Comparison of bone mass in primary school children at different socioeconomic levels

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of nutritional habits and physical activity on bone formation and bone structure in primary school children from two schools at different socioeconomic levels. Sixty children with a mean age of 8.9 ± 1.3 years were included in the study. Thirty children at a high socio economic level from school A were compared with 30 children at a lower level from school B in terms of their bone speed of sound values (SOS). Children from school A were found to have significantly higher values for their length of tibia, span across both arms, height, weight, and head circumference. No association was found between skeletal development and nutrition. Children from school A spent significantly more time at play, while children from school B spent more time on sports (P < 0.001). When total time spent on both sports and play was considered (P < 0.05), school A was ahead of school B. It was also found that SOS values were higher in children who drank milk before sleeping. It can be concluded that with respect to SOS, school A was superior to school B although the difference was not statistically significant.     

不同维生素D状态下绝经后糖尿病患者骨折风险的临床研究

目的比较骨密度(BMD)、FRAX及血清25(OH) D在预测绝经后2型糖尿病患者发生骨质疏松性骨折(OPF)中的有效性和实用性。方法选取2019年9月至2020年9月期间在本院就诊的绝经后2型糖尿病患者604例,按照患者血清中25(OH) D水平将其分为3组,分别为25(OH) D缺乏组(201例)、25(OH) D不足组(204例)和25(OH) D充足组(199例),比较各组一般资料、BMD及FRAX评分的差异。多因素回归分析探索OPF发生的危险因素,并通过AUC曲线评价各指标用于预测OPF的灵敏度、特异性及在绝经后2型糖尿病患者中的最佳截点值。结果随着血清25(OH) D水平的升高,患者桡骨远端1/3和股骨颈的T值均显著升高(P均0.01); FRAX、FRAX-股骨颈和FRAX-桡骨远端1/3随着25(OH) D的升高显著降低(P均0.001)。25(OH) D、桡骨远端1/3 BMD、股骨颈BMD、FRAX、FRAX-桡骨远端1/3及FRAX-股骨颈均为OPF发生的独立危险因素。FRAX-股骨颈预测OPF风险的ROC曲线下面积最大(AUC=0.93),桡骨远端1/3BMD预测OPF风险的ROC曲线下面积最小(AUC=0.82)。25(OH) D预测OPF风险的ROC曲线下面积为0.86。结论结合血清25(OH) D及BMD、FRAX评分,综合判断绝经后2型糖尿病患者发生OPF的风险,能最大限度预防OPF的发生。     

Variation in risk factors for fractures at different sites

Fractures in older people are important medical problems. Knowledge of risk factors is essential for successful preventive measures, but when fracture sites of diverse etiology are combined, risk factors for any one site are difficult to identify and may be missed entirely. Among older people, incidence rates of hip, proximal humerus, and vertebral fractures increase with age, but not rates of distal forearm and foot fractures. Low bone mineral density is strongly associated with hip, distal forearm, vertebral, and proximal humerus fractures, but not foot fracture. Most fractures of the hip, distal forearm, and proximal humerus result from a fall, whereas smaller proportions of fractures of the foot and vertebrae follow a fall. Frail people are likely to fracture their hip or proximal humerus, while healthy, active people tend to fracture their distal forearm. We strongly recommend that studies identify risk factors on a site-specific basis.     

Incidence and risk factors for post-renal transplant diabetes mellitus

Introduction

Posttransplant diabetes mellitus (PTDM) is a common, serious complication of renal transplantation. The aim of this retrospective study was to estimate the incidence and to identify potential factors predisposing to PTDM.

Patients and methods

We evaluated 296 adult nondiabetic patients who underwent kidney transplantation at our center. PTDM was defined according to 2003 international consensus guidelines. Potential factors predisposing to PTDM were analyzed individually and simultaneously using a logistic regression model.

Results

Over 2054.5 years of cumulative follow-up, 51 patients (17.2%) developed diabetes corresponding to an annual incidence of 2.5%. PTDM was diagnosed after a median of 2.9 months (range: 0.2-168). The mean age of affect individuals was 33.3 ± 7.4 years. Patients with PTDM were significantly older (P < .0005) and showed an higher body mass index (BMI; P < .004). Univariate analysis revealed that age, BMI, family history of diabetes, vascular nephropathy, and hepatitis C infection were associated with PTDM. Multivariate analysis rescaled the roles of age (relative risk [RR] = 1.046/y; P < .04), BMI (RR = 1.107/kg/m², P < .05), vascular nephropathy (RR = 7.06, P < .03), and hepatitis C infection (RR = 2.72, P < .03) as independent factors predisposing to PTDM.

Conclusion

Among our relatively young kidney transplant recipients, in whom only 8% received tacrolimus, PTDM was a frequent complication. We suggest that the use of oral glucose tolerance tests to screen patients identifies those predisposed to develop this complication.     

Omental infarction: risk factors in children

Purpose: A series of 4 cases of omental infarction are analyzed. It is shown that obesity, as well as idiosyncratic anatomy, are factors in the development of this rare clinicopathologic entity. Methods: The authors reviewed the preoperative and operative records of all patients. Results: All of the cases of omental infarction were seen in obese children. Other than persistent right-sided abdominal pain, there were no other signs or symptoms. None of the patients had an elevated white blood cell count, and none had fever. Conclusions: Computed tomography scanning is noted to be helpful in making the diagnosis. Laparoscopy is noted to be the procedure of choice, because standard incisions may preclude one from a proper exploration. J Pediatr Surg 38:233-235.     

移植后糖尿病危险因素研究进展

实体器官移植极大地延长了终末期疾病患者的生存时间,但器官移植受者术后需要长期服用免疫抑制药,会导致移植后糖尿病（PTDM）的发生风险增加,从而使感染、心血管疾病和死亡的风险升高。近年来,随着PTDM诊断标准的不断完善,临床医师对其认识越来越深入,与2型糖尿病相比,PTDM在病理生理特征和临床进展上存在着明显差异,需采用不同的治疗策略。及早识别器官移植受者的危险因素,早期诊断和干预对于改善受者的生活质量,延长移植物的存活时间以及降低受者病死率具有重要意义。因此,本文就PTDM的诊断、发生情况及危险因素做一综述,以期为临床医师早期识别并干预PTDM提供参考。     

2型糖尿病合并胆囊结石相关危险因素的研究进展

2型糖尿病引起的胰岛素抵抗、脂代谢紊乱,自主植物神经病变等是形成胆囊结石的高危因素。近年来,对2型糖尿病与胆囊结石相关性的研究有了一些新的进展,如脂联素、瘦素及代谢综合征等等。本文对2型糖尿病合并胆囊结石的相关危险因素进行了总结。     

Determination of risk factors for deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized children

Purpose

Our objective was to determine the time trend and risk factors for deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities among pediatric inpatients.

Methods

This cross-sectional study used the data from the Health Care Cost and Utilization Project Kids' Inpatient Database for the years of 1997, 2000, and 2003 to estimate the DVT prevalence and crude and adjusted prevalence ratios. Patients between the ages of 1 and 17 years and who were hospitalized for at least 4 days were included.

Results

The weighted prevalence of DVT was 4.2 per 1000 hospital discharges (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.4-3.7). Independent of age, the prevalence of DVT was significantly greater in 2000 and 2003 compared to 1997, prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.2 and 1.4 (95% CI, 1.1-1.3 and 1.2-1.4). Using only the 2003 database, adjusted analysis revealed that patients at highest risk were those in the age range of 15 to 17 years (PR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.4) and with the following comorbid conditions: obesity (PR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5-2.8), inflammatory bowel disease (PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-2.7), hematologic malignancy (PR, 2.5; 95% CI, 2.0-3.1), and thoracoabdominal (PR, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.6-2.2) or orthopedic (PR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.7-2.8) operations. Predictors not associated with DVT included sex and diagnosis of trauma.

Conclusions

The discharge diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremities has significantly increased since 1997. In addition, teenagers with underlying disorders are at highest risk for DVT.     

肾移植术后新发糖尿病危险因素分析

目的 探讨肾移植术后新发糖尿病(new-onset diabetes mellitus after renal transplantation,NODAT)的危险因素.方法 术前未患糖尿病接受同种尸体肾移植的患者706例,根据入选时有否NODAT分为NODAT组和非NODAT组.统计NODAT发生率,对两组患者可能存在...     

Pediatric urolithiasis--evaluation of risk factors in 95 children

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric urolithiasis is a rarely encountered pathology, except in endemic areas such as Turkey. As a recurrent pathology which may reveal functional as well and morphologic changes in the urinary tract, metabolic and environmental factors, in addition to urogenital abnormalities, should be evaluated thoroughly in each patient. In this prospective study, the patient and family histories of 95 children with stone disease were evaluated, together with serum and urine risk factors. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between 1996 and 2001, 95 children (25 females, 70 males; mean age 7.3 years; age range 0.6-15 years) referred to our department with urolithiasis were evaluated. All patients were investigated with respect to stone localization, associated abnormalities, urinary tract infection (UTI), positive family history and serum and urine risk factors. In addition to standard risk factors (hypocitraturia, hypercalciuria, hyperoxaluria, hyperuricosuria, hypomagnesuria), diet and 24-h urine volume were also assessed in all children. Children with cystinuria were excluded from the study. RESULTS: Stone size ranged from 0.3 to 3.3 cm, with an average value of 2.0 cm. The localization of the stones was classified as unilateral single stone in 37 patients, multiple unilateral stones in six and bilateral multiple stones in 27. Hypocitraturia was the commonest risk factor detected in our patients. A positive family history was present in 51 cases (54%). In addition, UTI was present in 59 cases (62%) and 67 cases had a previous history of recurrent UTI. Associated urogenital abnormality was detected in nine cases (9.4%). There were significant correlations between stone size and urinary citrate excretion (p < 0.05) and between the presence of UTI and urinary phosphate excretion (r = 0.59, p = 0.047). Treatments used were open surgery in seven (7.3%) cases, extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy in 39 (41%) and endoscopic surgery in 20 (21%). Following these procedures, 39 (41%) patients were completely stone-free, 11 (11%) had residual stones (<5 mm in diameter) and 12 (14.8%) passed the stone(s) spontaneously. During follow-up, regrowth was seen in four (4.2%) patients and stone recurrence was noted in a further four (4.2%). CONCLUSIONS: In addition to stone removal, treatment of pediatric urolithiasis requires a thorough metabolic and environmental evaluation of all patients on an individual basis. Obstructive pathologies have to be corrected immediately and apparent metabolic abnormalities should also be treated. Children with a positive family history should be followed carefully with respect to stone recurrence. Urine volume increases in parallel with body mass index and medical therapeutic agents which increase urine citrate levels should be encouraged.     

Racial,ethnic, and socioeconomic inequities in amputation risk for patients with peripheral artery disease and diabetes

Peripheral artery disease and diabetes are highly prevalent diseases and the leading cause of limb loss. Despite advances in medical and surgical techniques, there are stark differences in delivery and outcomes of lower extremity amputation among populations when stratified by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. We reviewed studies from the last 2 decades (1999–2022) to provide a comprehensive assessment of the current impact of disparities on the risk for, and management of, lower extremity amputation and offer action items that can optimize health outcomes.     

Metabolic risk factors in children with asymptomatic hematuria

Background

Idiopathic or benign hematuria is diagnosed in children after all other possible causes have been ruled out and test results for renal or urologic pathologies are negative.

Methods

To identify possible urinary risk factors for hematuria in children, we retrospectively evaluated clinical onset, family history, and metabolic risk factors of 60 children with idiopathic hematuria but without renal stones or other pathologic conditions that could explain the hematuria. All patients followed the same ambulatory protocol at that used to evaluate kidney stone-formers.

Results

Seven patients had microhematuria, three patients each had microhematuria and gross hematuria, and the remaining 50 patients had gross hematuria onset. A family history of stone disease was found in 63 % of the children. At least one urinary metabolic abnormality was present in 49 patients, while 11 patients had no metabolic abnormality. The most common urinary risk factor was idiopathic hypercalciuria (single or associated), which was found in 43.5 % of patients, followed by hypocitraturia (single or associated), present in 31.7 %. Unduly acidic urine pH as a single abnormality was found in 10 % of this pediatric patient population. We also found hyperoxaluria and, less frequently, hypomagnesuria, and hyperuricosuria.

Conclusions

Asymptomatic idiopathic hematuria in pediatric patients may often be associated to different urinary biochemical abnormalities, similar to what is observed in pediatric kidney stone-formers.

     

Comparison of different bolus doses of morphine for patient-controlled analgesia in children

Forty children undergoing appendicectomy were allocated randomlyto receive one of two PCA regimens with morphine. Group B10received bolus doses of 10 µg kg^–1 and group B20received bolus doses of 20 µg kg^–1. In both groupsthere was a lockout interval of 5 min and a background infusionof 4 µg kg^–1 h^–1. Group B20 self-administeredconsiderably more morphine (P < 0.01) than group B10. Therewas no difference between the pain scores of the groups at rest.Group B20 had significantly (P < 0.05) smaller pain scoresduring movement than group B10 and the latter group sufferedsignificantly (P < 0.01) more hypoxaemic episodes than groupB20. There were no differences between the groups in the incidenceof vomiting, excess sedation or the amount of time spent asleepat night. (Br. J. Anaesth. 1994; 72: 160–163)     

8508例病残儿童致病危险因素分析

对辽宁省 １９９０～１９９２ 年 ３ 年中 ８ ５０８ 例病残儿童及其父母进行流行病学回顾、追踪性调查。结果：病残儿母 亲有异常分 娩 １５５９％ 、妊娠并 发症 ２９４７％ 、孕期 合并感染 ２４８９％ 、既 往不良妊 娠史７７３％ 、孕 期 接 触 理 化 环 境 １７８５％ 、孕 期 服 药 １２２４％ ； 病 残 儿 父 亲 接 触 理 化 环 境 ２１５９％ 、感 染５３０％ 、长期服药 １３５％ 。病残儿的父母近亲婚配率为 １３６％ ，有 ２２５ 人患有明显的先天性和遗传性疾病。经逐步回归分析，患先天性遗传性疾病、异常分娩、孕期用药、孕期感染、妊娠并发症是导致病残儿的主要危险因素。