Rural–Urban Trends and Patterns in Cervical Cancer Mortality, Incidence, Stage, and Survival in the United States, 1950–2008

This study examined disparities in cervical cancer mortality rates among US women in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas from 1950 through 2007. Inequalities in incidence, stage of disease at diagnosis, and patient survival were analyzed during 2000–2008. Age-adjusted mortality, incidence, and 5-year relative survival rates were calculated for women in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, and differences in relative risks were tested for statistical significance. Log-linear regression was used to analyze annual rates of change in mortality over time. During the last five decades, women in non-metropolitan areas had significantly higher cervical cancer mortality than those in metropolitan areas. Disparities persisted against a backdrop of consistently declining mortality rates. Throughout 1969–2007, both white and black women in non-metropolitan areas maintained significantly higher cervical cancer mortality rates than their metropolitan counterparts. Among black women, cervical cancer mortality declined at a faster pace in metropolitan than in non-metropolitan areas. In both metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas, black women had twice the mortality rate of white women. During 2000–2008, white, black, and American Indian women in non-metropolitan areas had significantly higher cervical cancer incidence rates than their metropolitan counterparts. Survival rates were significantly lower in non-metropolitan areas, particularly among rural black women. The 5-year survival rate for black women diagnosed with cervical cancer was 50.8% in non-metropolitan areas, compared with 60.2% for black women and 71.0% for white women in metropolitan areas. Disparities in survival existed after controlling for disease stage. Rural–urban disparities in cervical cancer have persisted despite steep declines in incidence and mortality rates.     

基于周期分析法对宫颈癌患者5年生存率评估与预测分析

目的 了解常德市第一人民医院宫颈癌患者近5年相对生存率,并预测未来5年相对生存率,为常德市宫颈癌防治提供数据信息和科学依据.方法 根据该院肿瘤登记数据库,采用周期分析法评估2010-2014年宫颈癌患者的5年相对生存率,并按照诊断年龄、乡镇地区进一步分层分析.通过在周期分析法的基础上建立广义线性模型,预测未来2015-...     

Survival outcome of cervical cancer patients treated by image-guided brachytherapy: a ‘real world’ single center experience in Thailand from 2008 to 2018

The objective of our study was to evaluate the survival outcome of cervical cancer patients treated using image-guided brachytherapy (IGBT). From 2008 to 2018, 341 patients with cervical cancer were treated by radical radiotherapy. IGBT (by computed tomography [CT] or transabdominal ultrasound [TAUS]) was used to treat all of these patients. The characteristic data and patient status after treatment were recorded. All data were evaluated for survival outcome analysis. From a total of 341 patients, 295 patients were analyzed and 46 patients were excluded due to data missing in the survival outcomes. At the median follow-up time of 48 months (IQR 30–80 months), The 4-year local control, progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 89.5%, 74.9% and 69.1%, respectively. For overall survival, the size (> 5 cm), pathology (non-SCCA), stage (stage III–IV by FIGO 2009), lymph node (LN) (presented) and overall treatment time (OTT) (> 56 days) showed statistical significance in univariate analysis while non-SCCA pathology, advanced stage, presented LN and longer OTT showed statistical significance in multivariate analysis. In conclusion, our analysis reports a 4-year overall survival rate of 69.1%. Non-SCCA pathology, advanced stage disease, LN presence and longer OTT showed worse prognostic factors in multivariate analysis.     

Radiation therapy for carcinoma of the uterine cervix: comparison of two brachytherapy schedules

We compared the survival rates and late effects for two groups of cervical cancer patients treated with almost the same external radiotherapy but different remote afterloading systems (RALS) for high-dose-rate intracavitary radiation therapy regimens. A total of 218 patients with carcinoma of the uterine cervix were treated. For 98 patients, intracavitary brachytherapy was delivered with 6–7.5 Gy/fraction to Point A (Group A), and for 120, 5 Gy/fraction with a modified source step size (Group B). The 3-year cause-specific survival rates by stage and treatment schedule were Group A: 91% and Group B: 96% in Stage I, 89% and 92% in Stage II, 64% and 75% in Stage III, 44% and 69% in Stage IV. The survival curves did not reveal any statistically significant differences at any stage. The 3-year cumulative local failure rates were 14% in Group A and 7% in Group B (P = 0.1202), while the actuarial rates of developing rectal complication (Grade 2 or more) at 3 years were 25% in Group A and 4% in Group B (P < 0.0001). This retrospective analysis suggests that a low dose per fraction with modified source step size is advantageous because of yielding almost the same local control but with fewer rectal complications.     

Treatment outcomes of patients with FIGO Stage I/II uterine cervical cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy: a multi-institutional retrospective research study

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patterns of care and outcomes of patients with FIGO Stage I/II cervical cancer who underwent definitive radiotherapy (RT) at multiple Japanese institutions. The Japanese Radiation Oncology Study Group (JROSG) performed a questionnaire-based survey of their cervical cancer patients who were treated with definitive RT between January 2000 and December 2005. A total of 667 patients were entered in this study. Although half of the patients were considered suitable for definitive RT based on the clinical features of the tumor, about one-third of the patients were prescribed RT instead of surgery because of poor medical status. The RT schedule most frequently utilized was whole-pelvic field irradiation (WP) of 30 Gy/15 fractions followed by WP with midline block of 20 Gy/10 fractions, and high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDR-ICBT) of 24 Gy/4 fractions prescribed at point A. Chemotherapy was administered to 306 patients (46%). The most frequent regimen contained cisplatin (CDDP). The median follow-up time for all patients was 65 months (range, 2–135 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS), pelvic control (PC) and disease-free survival (DFS) rates for all patients were 78%, 90% and 69%, respectively. Tumor diameter and nodal status were significant prognostic indicators for OS, PC and DFS. Chemotherapy has potential for improving the OS and DFS of patients with bulky tumors, but not for non-bulky tumors. This study found that definitive RT for patients with Stage I/II cervical cancer achieved good survival outcomes.     

Association of overweight with breast cancer survival

The authors investigated the association between overweight at the time of or soon after cancer diagnosis and survival in a cohort of 1,455 breast cancer patients aged 25-64 years. The patients were recruited into the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study (Shanghai, China), a population-based case-control study, between August 1996 and March 1998. The median follow-up time for this cohort was 5.1 years (1996-2002) after breast cancer diagnosis, and 240 deaths were identified. Being overweight at cancer diagnosis or soon afterward, as measured by body mass index (BMI; weight (kg)/height (m)(2)), was associated with poorer overall survival and disease-free survival. Five-year survival rates were 86.5%, 83.8%, and 80.1% for subjects whose BMIs were <23.0, 23.0-24.9, and >or=25.0, respectively (p = 0.02); the corresponding 5-year disease-free survival rates were 81.9%, 78.1%, and 76.6% (p = 0.05). The inverse association between BMI and survival persisted after adjustment for age at diagnosis and other known prognostic factors for breast cancer, including disease stage. The authors found neither waist:hip ratio nor waist circumference to be independently associated with overall survival or disease-free survival. These results suggest that excess weight may be an independent predictor of breast cancer survival among Chinese women.     

Immunotherapy with autologous tumor cell-BCG vaccine in patients with colon cancer: a prospective study of medical and economic benefits

We have completed a multicenter, randomized controlled phase III clinical trial in Stages II and III colon cancer patients with active specific immunotherapy (ASI) using autologous tumor cells with an immunomodulating adjuvant bacillus Callmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine (OncoVAX) in an adjuvant setting. In this study, patients were randomized to receive either OncoVAX therapy or no therapy after surgical resection of the primary tumor and stratified by stage of disease. Since the biologic essence of the effective tumor immunotherapy is the presence in the vaccine of a minimum number of viable, metabolically active, autologous tumor cells, the processing of the vaccine product, occurred within 48 h after surgery. Analysis of prognostic benefit in the pivotal phase III trial, with a 5.8 year median follow-up, showed that a beneficial effect of OncoVAX is statistically significant for all endpoints including recurrence-free interval, overall survival, and recurrence-free survival in Stage II colon cancer patients. Surgery alone cures approximately 65% of Stage II (Dukes B2, B3) colon cancer patients. In the remaining patients, OncoVAX in an adjuvant setting, significantly prolongs recurrence-free interval (57.1% relative risk reduction) and significantly improves 5-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival. No statistically significant prognostic benefits were achieved in Stage III (Duke's C1-C3) patients. A health economics assessment was performed on these results in Stage II colon cancer patients using disease-free survival and overall survival (for the entire intent-to-treat population). Cost-effectiveness, cost-utility and sensitivity analysis were applied with, cost of life years, recurrence-free life years and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) as the primary endpoints to this analysis. The perspective of the economic analysis was the current direct medical cost established by the health care providers. The introduction of new technologies often leads to additional costs. This report verified that the use of OncoVAX for patients with Stage II colon cancer not only has significant prognostic benefit and positive clinical outcomes, but also showed that OncoVAX therapy yields impressive health economics benefits.     

宫颈腺癌早期手术治疗及预后分析

目的：探讨宫颈腺癌早期手术治疗、预后及影响因素。方法选择浙江省肿瘤医院2002年1月至2008年12月间收治的58例宫颈腺癌患者为研究对象,回顾分析所有患者临床及病理资料。结果患者总体5年生存率为74．14％,Ⅰ期患者生存率为87．50％,Ⅱ期患者生存率为57．69％。单因素分析显示肿瘤直径、临床分期、组织学类型和盆腔淋巴结转移与宫颈腺癌5年总生存率相关,差异具有统计学意义（χ2值分别为7．96、6．65、9．35、13．14,均P＜0．05）。结论影响宫颈腺癌预后的主要因素为肿瘤直径、临床分期、组织学类型和盆腔淋巴结转移,根治性手术对早期宫颈腺癌,特别是Ⅰ期治疗效果显著。     

Ethnic inequalities in cancer survival in New Zealand: linkage study

We explored the contribution of stage at diagnosis to ethnic disparities in cancer survival in New Zealand. We linked 115811 adult patients with invasive cancer registered on the cancer registry (1994 to 2002) to mortality data. Age-standardized, 5-year relative survival rates were lowest for Maori, intermediate for Pacific people (otherwise known as Pacific Islanders), and highest for non-Maori/non-Pacific people for many cancers. Stage at diagnosis accounted for only part of these differences. Possible factors responsible for ethnic inequalities might include access to specialized cancer services and the quality of care received.     

Outcomes of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy

Nasopharyngeal cancer shows a good response to intensity-modulated radiotherapy. However, there is no clear evidence for the benefits of routine use of image-guided radiotherapy. The purpose of this study was to perform a retrospective investigation of the treatment outcomes, treatment-related complications and prognostic factors for nasopharyngeal cancer treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy techniques. Retrospective analysis was performed on 326 consecutive nasopharyngeal cancer patients treated between 2004 and 2015. Potentially significant patient-related and treatment-related variables were analyzed. Radiation-related complications were recorded. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival rates of these patients were 77.9% and 70.5%, respectively. Age, AJCC (American Joint Committee on Cancer) stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, treatment interruption and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for overall survival. Age, AJCC stage, retropharyngeal lymphadenopathy, image-guided radiotherapy and body mass index were independent prognostic factors for disease-free survival. In conclusion, intensity-modulated radiotherapy significantly improves the treatment outcomes of nasopharyngeal cancer. With the aid of image-guided radiotherapy, the advantage of intensity-modulated radiotherapy might be further amplified.     

The role of radical abdominal hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy (Wertheim's operation) in contemporary gynecology

During a 20-year period between January 1964 and December 1983, 317 radical hysterectomies and pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed for stage IB, IIA and IIB carcinoma of the cervix at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical School of Debrecen. The 5-year survival rate for Stage IB patients is 88.3 per cent, in Stage IIA 82.7%, in Stage IIB 68.0% and the major prognostic factor clearly being the status of the pelvic lymph nodes. In comparison with the literary data their results seem to suggest that routine pre- and postoperative radiotherapy reduces pelvic metastases and improves survival in patients with positive pelvic lymph nodes. It was noted that closed retroperitoneal suction drainage after radical operation effectively removes fluid from the pelvis and probably prevents some of the postoperative complications. Evidence seems to suggest that properly performed radical pelvic surgery with radiation therapy is successful in treating early cervical carcinoma. There does not appear to be any contraindication to operation in this group of patient as long as the condition is deemed medically operable.     

子宫内膜癌的预后因素分析

目的:探讨影响子宫内膜癌预后的风险因素。方法:回顾性分析手术治疗的子宫内膜癌患者381例的临床与病理资料。单因素和多因素分析采用Cox比例风险模型,生存率的计算采用Kaplan-Meier法,生存率的比较采用log-rank检验。结果:经单因素分析显示FIGO分期、病理类型、病理分级、肌层浸润、宫颈浸润、附件转移、盆腔淋巴结转移、腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移、远处转移与子宫内膜癌的预后密切相关;经多因素分析显示病理分级G3、附件转移对子宫内膜癌预后影响具有显著性意义。病理分级G3、附件转移患者淋巴结转移率明显升高,5年生存率显著降低。结论:病理分级G3、附件转移是影响子宫内膜癌预后的重要风险因素,在设计子宫内膜癌的治疗方案时应重视患者的病理分级、附件转移情况,选择合适的治疗方案。     

Screening Mammography in a Public Hospital Serving Predominantly African-American Women: A Stage–Survival–Cost Model

BackgroundEthnic and socioeconomic disparities pervade breast cancer patterns and outcomes. Mammography guidelines reflect the difficulty in optimizing mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness, with controversy still surrounding the 2009 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations. This study simulates USPSTF and American Cancer Society (ACS) guidelines' effects on stage, survival, and cost of treatment in an urban public hospital.MethodsCharts of 274 women diagnosed with stage I, II, or III breast cancer (2008–2010) were reviewed. Published tumor doubling times were used to predict size at diagnosis under simulated screening guidelines. Stage distributions under ACS and USPSTF guidelines were compared with those observed. Cohort survival for observed and hypothetical scenarios was estimated using national statistics. Treatment costs by stage, calculated from Georgia Medicaid claims data, were similarly applied.ResultsMean age at diagnosis was 56 years. African Americans predominated (82.5%), with 96% publically insured or uninsured. Simulated stages at diagnosis significantly favored ACS guidelines (43.1% stage 1/38.3% stage 2/9.9% stage 3 vs. USPSTF 23.0%/53.3 %/15.0%), as did 5-year survival and cost of treatment relative to both observed and USPSTF-predicted schema (p < .0001). Following USPSTF guidelines predicted lower survival and additional costs.ConclusionsFollowing ACS guidelines seems to lead to earlier diagnosis for low-income African-American women and increase 5-year survival with lower overall and breast-specific costs. The data suggest that adjusting screening practices for lower socioeconomic status, ethnic minority women may prove essential in addressing cancer disparities.     

淋巴细胞/单核细胞比值在三阴性乳腺癌预后评估中的临床研究

目的 初步探讨外周血中淋巴细胞和单核细胞绝对值的比值（Lymphocyte to Monocyte Ratio,LMR）与三阴性乳腺癌预后的相关性,及与总生存时间的关系。方法 回顾性分析2010年11月1日至2015年12月31日辽宁省肿瘤医院110例行乳腺癌根治术三阴性乳腺癌患者临床病理资料,根据患者术前外周静脉血LMR分为低LMR组（LMR＜4.24,50例）和高LMR组（LMR≥4.24,60例）;采用Kaplan-Meier 生存分析法绘制生存曲线,比较两组患者的5年生存率,分析两组患者临床病理因素与总生存时间的关系。结果 LMR与三阴性乳腺癌之间具有相关性,低LMR组5年生存率为30.00%,高LMR组5年生存率为66.67%;两组相比较,5年生存率差异具有统计学意义（χ2=25.475,P＜0.05）;经Log Rank统计学分析,两组总生存时间相比较,差异具有统计学意义（χ2=6.932,P＜0.05）。结论 在三阴性乳腺癌患者中,术前外周血LMR可作为一个独立的危险因素,影响三阴性乳腺癌患者的预后。     

Efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer and its clinical prognostic factors

Cisplatin-based concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) is a standard treatment for cervical cancer, but nedaplatin-based CCRT is not routinely administered. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of nedaplatin-based CCRT (35 mg/m² weekly) and analyzed prognostic factors for survival among 52 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer treated from 1999 to 2009. Patients were treated with a combination of external beam radiotherapy of 40–56 Gy (in 20–28 fractions) and 13.6–28.8 Gy (in 2–4 fractions) of high-dose-rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy or 18 Gy (in 3 fractions) of HDR interstitial brachytherapy. Overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and local control (LC) were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method. The Cox proportional hazard model was used for multivariate analysis. Acute and late toxicities were evaluated using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. The median follow-up period was 52 months. The median patient age was 63 years. The 5-year OS, PFS and LC rates were 78%, 57% and 73%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were independent risk factors for PFS. Regarding adverse effects, 24 patients (46%) had acute Grade 3–4 leukopenia and 5 (10%) had late Grade 3 gastrointestinal toxicities. No patient experienced renal toxicity. Nedaplatin-based CCRT for FIGO Stage IB2–IVA cervical cancer was efficacious and safe, with no renal toxicity. Histologic type, maximum tumor diameter, and pretreatment hemoglobin level were statistically significant prognostic factors for PFS.     

92例子宫内膜癌的临床特点及预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨子宫内膜癌的临床特点及与预后的相关性,为临床治疗提供依据.方法 回顾性分析手术初治的92例子宫内膜癌患者的临床资料,随访观察5年生存率,并对可能影响预后的临床指标进行单因素和多因素分析.结果 92例患者5年生存率为72.41%.单因素分析显示,病理类型、病理学分期、组织学分级、肌层浸润、宫颈受累、盆腔淋巴结转移与生存时间有显著相关性(P＜0.05).多因素回归分析表明,影响子宫内膜癌患者生存时间的独立预后因素为病理类型、组织学分级和肌层浸润.结论 病理类型、组织学分级和肌层浸润为影响子宫内膜癌患者生存时间的独立预后因素,据此制定规范化个体治疗方案有望提高患者的生存率.

Abstract：

Objective To study the dependablity of clinical characteristics and prognosis in patients with endometrial cancer,so as to apply the basis for the treatment. Methods The clinical and pathological data of 92 patients with endometrial cancer were analyzed retrospectively, 5-year survival rate was followed and observed. Using Cox proportional hazard regression analysis to evaluate the factors related to overall survival. Results The overall 5-year survival rate was 72.41%. Using univariate analysis, the survival time was correlated with histologic type, pathological staging, histologic grade, myometrium invasion,cervical invasion and lymph node metastasis (P＜0.05).Using multivariate analysis, the survival time was correlated with histologic type,histologic grade and myometrium invasion. Conclusions Histologic type, histologic grade and myometrium invasion are independent prognostic factors for survival time of patients. In order to improve the prognosis of the patients, they should be treated by individual therapies.     

Diagnosis and treatment of primary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma: analysis of 157 patients

OBJECTIVE: To seek the optimum treatment for patients with primary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and factors associated with prognosis. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on 157 primary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients who had received operation for 45 years. RESULTS: The X-ray diagnosis rate was 39.4% before operation. The diagnosis rate by gastroscopy was 52.7%. Among the 157 patients, 32 belonged to stage I(E), 40 stage II(E), 29 stage III(E), and 56 stage IV(E). All of the patients were received chemotherapy or radiation. The 3-, 5-, 10-, 15-year survival rates were 51.1% (69/135), 42.3% (55/130), 20.7% (23/111), and 13.5% (14/104). CONCLUSIONS: The 3-, 5-year survival rates in stage I(E) and stage II(E) were 2 to 5 times higher than those in stage III(E) and IV(E) (P < 0.01). The 3-, 5-year survival rates of primary gastric non-Hodgkin's lymphoma were 60.2% (65/108) and 50.0% (52/104) respectively. The prognosis was better than the 5-year survival rate of gastric cancer patients with D(2) lymphodenectomy (33.3%). Early diagnosis and treatment are effective to prevent complications, enhance quality of patient's life, and prolong the survival.     

Wertheim-operation: 5-year survival of 501 consecutive patients with cervical cancer

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the 5-year survival and morbidity when radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with pre- and postoperative radiation have been performed for IA2-IIB stage cervical cancer. STUDY DESIGN: During a 10 and a half year period between July, 1990 and December, 2000, 501 consecutive radical hysterectomies with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomies were performed by the same gynecological surgeon for stage IA2, IB, IIA and IIB carcinoma of the cervix at the I. Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University Budapest. The patients were treated by pre- and postoperative irradiation as well. RESULTS: Perioperative complications apart from recurrence were minimal with no long-term morbidity. The absolute 5-year survival rates for the patients in stage IA2, IB1, IB2, IIA and IIB were 94,4%, 90,7%, 84,1%, 71,1% and 55,4%, respectively. The respective 5-year survival rates for patients without or with lymph node metastasis, were 94,5% and 33,3% in stage IB2, 81,7% and 48,7% in stage IIA and 70,2% and 36,5% in stage IIB, respectively. CONCLUSION: Nerve-sparing radical abdominal hysterectomy with pelvic lymph node dissection and pre- and postoperative irradiation remains the treatment of choice for most patients with early-stage and even in IIB-stage cervical cancer. The radicality and extent of lymph node dissection and parametrial resection should be individualized and tailored to tumor- and patient-related risk factors.     

巨块型宫颈癌术后大分割放疗加同期化疗临床研究的初步结果

目的探索中晚期宫颈癌根治性术后大分割放疗+同期化疗的疗效及毒性。方法 2007年7月至2012年6月,50例行广泛全子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结清扫术后的巨块型Ib、IIa、IIb期宫颈癌患者纳入分析。治疗采用大分割放疗+同步化疗:放疗方案为3 Gy/次,每周5次,总剂量39 Gy;同步化疗方案为顺铂35~40 mg/m2,每周1次的同步化疗。观察5年无局部复发生存率(LRFS)、5年无瘤生存率(DFS)、5年无远处转移生存率(FDMS)、5年总生存率(OS)以及不良反应。结果 5年DFS为74.1%、5年LRFS为86.1%、5年FDMS为80.4%、5年OS为74.7%。所有病例整体治疗耐受性较好,虽然3/4级急性黏膜反应发生率为14%,但未发现严重的胃肠道事件或新的安全性问题。结论宫颈癌术后大分割同步放化疗不良反应可接受,治疗依从性好,总体疗效满意,但需随机对照试验进一步证实。     

42例Ⅳ期非吸烟肺癌治疗效果回顾性分析

目的:了解Ⅳ期非吸烟肺癌的流行病学特征和预后,为晚期非吸烟肺癌诊治提供参考依据。方法:收集某医院住院Ⅳ期42例非吸烟肺癌患者的病历资料,用Excel表格及SPSS软件进行统计分析。结果:Ⅳ期非吸烟肺癌在化疗者中位生存15.0个月,支持治疗者5.0个月,两者有显著性差异(P=0.013);接受化疗和支持治疗的Ⅳ期患者的1年生存率分别为56.25%vs 23.08%(P=0.047)。结论:Ⅳ期非吸烟肺癌患者积极规范的化疗可显著改善生存期,且1年生存率显著提高。