超声心动图观察二尖瓣及肺静脉血流参数与左心室舒张末压的关系

测定６０例心导管受检者左心室舒张期压力，经胸脉冲波多普勒超声心动图记录二尖瓣及肺静脉血流参数并与左心室充盈压作相关分析。发现肺静脉血流参数与左心室舒张压比二尖瓣血流更具相关性。肺静脉返流峰和二尖瓣Ａ峰时限差（ＰＡｄ－Ａｄ）与左室舒张末期压（ＥＤＰ）最具相关性（ｒ＝０．７０，Ｐ＜０．０１），肺静脉返流峰时限长于二尖瓣Ａ峰估测ＥＤＰ≥２ｋＰａ（１５ｍｍＨｇ）的敏感性为８６％、特异性为８１％。左室心房收缩前压力与肺静脉收缩分数呈明显负相关（ｒ＝－０．５９，Ｐ＜０．０１）。表明超声心动图能有效地估测左心室舒张期压力，ＰＡｄ－Ａｄ是估测左心室舒张末期压的最佳指标。肺静脉收缩分数减小提示左室心房收缩前压力明显升高。     

脉冲多普勒超声心动检测肺静脉血流与左室舒张压的相关性研究

研究经胸脉冲式多普勒超声心动图所检测的肺静脉血流与左室舒张压的相关性。对35例患者的超声心动图及左室造影进行观察，分析肺静脉血流与二尖瓣血流频谱所获指标与左室舒张庄关系。静脉血流A波间期和二尖瓣血流A波间期之差（d－dif）与左室舒张末压呈显著正相关性（r＝0．5658，P＜0．001），以d－dif判断左室舒张功能不全（LVEDP＞15mmHg）的敏感性为75．0％，特异性为86．7％。d－dif与Pre－A和LVa亦具有正相关性（P＜0．01）。d－dif是一项能够较为准确地反映左室舒张压变化的指标。     

正常人肺静脉血流与二尖瓣血流的增龄变化

目的 :应用经胸多普勒超声心动图 （ TTE）检测正常人肺静脉血流 （ PVFP）及二尖瓣血流 （ MFP）的增龄变化。方法 :选择经全面检查无心脏疾病的 12 0 （男 5 0 ,女 70 ）例为研究对象 ,年龄 7～ 80 （ 4 0± 5 ）岁。划分为≤ 4 0岁组 （组 ）及 >4 0岁组 （组 ）。应用 TTE记录 PVFP及 MFP,观察各组 PVFP及 MFP的变化及其关系。结果 :PVFP:S波峰速、SF,A波峰速及时限随年龄增加而增加 ,但 A波时限不超过 MFP A波时限 ,D波峰速随年龄增加而减低 ,二组之间有显著差异性。 MFP:E峰速度、E/ A比值随年龄增加而减低 ,E峰减速时间 ,A峰速度、AFF随年龄增加而增加 ,二组之间有显著差异性。结论 :了解 PVFP和 MFP的增龄变化 ,有助于客观地、全面地评价 PVFP和 MFP的临床价值。     

二尖瓣及肺静脉多普勒血流参数评价左室舒张功能

目的 本研究联合使用二尖瓣及肺静脉血流速度曲线多普勒血流参数来评价左室舒张功能及鉴别二尖瓣血流速度曲线假性正常化。方法 用经胸超声心动图记录二尖瓣及肺静脉血流速度曲线,测量各血流参数,使用猪尾导管测量左室舒张末压(LVEDP)。结果 显示心房收缩期肺静脉逆向血流时限与二尖瓣心房收缩期血流时限的差值(PVad-Ad)同LVEDP的相关性良好(r=0.69,P<0.001),PVad-Ad>0ms预测LVEDP≥15 mmHg(2kPa)的敏感性为80％,特异性为81％,如果用PVad-Ad>0ms预测二尖瓣血流速度曲线假性正常化,敏感性为100％,特异性为78％。结论 PVad-Ad是评价左室舒张期充盈压的重要指标,能准确地鉴别二尖瓣血流速度曲线正常或假性正常化。     

肺静脉血流在二尖瓣血流表现为假正常时的应用

目的 :　探讨高血压病心功能障碍患者二尖瓣血流频谱 （MFP）表现为假正常时 ,肺静脉血流频谱 （PVFP）的诊断价值。方法 :采用 Doppler超声心动图检测 78例高血压病并有不同程度心功能障碍患者的 PVFP及 MFP,寻找敏感而可靠的指标。结果 :MFP表现为假正常者共 2 3例 ,PVFP的检出率分别为 :PAd>Ad=83% ,SF<0 .5 5 =74% ,S/ D<1=6 5 %。结论 :高血压心功能障碍患者 MFP表现为假正常时 ,S/ D比值 ,SF及 PAd- Ad是评价不同程度心功能障碍较敏感、可靠的指标 ,其中 PAd>Ad最为敏感 ,可作为鉴别真性与假性正常的可靠指标     

应用多普勒左心射血等容时间指数综合评价慢性左心功能不全

目的 :探讨应用多普勒左心射血等容时间指数 （Total ejection isovolume index,Tei index）综合评价慢性左心功能不全的临床价值。方法 :1使用 Agilent- 5 5 0 0型超声诊断仪 ,测定陈旧性心肌梗死 （OMI）患者的二尖瓣血流图、肺静脉血流图、Tei index和左心射血分数 （L VEF）。2选择 L VEF（Biplane Sim pson法 ）小于 5 8%的 OMI 36例 ,按二尖瓣血流图和肺静脉血流图结果分为收缩舒张功能障碍组 （OMI- 1组 ）和收缩舒张功能障碍而二尖瓣血流图假性正常组 （OMI- 2组 ） ;健康人 2 2名作为对照组。结果 :Tei index对照组为 0 .4 2± 0 .0 4 ,OMI- 1组为 0 .73± 0 .16 ,OMI- 2组为 0 .90± 0 .2 3。 OMI- 1,OMI- 2组与对照组比较 ,均 P<0 .0 1;OMI- 2组与 OMI- 1组比较 ,P<0 .0 1。结论 :Tei index可用于临床综合评价慢性左心功能不全 ,并且可作为鉴别二尖瓣血流图假性正常化的参考指标之一。     

多普勒组织成像评价冠心病患者的左室整体收缩功能

目的 :探讨应用多普勒组织成像 （DTI）检测二尖瓣环收缩期运动速度评估冠心病左室整体收缩功能的应用价值。方法 :应用 DTI技术 ,对 5 4例临床确诊 （其中 30例经冠脉造影证实 ）的冠心病患者收缩期二尖瓣环峰值运动速度 （Sa）进行测定 ,并与二维超声心动图 （2 DE）检查结果对照分析。结果 :冠心病患者二尖瓣环 Sa与△ D%及L VEF均呈显着正相关。左室整体收缩功能 （GL VSF）正常组的 Sa显着高于 GL VSF减低组 （P<0 .0 1）。以 Sa≥ 6.8cm/s为标准诊断左室整体收缩功能正常的敏感度、特异度及准确度分别为 74% ,87%和 81%。结论 :DTI技术检测二尖瓣环收缩期运动速度可用于无创评价冠心病左室整体收缩功能。     

彩色多普勒检测肺静脉血流评价冠心病患者左心室舒张功能

目的　探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图检测冠心病患者肺静脉血流频谱评估左心室舒张功能的价值。方法　冠心病组 4 0例 ,无心脏疾患者 (对照组 ) 30例 ,用彩色多普勒超声心动图检测各组肺静脉血流频谱(PVEP)、二尖瓣血流频谱 (MVFP)的变化和左室舒张功能的关系。结果　与对照组比较 ,冠心病组PVEP中S峰速度加快 ,D峰速度减慢 ,S/D >1,AR波明显加快 ,持续时间延长 ,两组之间有明显差异 (P <0 0 0 1) ;MVFP中E峰降低 ,A峰增加 ,E峰减速时间 (EDT)延长 ,E/A <1。结论　肺静脉血流频谱结合二尖瓣血流频谱能较全面评价冠心病患者的左心室舒张功能。     

应用多普勒组织成像评价冠心病患者左心室舒张功能

目的 :探讨应用多普勒组织成像 （DTI）检测二尖瓣环运动速度评估冠心病左室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法 :应用 DTI技术 ,对 5 3例冠心病患者和 48例正常对照者二尖瓣环运动速度进行测定 ,并与常规多普勒超声心动图检查结果对照分析。结果 :与正常组相比 ,冠心病患者舒张早期 DTI速度峰值 （Ve）显著减低 （P<0 .0 1） ,舒张早期与舒张晚期 DTI速度峰值的比值 （Ve/ Va）显著减低 （P<0 .0 5 ）。冠心病患者 Ve/ Va比值异常检出率显著高于二尖瓣血流 E/ A比值的异常检出率 （P<0 .0 5 ）。 Ve/ Va比值与 E/ A比值之间存在高度相关性 （P<0 .0 1）。结论 :DTI技术检测二尖瓣环舒张期运动速度参数可用于无创评价冠心病左室舒张功能 ,尤其对鉴别伪正常具有一定应用价值。     

冠心病左心功能不全时肺静脉血流频谱的研究

目的 :通过对冠心病 (CHD)左心功能不全患者的肺静脉血流频谱的研究探索肺静脉血流频谱在CHD左心功能评定中的意义。方法 :应用脉冲多普勒技术对 132例左心功能Ⅰ～Ⅳ级的CHD患者及 90例健康人 (正常对照组 )进行了肺静脉血流频谱各项参数的测定并进行对照研究。结果 :与正常对照组相比CHD患者的肺静脉血流频谱D波的最大流速 (Dp)、S波最大流速 (Sp) /Dp及二尖瓣血流频谱的E峰的最大流速 (E)、A峰的最大流速 (A)在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ级心功能出现异常 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 1) ,肺静脉血流频谱S波持续时间 (ST)及二尖瓣血流E/A在Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级心功能均出现异常 (P <0 .0 5～ 0 .0 0 1) ,S波的速度和时间积分 (Si)、A波的速度和时间积分 (Ai)在Ⅲ、Ⅳ级心功能时出现异常 ,A波持续时间 (AT)在Ⅲ级心功能时出现异常 (P <0 .0 5 )。Sp、肺静脉的收缩期积分 (SF)在Ⅳ级心功能时才出现异常 (P <0 .0 1)。结论 :CHD患者舒张功能受损早于收缩功能 ,一旦出现收缩性心功能不全 ,临床上均为混合型左心功能不全。如果已经存在严重左心收缩功能不全的CHD患者肺静脉血流频谱Dp、D波的速度和时间积分 (Di)、AT及二尖瓣血流频谱E/A正常化说明是左心舒张功能严重受损的一种假性正常化。肺静脉血流频谱Dp、ST、Sp/Dp为CHD患者早期     

冠心病患者舒张早期左室舒张末压与二尖瓣血流速度/二尖瓣环运动速度比值的相关性

目的探讨冠心病患者舒张早期二尖瓣血流速度/二尖瓣环运动速度（E/E’）比值与左室舒张末压（LV-EDP）的相关性。方法30例冠心病患者在接受心导管检查之前24 h内进行经胸多普勒超声心动图检查;常规测取二尖瓣血流参数、二尖瓣环运动参数。LVEDP由6F猪尾导管测取。结果线性回归分析表明,舒张早期E/E’比值与LVEDP有较好的相关性（间隔部r=0.739,P〈0.01;左侧壁r=0.710,P〈0.01）。间隔部E/E’≥10估计LVEDP≥15 mmHg的敏感性为85%、特异性为89%;左侧壁E/E’≥10估计LVEDP≥15 mmHg的敏感性为82%、特异性为90%。结论舒张早期E/E’比值与LVEDP有良好的相关性,是半定量估计LVEDP的有效指标。     

Detection of a pseudonormal mitral inflow pattern: an echocardiographic and tissue Doppler study

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the ability of several echocardiographic and tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) derived parameters to improve the noninvasive diagnosis of a pseudonormal mitral inflow pattern. METHODS: Ninety-eight consecutive patients with age-related normal transmitral Doppler profile underwent echocardiography including TDI and measurement of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) using fluid-filled catheters. Peak transmitral velocities were determined at rest (E, A) and during the strain phase of a Valsalva maneuver. The difference in duration between the pulmonary venous retrograde velocity and the transmitral A-velocity (PVR-A) was calculated from pulsed Doppler recordings. Propagation velocity of the early mitral inflow (VP) was determined by color M-mode. Early diastolic peak mitral annulus velocities (E') and the early diastolic transmyocardial velocity gradient of the posterior basal wall (MVG) were obtained by TDI. RESULTS: Fifty-two patients presented with normal diastolic function (group I: LVEDP9.5 +/- 3 mm Hg, E/A1.1 +/- 0.19), while pseudonormalization, defined as LVEDP 15 mm Hg and E/A > 0.9, was found in 46 patients (group II: LVEDP23 +/- 7 mm Hg, E/A1.43 +/- 0.83). The coefficient of linear correlation (r) and the area under ROC - curve (AUC) to predict LVEDP values 15 mm Hg were maximal for the index PVR-A (AUC = 0.92, r = 0.77), followed byE/E' (AUC = 0.80, r = 0.46), MVG (AUC = 0.65, r = 0.33) and E/VP (AUC = 0.69, r = 0.30), P < 0.01, whereas the decrease in E/A ratio during Valsalva maneuver failed to reach significance. Similar results were observed when echocardiographic parameters were used to estimate the left ventricular diastolic pressure before atrial contraction. CONCLUSIONS: PVR-A enabled the most accurate estimation of LVEDP. TDI-derived indices E/E' and MVG are also reliable alternatives superior to the classical Valsalva maneuver to detect a pseudonormal transmitral Doppler profile.     

Noninvasive assessment of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure with tissue Doppler imaging in patients with mitral regurgitation

Background: The ratio of early transmitral flow velocity to mitral annulus early diastolic velocity (E/Ea) is a widely used noninvasive tool to estimate left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP). The aim of this study was to explore whether E/Ea ratio was a reliable index for the estimation of LVEDP in patients with mitral regurgitation (MR). Methods: Sixteen patients with nonischemic MR (primary MR group; 6 male, 58 ± 12 years) 51 patients with ischemic MR (secondary MR group; 29 male, 63 ± 9 years) and 29 patients without MR (control group; 19 male, 53 ± 10 years) were consecutively included. The peak transmitral flow and mitral annular velocities during early diastole were measured. LVEDP was determined invasively by left heart catheterization. Results: Primary and secondary MR groups had significantly higher E/Ea ratios and LVEDP than control group. LVEDP significantly correlated with E/Ea ratio in patients with primary MR, but not in patients with secondary MR. Multiple regression analysis revealed that E/Ea ratio was an independent predictor of LVEDP in patients with primary MR. Ten patients with primary MR had LVEDP ≥15 mmHg. ROC analysis demonstrated cutoff values for E/Ea ratios as >10.5 for lateral mitral annulus (sensitivity: 80%, specificity: 66%, PPV: 80%, NPV: 66%) and as >14 for medial mitral annulus (sensitivity: 90%, specificity: 83%, PPV: 90%, NPV: 83%) to predict primary MR patients with LVEDP ≥15 mmHg. Conclusion: E/Ea ratio is still reliable in estimation of LVEDP in primary MR patients while it is not predictive for LVEDP in secondary MR patients. (Echocardiography 2011;28:633‐640)     

Doppler-derived left ventricular end-diastolic pressure prediction model using the combined analysis of mitral and pulmonary A waves in patients with coronary artery disease and preserved left ventricular systolic function

The aim of this study was to analyze the components of mitral and pulmonary A waves and to construct a Doppler-derived left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic pressure (EDP) prediction model based on the combined analysis of transmitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity curves. Combined analysis of transmitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity curves at atrial contraction is a reliable predictor of increased LV filling pressure. The duration of pulmonary and mitral A waves is determined by the sum of respective acceleration and deceleration time. Mitral flow and left upper pulmonary vein flow velocity curves were recorded simultaneously with LVEDP in 40 consecutive patients (aged 59 +/- 8 years) with coronary artery disease and preserved LV systolic function. Differences in all parameters represent values of pulmonary minus those of mitral A wave curve. The difference in deceleration time was the strongest candidate, being included in all models. After redundancy evaluation, we reached the following model: LVEDP = 20.61 + 0.229 x difference in deceleration time (r(2) = 0.80, p <0.001). In the entire study group, the difference in duration and in deceleration time of the A wave was highly correlated with LVEDP (r = 0.79, p <0.001, and r = 0.88, p <0.001, respectively). The entire study group was further divided according to whether LVEDP was above (group I, 20 patients) or below (group II, 20 patients) the median value (15.5 mm Hg). In group I, the difference in duration and in deceleration time correlated well (r = 0.62, p = 0.01, and r = 0.75, p = 0.001, respectively) with LVEDP, whereas in group II only the difference in deceleration time correlated well (r = 0.68, p = 0.005). In patients with coronary artery disease and preserved LV systolic function, the combined analysis of mitral and pulmonary A waves can predict LVEDP. The difference in deceleration time between pulmonary and mitral A waves can reliably evaluate high and normal LVEDP.     

Echocardiographic evaluation of left ventricular end diastolic pressure in patients with diastolic heart failure: A comparative study with real-time catheterization

To evaluate the left ventricular end diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in patients with diastolic heart failure by echocardiography and explore the clinical value of echocardiography.From July 2017 to January 2018, 120 patients were prospectively selected from the affiliated hospital of Jiangsu university diagnosed as diastolic heart failure (York Heart Association class ≥II, LVEF ≥50%). The patients were divided into group with LVEDP ≤15 mm hg (1 mm hg = 0.133 kpa) (43 cases) and the group with LVEDP >15 mm hg (77 cases) according to the real-time measurement of LVEDP. Receiver operator characteristic curves of each parameter of echocardiography in diagnosis of LVEDP were compared between the 2 groups.Common ultrasonic parameters such as left ventricular inflow tract blood flow propagation velocity, mitral valve diastole e peak velocity/mitral valve diastole a peak velocity, e peak deceleration time, a peak duration, and early diastole interventricular septum bicuspid annulus velocity e’ (e''sep) were used to evaluate LVEDP elevation with low accuracy (AUC is only between 0.5 and 0.7). Other ultrasonic parameters such as left atrial volume index (LAVI), tricuspid regurgitation maximum flow rate (TRmax), early diastole left ventricular sidewall bicuspid annulus velocity e’ (e’lat), average e’, E/e''sep, E/e’lat, average E/e’ were used to evaluate LVEDP elevation with a certain improvement in accuracy (AUC between 0.7 and 0.9). Propagation velocity, mitral valve diastole e peak velocity/mitral valve diastole a peak velocity, e peak deceleration time, a peak duration, e''sep, average e’, E/e''sep have very low correlation with LVEDP (r = −0.283 to 0.281); LAVI, TRmax, e’lat, E/e’lat, average E/e’ and LVEDP are not highly correlated (r = 0.330–0.478). Through real-time left ventricular manometry, multiple regression analysis showed that TRmax, average e’, e’lat, LAVI were independently correlated with the actual measured LVEDP.Echocardiography can recognize the increase of LVEDP in patients with heart failure preserved by LVEF, and estimate the value of LVEDP roughly, which can reflect LVEDP to a certain extent, with high feasibility and accuracy.     

Additional Value of Pulmonary Vein Parameters in Defining Pseudonormalization of Mitral Inflow Pattern

BACKGROUND: An echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is still challenging when identifying a pseudonormal mitral pattern (PSE) in an unselected population. The present study analyzed and compared the accuracy of various parameters in correctly identifying a PSE pattern in patients with a broad range of ejection fraction (EF) and degree of mitral regurgitation. METHODS: Eighty-two patients with E/A > or = 1 and an invasive determination of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were enrolled in the study. Mitral E wave (E(max)) and A (A(max)) velocities, E (DTe) and A (DTa) deceleration times, pulmonary vein systolic and diastolic velocities, and time velocity integrals were measured. The different duration between mitral and pulmonary vein A wave (A'-A) also was calculated. E(max) and E/A during Valsalva maneuver were measured and expressed as percentage compared with baseline. LV end-diastolic (LVD), end-systolic (LVS), and EF were measured from the apical four-chambers view (area-length method). Left atrial end-systolic (LA(max)) and end-diastolic (LA(min)) were measured from the apical four- and two-chambers views (area-length method). Left atrial filling volume (LA(fill)) was the difference between LA(max) and LA(min). Mitral regurgitant volume was estimated by the following equation: MR(vol) = 6.18 + (1.01 * LA(fill)) - (0.783 * PVs %). RESULTS: Thirty-two patients (age: 55 +/- 21 years; 75% male) had LVEDP < or = 18 mmHg and were classified as normal mitral pattern (Group 1). Fifty patients (age: 57 +/- 22 years; 76% male) had LVEDP > 18 mmHg, and were classified accordingly as having PSE (Group 2). At logistic univariate analysis, DTa (0.005), LV EF (0.01), A'-A (< 0.0001) and % E/A (0.03) were the more powerful predictors of PSE. A'-A had the highest global accuracy in identifying PSE in patients with reduced (90%) and normal (88%) LV EF. CONCLUSION: A'-A has the highest accuracy in identifying PSE in an unselected population. This parameters should be implemented in routine echocardiography since it allows additional information about LV diastolic function assessment.     

Myocardial ischemia after left ventriculography: Pathophysiology and clinical significance

The effects of contrast material on the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were evaluated in three groups of patients. Twenty patients (group I) with severe coronary artery disease (CAD) were found to have a change in LVEDP ≥ 20 mm Hg; 15 patients (group II) with severe CAD had elevation of LVEDP <20 mm Hg; ten patients (group III) with normal coronary angiograms had a rise in LVEDP <20 mm Hg. The change in LVEDP was higher in group I than in groups II and III (P <0.005). Nineteen patients (95%) in group I complained of angina pectoris or had ST segment depression (or both) after ventriculography in association with the sharp increment in LVEDP. Angina or ST depression were seen in only two patients (13%) in group II and none in group III. We conclude that 1) elevation of LVEDP of 20 mm Hg or more after ventriculography may be seen in patients with severe CAD (most likely secondary to direct depressant effect of the contrast material on the myocardium) and 2) the abrupt and marked rise in LVEDP may produce myocardial ischemia due to reduction of coronary blood flow, especially to the subendocardial layer.     

Noninvasive estimation of left ventricular end-diastolic pressure using tissue Doppler imaging combined with pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography in patients with ventricular septal defects: a comparison with the plasma levels of the B-type natriuretic Peptide

BACKGROUND: There are limited data regarding whether the ratio of the peak transmitral flow velocity during early diastole (E) to the peak mitral annular velocity during early diastole (Ea) obtained by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) and the plasma levels of the B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) are useful for evaluating the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) in children with ventricular septal defects (VSD). We investigated the validity of noninvasive estimation of the LVEDP in VSD infants. METHODS: We studied 48 patients (mean age, 9 +/- 6 months). Using pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography and TDI, E and Ea were measured to calculate the E/Ea ratio. The LVEDP and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic blood flow (Qp/Qs) were determined invasively. RESULTS: There were significant positive correlations between E and both the LVEDP value and the Qp/Qs ratio. In contrast, Ea showed significant negative correlations with the LVEDP value and Qp/Qs ratio. The E/Ea ratio correlated significantly with the LVEDP value and Qp/Qs ratio. The plasma BNP levels correlated significantly with the Qp/Qs ratio, although they did not show a significant correlation with the LVEDP. An E/Ea ratio of >9.8 indicated patients with a LVEDP of >10 mmHg with a sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 80%. CONCLUSION: TDI combined with pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography predicted the LVEDP of VSD infants, whereas the plasma BNP value did not have a significant association with the LVEDP.