联合应用宫腔镜腹腔镜和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管碘油造影检查诊断不孕症110例分析

目的　通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜检查和子宫输卵管通液及子宫输卵管碘油造影检查 ,了解输卵管通畅性 ,探讨引起不孕症的原因。方法　对 110例不孕妇女进行输卵管通液检查 ,子宫输卵管碘油造影 (HSG)、宫腔镜和腹腔镜及镜下通液检查。结果　以宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液 33例双侧通畅为对照标准 ,110例患者中 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液准确率为 30 0 0 % ,输卵管通液检查准确率为 6 5 45 % ,两者间比较有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ;镜下通液与HSG准确率比较 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜镜下通液 2 1 33 % (16 / 75 ) ,HSG33 33 % (2 5 / 75 ) ,两者间比较无显著性差异(P >0 0 5 )。结论　宫腔、腹腔炎症与不孕症有关 ,宫腔粘连、子宫内膜炎等仍为不孕症的主要原因 ,宫腔镜和腹腔镜通液检查在诊断治疗不孕症中有一定的价值。     

宫腔镜下输卵管插管通液术与子宫碘油造影诊断输卵管性不孕作用的研究

目的:比较宫腔镜下输卵管导管通液术与子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)诊断输卵管性不孕的临床价值。方法:对2008年1月至2009年12月880例不孕症患者行宫腔镜下输卵管插管通液术,术前均常规行子宫输卵管碘油造影术,比较两者诊断的符合率并分析两种检查方法在评价输卵管通畅度方面的特点和应用价值。结果:子宫输卵管碘油造影和宫腔镜插管通液均诊断输卵管不通784条,通畅799条,通而不畅65条,两者符合率93.6%(1648/1760),不符合率6.4%(112/1760)。HSG检查输卵管通畅度的假阳性率为11.8%(107/906)。结论:宫腔镜下输卵管导管通液术能更精确地判断输卵管的通畅度,患者未接触有害物质,同时可以直接观察宫腔情况并治疗。在判定输卵管梗阻部位方面HSG优于宫腔镜检查。     

子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用分析

目的:评价子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用价值。方法:前瞻性研究分析119例行子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)和腹腔镜检查的病例资料。结果:子宫输卵管碘油造影诊断输卵管内部通畅情况的总符合率为84.3%(194/230),诊断盆腔粘连的灵敏度为96.3%(52/54),特异度为63.6%(7/11),但HSG后有17条输卵管在腹腔镜检查时出现梗阻。结论:作为一种经济的检查方法,子宫输卵管碘油造影(HSG)可以较准确地判断输卵管内部的通畅情况及盆腔粘连情况,但如果输卵管中有碘油残留,应及时行腹腔镜手术清除防止输卵管进一步梗阻。     

子宫输卵管超声造影的研究进展

婚后妇女约有１５％患有不孕症，其中２５％～３０％系输卵管因素造成。因而，输卵管功能的评价对不孕症的治疗具有重要的意义。目前，判定输卵管通畅度的方法有输卵管通气或通液术、子宫输卵管碘油造影术（ＨＳＧ）、腹腔镜或宫腔镜输卵管通液术、ＣＴ、ＭＲＩ等。近年来，子宫输卵管超声造影检查逐渐进入临床，并受到学者们的青睐。现就这方面的研究进展作一综述。     

宫腹腔镜联合手术和子宫输卵管碘油造影在输卵管性不孕中的应用价值

育龄妇女中各种原因所致的不孕症约占10％,其中输卵管性不孕的发病率较高,占不孕症病因的30％～40％。随着宫腔镜、腹腔镜的诊断和治疗技术在妇产科领域的应用和普及,宫腹腔镜联合手术为输卵管性不孕的治疗开辟了一条新途径。子宫输卵管碘油造影（hysterosalpinggography,HSG）广泛应用于不孕症检查中。本文旨在探讨宫腹腔镜联合检查与子宫输卵管碘油造影在诊断子宫输卵管性不孕中的一致性及宫腹腔镜联合在诊治子宫输卵管性不孕的价值。     

输卵管通畅性检查方法的临床进展

临床中检查输卵管是否通畅的方法有输卵管通液术、子宫输卵管X线造影(hysterosalpingography,HSG)、子宫输卵管超声造影(hysterosalpingo contrast sonography,HyCoSy)和腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查。输卵管通液术因其盲通、不可视的缺点已较少应用于临床。HSG根据碘油对比剂分布评价输卵管的通畅性,目前是输卵管通畅性检查的首选方法,但会出现对比剂不良反应及辐射损伤。腹腔镜输卵管通液术检查作为输卵管是否通畅的"金标准",因其价格高昂不作为输卵管检查的首选方法。HyCoSy因其实时动态、可视化、无辐射等优点已成为研究热点,随着超声造影剂的发展及低压推注泵和压力监测仪在临床中的应用,HyCoSy有望超越HSG成为输卵管通畅性检查的首选方法。     

宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影对不孕症病因的诊断分析

目的 :通过宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影 (HSG)检查 ,比较各项检查在不孕症诊断中的诊断价值。方法 :选择 38例不孕症患者进行宫腔镜、腹腔镜、B超、输卵管碘油造影检查。结果 :诊断宫腔内病变 ,B超检出率为1 3 2 % ,HSG检出率为 2 6 % ,宫腔镜检出率为 39 5 % ;诊断盆腔内病变 ,B超检出率为 39 5 % ,HSG检出率为 2 1 1 % ,腹腔镜检出率为 84 2 %。结论 :宫腔镜、腹腔镜检查在不孕症中的应用优于B超及输卵管碘油造影 ,但不能取代 ,应相互补充应用 ,四项检查在诊断不孕症中有一定的应用价值     

宫腹腔镜联合诊治输卵管性不孕症40例分析

不孕症是影响男女双方身心健康的疾病。在女性因素所致的不孕症中，输卵管因素占1／3。既往常规行输卵管通液和子宫输卵管碘油造影来判断输卵管是否通畅，但准确率不高，且达不到有效治疗目的。近年来，多个研究中心推荐输卵管通液宫腹腔镜联合检查作为输卵管通畅度的检查治疗方法，我院应用宫腹腔镜联合检查和治疗不孕症患者40例，取得了良好效果，报道如下：     

经阴道四维子宫输卵管超声造影评估不孕症患者输卵管通畅程度及形态的意义

目的 探究经阴道四维子宫输卵管超声造影评估不孕症患者输卵管通畅程度及形态.方法 选取100例不孕症患者,采用经阴道四维子宫输卵管超声造影、宫腹腔镜联合进行检查,观察不同检查方式检查输卵管的通畅程度及形态情况.结果 经阴道四维子宫输卵管超声造影临床诊断为输卵管阻塞准确率为92.11％,通畅准确率为94.12％,通而不畅准...     

碘油造影、宫腔镜下输卵管通液诊断输卵管性不孕的临床价值

目的：比较碘油造影（HSG）和宫腔镜下输卵管插管通液（HH）两种方法诊断输卵管性不孕的临床价值。方法：按纳入标准随机抽取2009年11月—2011年11月就诊曾行输卵管碘油造影（HSG）不孕症患者1 452例,行B型超声监护下无痛HH,诊断输卵管性不孕的患者行宫腹腔镜联合探查术。诊断输卵管通畅建议调整试妊娠,如1年仍未自然妊娠行宫腹腔镜联合探查术,以宫腹腔镜探查术结果为金标准比较HSG、HH对输卵管性不孕的诊断符合率。结果：HH和宫腹腔镜诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的符合率为86.1%（2 500/2 904）,HH诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的敏感度为98.7%（2 370/2 401）,特异度为58.6%（295/503）。HSG和宫腹腔镜诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的符合率为74.3%（2 130/2 866）,HSG诊断输卵管不通+通而不畅的敏感度为93.7%（2 252/2 404）,特异度为42.4%（196/462）,两者诊断符合率差异存在统计学意义（P＜0.01）。结论：HH检查输卵管通畅度较HSG更为精确,而且HH对患者身体无明显损害,并可诊治宫腔内异常情况,故作为输卵管性不孕的初筛实验更具有优越性。     

Contraceptive knowledge and behavior of conventionalists, careerists, idealists, bouncers, desperadoes, and outsiders

The aim of the survey was to determine the contraceptive behavior and knowledge on contraceptive methods of adolescents. We defined six clusters according to personality, leisure activities, and sociodemographic characteristics: conventionalists, careerists, idealists, bouncers, desperadoes, and outsiders. 1010 Austrian adolescents aged 14–24 years participated in the survey. 96%–100% indicated that they were familiar with the condom and the contraceptive pill. The two most popular contraceptive methods cited were the condom (39%) and OC (34%). Whereas 40% of conventionalists reported that OC were their preferred method of contraception, 53% of idealists indicated that they preferred the condom. 66% of the desperadoes indicated that they considered the pill expensive. 85% of conventionalists and careerists believe that OC offer the best protection against pregnancy. Clusters with higher self-esteem and those with a higher educational level were more likely to believe that this method is unreliable. The results obtained indicate that outsiders, desperatoes, and bouncers show deficits in sex education; only careerists and idealists appeared to be better informed. Research on adolescent contraceptive behavior should drop the traditional stratifying criteria and appreciate the diversity of adolescent populations in order to be better able to classify adolescents according to their contraceptive attitudes. Received: 22 March 1999 / Accepted: 24 March 1999     

Prevalence and cytologic manifestations of human papilloma virus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, and 56 among 500 consecutive women.

The prevalence and associated cytologic manifestations of cervical infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 42, 43, 44, 45, 51, 52, and 56 were studied among 500 consecutive women attending the Harborview Medical Center Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) Clinic in Seattle, WA. Using radiolabeled-probes without prior amplification of DNA, HPV DNA was detected in cervical specimens from 120 (24%) of the women and was found to be more prevalent than Chlamydia trachomatis (13%), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (12%), or mucopurulent cervicitis (20%). High-risk HPV types 16 or 18 were present alone in 5% of the women; intermediate-risk types 31, 33, 35, 45, 51, 52, or 56 in 3%; and low-risk types 6, 11, 42, 43, and 44 in 5%. In an additional 8% HPV DNA was detected but could be characterized only as being type 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, or 35. Each grouping of HPV types was equally associated with squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) of the cervix. In the absence of SIL and koilocytosis, the cytologic changes associated with HPV infection included frequent binucleation and variation in nuclear size and chromatin distribution. Parakeratosis and hyperkeratosis without nuclear atypia were not associated with HPV DNA. The natural history and clinical significance of these HPV-associated lesions remain to be defined.     

Use of anti-infective agents during lactation: Part 2--Aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, clindamycin, and metronidazole.

Because many antibiotics are excreted into breast milk, it can be difficult for a practitioner to choose an antibiotic for a lactating patient that will have minimal risks to her nursing infant. This article is the second of a three-part series discussing the use of anti-infective agents during lactation. The authors review general information regarding use and common side effects for several classes of antibiotics. They also summarize information, including documented milk concentrations, milk-to-plasma ratios, and other pharmacokinetic properties, in a table that can help practitioners choose antibiotics that may be considered safe to use in the lactating mother.     

Effects of race, ethnicity, gender, culture, literacy, and social marketing on public health

Societies globally have a long road ahead in eliminating health risks and discrepancies due to race and ethnicity, gender, culture, and illiteracy. In terms of race, for example, females and African-Americans are less likely to be referred for cardiac catheterization, and Caucasians are more likely than minorities to receive pain management in the emergency room. Regarding gender, physiologic differences certainly account for some divergent health outcomes, but they do not explain how women and men have different prevalences of diseases that are not obviously gender-specific. Cultural beliefs play a vital role in determining health choices, and health care professionals need a deeper understanding of these beliefs prior to promoting certain health interventions. Illiteracy may also prevent a person from following health instructions, and the strong association between illiteracy and poverty may exert powerful, negative influences on health outcomes. Employing the characteristics of social marketing (synchronous messages, reinforcement, and actionability) may help society to overcome some of the obstacles.     

Seroprevalence of other antibodies (herpes, CMV, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B and C, syphilis, chlamydia, mumps, toxoplasmosis) in HIV-positive patients

We attempted to determine the seropositivity of HIV-positive patients to other antibodies (herpes, CMV, rubella, varicella, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, syphilis, chlamydia, mumps, toxoplasmosis). The study was carried out at the Prenatal Diagnosis and Therapy Centre of a Tertiary Hospital in Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 70 patients (50 females and 20 males) attending the centre between June 1997 and December 2005 who were screened and found to be HIV-seropositive were further screened for herpes simplex IgG/IgM, CMV IgG/IgM, rubella IgG/IgM, varicella IgG/IgM, mumps IgG/IgM, toxoplasmosis IgG/IgM, chlamydia IgG/IgM, hepatitis B and hepatitis C IgG/IgM using ELISA kits and syphilis (THPA) using the HAE method. Our study showed that a large number of HIV-positive patients are carriers of other antibodies and should be screened for them before therapy.     

The treatment of gonorrhea, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale

The "classic" venereal diseases are a diverse group of infections caused by established pathogens. Their epidemiologies are unique and relatively well understood. Likewise, the clinical presentations, although diverse, are well defined, allowing them to be readily suspected or diagnosed. Once the clinical diagnosis is considered, laboratory support methods are available to confirm the impression. This results in the provision of specific directed therapy that is curative. The spread of disease, however, must be considered, and the sexual partners must be identified, evaluated, and, where applicable, treated to prevent spread. The reinforcement of preventative methods is also an important aspect of controlling these infections.