型7株,CTX-M-14型25株。结论产CTX-M型ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌检出率较高,以CTX-M-14型为多。碳青霉烯类抗生素是目前治疗产ESBLs最有效药物。     

中国部分地区大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌超广谱β内酰胺酶基因型研究

目的了解中国产超广谱β内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs基因型分布。方法收集北京、浙江、新疆及郑州等共400株临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌，采用接合试验，聚合酶链反应，克隆测序等方法明确ESBLs基因型。结果400株细菌中356株细菌ESBLs的基因型明确。其中328株细菌产1种ESBLs，主要为CTX-M型，包括CTX-M-14型ESBLs占52．25％，CTX-M-3型占14、25％，CTX-M-24型占7．25％，CTX-M-22型占2％，CTX-M-28和CTX-M-9型分别占0．75％，CTX-M-13、CTX-M-27和CTX-M-29型各占0．25％；其次为SHV型，其中SHV-12占2．5％(10／400)，SHV-5占1．00％，SHV-2占0．5％。28株细菌同时携带2种或3种ESBLs，占7．00％(28／400)，其中以同时产CTX-M-14和CTX-M-3最常见。结论中国产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的ESBLs基因型以CTX-M-14型为主；其次为CTX-M-3型，部分菌株同时产两种及两种以上ESBLs。     

产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌儿童分离株的耐药性和基因型检测

目的 研究我院临床分离的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性及ESBLs基因型与耐药表型的关系.方法 收集我院2007年1-3月临床分离的92株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌,用K-B纸片法作药敏试验,酶抑制剂增强法表型确证,应用PCR、产物测序,确定ESBLs基因型.结果 我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中产ESBLs菌株的检出率分别为50.6%和57.3%;产ESBLs菌株对亚胺培南100%敏感,产ESBLs大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、头孢他啶、头孢吡肟和环丙沙星的耐药率分别为88.2%、14.7%、5.9%和29.0%,产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌则分别为75.6%、35.6%、28.9%和5.2%.92株产ESBLs菌株中,共检出7种β内酰胺酶基因型,TEM型酶的检出率为70.7%,均为TEM-1广谱酶, CTX型、SHV型ESBLs的检出率分别为66.3%和44.6%,其中CTX-M-14阳性率为48.1%;SHV基因型都在肺炎克雷伯菌中检出.结论 我院临床分离产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药情况严重,且其耐药表型也不尽相同.CTX-M型是我院产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中流行的基因型.     

产超广谱β内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌的耐药性及基因型研究

目的了解我院临床分离的大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株的阳性率、耐药性及ESBLs基因型。方法采用纸片扩散法（K—B法）测定2004年1月2005年12月我院临床分离221株大肠埃希菌对23种抗菌药物的敏感度，用酶抑制剂增强试验（纸片法）进行产ESBLs菌株的检测；用PCR和DNA序列分析检测ESBLs基因型，并用WHONET5．3软件进行统计分析。结果221株大肠埃希菌中共检出89株产ESBLs菌株（40．3％）；产ESBLs菌株对青霉素类、第一、第二代头孢菌素100％耐药，第三代头孢菌素中，除细菌对头孢他啶耐药率为41．6％外，对头孢哌酮、头孢噻肟、头孢曲松的耐药率均在95％以上，对哌拉西林-三唑巴坦、头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的耐药率分别为9．0％、18．0%；对亚胺培南的耐药率为0％；89株产ESBLs菌株中，88株（98．9％）PCR检测ESBLs基因型阳性，且均为CTX—M型，其中CTX—M-14为86．5％（77／89）、CTX—M-3为19．1％（17／89），6株细菌（6．7％）同时产CTX—M-14和CTX—M-3。结论我院大肠埃希菌中产ESBLs菌株阳性率较高；产ESBLs菌株耐药显著，ESBLs基因型以CTX—M-14型为主。未检出其他型ESBLs。     

武汉地区住院儿童感染菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶的基因型及耐药性分析

目的研究武汉地区住院患儿感染菌中超广谱β-内酰胺酶(extended-spectrumβ-lac- tamases,ESBLs)的基因型及耐药性。方法收集2004年10月至2005年10月我院住院患儿呼吸道中分离的产ESBLs细菌120株,其中大肠埃希菌75株,肺炎克雷伯菌45株,采用多聚酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism,PCR-RFLP)分析及PCR产物克隆测序等方法确定ESBLs基因型,并结合体外药敏试验研究不同基因型细菌对不同头孢菌素及氨曲南的耐药性的关系。结果120株产ESBLs分离菌中112株(93.3%)产生CTX-M型ESBLs,其基因亚型主要为CTX-M-9簇中的CTX-M-14型(78.6%),其次为CTX-M-1簇中的CTX-M-3型(19.6%),仅有1.8%为CTX-M-8簇中的CTX-M-8型;携带CTX-M-14型的细菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感的比例显著高于携带CTX-M-3型细菌。结论CTX-M基因型为我院住院患儿感染产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌常见的基因型,以CTX-M-14型为最常见,其次为CTX-M-3型。携带CTX-M-14型的细菌对头孢他啶、头孢吡肟、氨曲南、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦的水解能力显著低于CTX-M-3型细菌。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.