慢性阻塞性肺疾病骨骼肌萎缩的治疗现状

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)不仅是一种局限于呼吸道和肺部的疾病,还是一种可以累及肺外各器官的全身疾病,其肺外效应包括心血管疾病、焦虑和抑郁及骨骼肌萎缩等疾病,其中骨骼肌萎缩严重影响患者的生活质量及预后,造成巨大的社会和经济负担.然而,肌肉组织固有的适应性为骨骼肌萎缩提供了治疗机会.适当的干预措施可逆转或延迟骨骼肌萎缩的发展进程.     

运动锻炼对慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺康复的干预效果

慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)是一种具有气流受限特征,可以预防和治疗的慢性疾病。该疾病患病率和病死率较高,且严重影响患者的生命质量,给患者家庭和社会带来沉重的经济负担。运动锻炼可以改善COPD患者的呼吸困难和疲劳状况,提高运动能力、肌肉力量和生活质量,还能减少住院率。研究表明,不同类型的运动锻炼对COPD的干预效果存在差异,如步行锻炼可以改善COPD患者的身体功能和运动耐受性,传统抗阻运动锻炼可以改善COPD患者的上下肢肌肉强度和运动能力。本文综述了不同类型的有氧运动和抗阻运动对不同病程COPD患者的干预效果,强调了运动处方个性化的重要性,并讨论了运动风险和规避方法,为慢阻肺患者的运动康复提供指导性建议。     

Plasma inflammatory biomarkers response to aerobic versus resisted exercise training for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

BackgroundChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a main risk for morbidity, associated with alterations in systemic inflammation. Recent studies proved that morbidity and mortality of COPD is related to systemic inflammation as it contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. However, increase of inflammatory cytokines adversely affects quality of life, alteration in ventilatory and skeletal muscles functions. Moreover, exercise training has many beneficial effects in correction of the adverse effects of COPD.ObjectiveThis study aimed to compare the response of inflammatory cytokines of COPD to aerobic versus resisted exercises.ResultsThe mean values of TNF-α, Il-2, IL-4, IL-6 and CRP were significantly decreased in both groups. Also; there was a significant difference between both groups at the end of the study with more reduction in patients who received aerobic exercise training.ConclusionAerobic exercise is more appropriate than resisted exercise training in modulating inflammatory cytokines level in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病的全身效应

 慢性阻塞性肺疾病（Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease,COPD）是一种常见病、多发病,其典型表现为气流受限和气道重塑,导致肺的结构与功能的改变。由于COPD的患者多种炎症介质的激活使患者处于系统性炎症状态,使得COPD不仅仅是呼吸系统的疾病,同时还包含许多肺外表现,即全身效应。常见的全身性表现包括：骨骼肌萎缩、恶液质、骨质疏松;而慢性炎症使COPD的患者缺血性心脏病、肺动脉高压、糖尿病等疾病的患病率大大增加。     

慢性阻塞性肺病患者心理状况及影响因素

调查慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者心理状况和影响因素，对60例患者和60例健康者对照，应用焦虑和抑郁情绪表（HAO）对两组进行问卷调查，结果显示，患者评分显著差于健康者，年龄、病程和通气功能与患者抑郁症状和总分呈显著性相关，提示患者伴有心理障碍，重视和兼顾心理症状诊治颇有必要。     

Effects of peripheral neuropathy on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases

Introduction

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD) have some systemic effects including systemic inflammation, nutritional abnormalities, skeletal muscle dysfunction, and cardiovascular, skeletal and neurological disorders. Some studies have reported the presence of peripheral neuropathy (PNP) at an incidence of 28-94% in patients with COPD. Our study aimed to identify whether PNP affects exercise performance and quality of life in COPD patients.

Material and methods

Thirty mild-very severe patients with COPD (male/female = 29/1, mean age = 64 ±10 years) and 14 normal subjects (male/female = 11/5, mean age = 61 ±8 years) were included in the present study. All subjects underwent pulmonary function testing (PFT), cardiopulmonary exercise testing, electroneuromyography and short form 36 (SF-36).

Results

Peak oxygen uptake (PeakVO₂) was lower in COPD patients (1.15 ±0.53 l/min) than healthy subjects (2.02 ±0.46 l/min) (p = 0.0001). There was no PNP in healthy subjects while 16 (53%) of the COPD patients had PNP. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) and PeakVO₂ were significantly different between patients with PNP and those without (p = 0.009, p = 0.03 respectively). Quality of life of patients with PNP was lower than that of patients without PNP (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates the exercise limitation in COPD patients with PNP. Thus, presence of PNP has a poor effect on exercise capacity and quality of life in patients with COPD. Furthermore, treatment modalities for PNP can be recommended to these patients in order to improve exercise capacity and quality of life.     

Potential drug-drug interactions in hospitalized patients with chronic heart failure and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Introduction

Polypharmacy is common in patients with chronic heart failure (HF) and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but little is known about the prevalence and significance of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). This study evaluates DDIs in hospitalized patients.

Material and methods

We retrospectively screened medical charts over a 6-month period for diagnosis of chronic HF and/or COPD. Potential DDIs were evaluated using Lexi-Interact software.

Results

Seven hundred and seventy-eight patients were included in the study (median age 75 years, 61% men). The median number of drugs on admission and discharge was 6 (interquartile range (IQR) 4–9) and 7 (IQR 5–), respectively (p = 0.10). We recorded 6.5 ±5.7 potential DDIs per patient on admission and 7.2 ±5.6 on discharge (p = 0.2). From admission to discharge, type-C and type-X potential DDIs increased (p < 0.05 for both). Type X interactions were rare (< 1%), with the combination of a β-blocker and a β₂ agonist being the most common (64%). There were significantly more type-C and type-D potential DDIs in patients with chronic HF as compared to patients with COPD (p < 0.001). Patients with concomitant chronic HF and COPD had more type-C and type-X potential DDIs when compared to those with individual disease (p < 0.005). An aldosterone antagonist and ACE inhibitor/ARB were prescribed to 3% of chronic HF patients with estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 ml/(min × 1.73 m²).

Conclusions

The DDIs are common in patients with chronic HF and/or COPD, but only a few appear to be of clinical significance. The increase in potential DDIs from admission to discharge may reflect better guideline implementation rather than poor clinical practice.     

Training improves muscle oxidative capacity and oxygenation recovery kinetics in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

We studied 21 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease aged [mean (SD)] 63 (10) years, with a mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s of 40 (6)% and a peak oxygen uptake of 67 (11)% of predicted values. Patients trained for 6 weeks on a cycle ergometer at high work-rates (WR). Near-infrared spectroscopy was used to obtain the time-constant of the deoxygenation recovery signal (τHbO₂) during three constant WR exercise tests, one below and two above the lactic acidosis threshold (θ_L). Glycolytic and oxidative enzymes and lactate concentrations were assessed in muscle biopsies. The τHbO₂ decreased significantly in all three constant WR tests: –18 (24)s, –20 (23) s and –13 (22) s, respectively. Endurance time increased in the higher WR tests, by 5.7 (4.8) min and 3.6 (2.7) min, respectively. The activity of citrate-synthase (CS) and creatine-kinase changed significantly from 20 (10) to 30 (13) μmol·min^–1·g^–1 and from 3.825 (950) to 3.402 (526) μmol·min^–1·g^–1, respectively. Training also improved significantly the mean response time of the on-transient of oxygen uptake (τ'V˙O₂) of the below-θ_L test. We found significant correlations between changes in CS and changes in τHbO₂, τ'V˙O₂ and endurance time. We conclude that leg training accelerates the speed of re-oxygenation of the vastus lateralis muscle after exercise. This improvement is correlated to changes in the oxidative enzymes. Electronic Publication     

深吸气训练在COPD患者开胸术后的临床应用

目的探讨应用深吸气训练降低慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)患者开胸术后肺部并发症发生率的可行性。方法将62例合并COPD行开胸手术的患者随机分为对照组和观察组,对照组予以常规雾化吸入、物理排痰等治疗;观察组在对照组的基础上术后应用呼吸训练器进行深吸气训练。对比观察2组术后肺部并发症发生率、预后,以及术前、术后1~5 d深吸气量的变化。结果观察组肺部并发症发生率及ICU停留时间显著低于对照组,其术后3~5 d的深吸气量显著高于对照组。结论术后进行深吸气训练可显著降低COPD患者围手术期肺部并发症发生率,并促进肺功能的恢复。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病动物模型研究概况

慢性阻塞性肺病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)由基因-环境交互作用而致病,目前COPD拟临床研究大多是采用诱发性动物模型。动物选择根据实际需要以鼠、猪和灵长类动物为主。造模方法主要是将可诱发COPD的危险因素,强加于动物以诱导COPD的发生。造模时间的长短则与诱因的性质和暴露量密切相关。模型建成后主要从肺功能、肺部病理改变等方面,并采用血清炎症因子、细胞因子检测等手段对模型进行评价,但在实际操作中尚有待进一步的评估。     

87例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者上下肢肌力等速测试分析

目的　运用等速肌力测试分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者上、下肢屈、伸肌群的肌力情况。 方法　对87例COPD患者（实验组,其中轻度17例、中度44例、重度26例）和34例健康体检者（对照组）进行肘和膝屈、伸肌群等速肌力测试,分别记录角速度60°/s、180°/s时上、下肢屈、伸肌群的峰力距;计算下肢屈、伸肌群的易疲劳指数。 结果　实验组屈肘肌群和伸肘肌群峰力距分别为（20.56±7.54）N·m、（22.61±9.26）N·m,屈膝肌群和伸膝肌群峰力距分别为（35.78±16.99）N·m、（71.86±27.98）N·m,均低于对照组（P＜0.05）;实验组下肢屈、伸肌群的易疲劳指数低于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论　等速肌力测试可作为分析COPD患者外周肌力变化的一种方法。     

Immune response in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major public health problem because of its high prevalence, rising incidence and associated socio-economic cost. The inhalation of toxic particles and gases, mostly tobacco smoke, is the main risk factor for COPD. Yet, not all smokers are equally susceptible to these toxic effects and only a percentage of them develop the disease (so-called ‘susceptible smokers’). This, in combination with the observation that COPD shows familial aggregation, suggests that the genetic background of the smoker is a key element in the pathogenesis of the disease. On the other hand, it is well established that ‘susceptible’ smokers exhibit an enhanced inflammatory response of the lung parenchyma as compared with ‘resistant’ smokers (i.e., those who manage to maintain lung function within the normal age range despite their habit). Importantly, in COPD patients this inflammatory response does not resolve after quitting smoking, again at variance with resistant smokers. All in all, these observations suggest that the pathogenesis of COPD may involve, in some patients, an autoimmune component which contributes to the enhanced and persistent inflammatory response that characterizes the disease. Here we: i) review briefly the pathobiology of COPD; ii) present the available scientific evidence supporting a potential role for autoimmunity in COPD; iii) propose a three-step pathogenic hypothesis in the transition from smoking to COPD; and iv) discuss potential implications for the diagnosis and treatment of this frequent, growing, devastating and costly disease.     

87例慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者上下肢肌力等速测试分析

目的　运用等速肌力测试分析慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者上、下肢屈、伸肌群的肌力情况。 方法　对87例COPD患者（实验组,其中轻度17例、中度44例、重度26例）和34例健康体检者（对照组）进行肘和膝屈、伸肌群等速肌力测试,分别记录角速度60°/s、180°/s时上、下肢屈、伸肌群的峰力距;计算下肢屈、伸肌群的易疲劳指数。 结果　实验组屈肘肌群和伸肘肌群峰力距分别为（20.56±7.54）N·m、（22.61±9.26）N·m,屈膝肌群和伸膝肌群峰力距分别为（35.78±16.99）N·m、（71.86±27.98）N·m,均低于对照组（P＜0.05）;实验组下肢屈、伸肌群的易疲劳指数低于对照组（P<0.05）。 结论　等速肌力测试可作为分析COPD患者外周肌力变化的一种方法。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重患者呼吸道病毒的检测分析

目的 探讨呼吸道病毒感染与慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)的相关性.方法 随机选择140例慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重(AECOPD)患者,60例健康老年志愿者为对照组,分别检测呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)、腺病毒(ADV)、巨细胞病毒(CMV)、副流感病毒(PIV)、流感病毒A/B(FluA/B)特异性抗体IgM水平,对组间阳性率进行比较.结果 AECOPD组患者中IgM阳性率依次为RSV＞PIV＞ FluA/B＞CMV＞ADV＞ HSV.AECOPD组与对照组各病毒抗体阳性率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 病毒感染是AECOPD重要因素,病毒感染参与了AECOPD病情的进展过程,在呼吸道病毒流行的季节应做好预防工作.     

家庭长期无创通气治疗对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病稳定期的疗效分析

目的:观察家庭长期无创通气(noninvasivepositivepressureventilation,NIPPV)治疗对重度慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronicobstructivepulmonarydisease,COPD)稳定期的治疗效果.方法:收集2009年8月至2012年8月本院呼吸科确诊为重度COPD,使用家庭NIPPV12个月以上的11例患,通过自身对照方法,将患治疗前后的肺功能、血气分析、生活质量、住院次数、6分钟步行实验结果进行对比观察.结果:9例完成疗程的患治疗前后血气分析及6分钟步行实验结果差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05),患生活质量明显提高,住院次数明显减少.结论:家庭长期使用NIPPV,能改善重度COPD患的血气,患生活质量提高,住院次数减少,是目前最有效降低COPD患病死率的方法.     

Ratings of perceived exertion in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease — a possible indicator for exercise training in patients with this disease

Summary The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) as an indicator of exercise intensity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The subjects were ten male patients with COPD, whose mean forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 1.091, SD 0.41, and ten healthy middle-aged men. Ramp incremental exercise on a cycle-ergometer was performed and RPE was determined by the Borg 15-point scale. The absolute oxygen uptake at each RPE was significantly greater in the healthy subjects than in the patients with COPD. However, oxygen uptake calculated as a percentage of maximal at any RPE did not differ significantly between the two groups. Arterial blood lactate concentration at points 15 to 19 on the RPE scale was increased in healthy subjects (P<0.05–P<0.001), while the dyspnoea index at points 11 to 19 on the RPE scale was higher in patients with COPD (P<0.05–P<0.001). The main complaints on stopping exercise were dyspnoea in the patients with COPD and fatigue in the healthy subjects. Although the nature of RPE may have been different in the two groups, RPE could be a possible indicator of exercise intensity when physicians prescribe exercise to patients with COPD.Presented in part at the 28th annual meeting of the Japanese Society of Chest Diseases, Sendai, on April 27, 1988     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者血浆N-端脑钠肽前体与肺动脉高压的关系

目的:探讨老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者中血浆N-端脑钠肽前体(N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide,NT-proBNP)与肺动脉高压的关系.方法:将99例老年COPD患者,根据心脏彩超分为单纯...     

Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a case control study from China

Patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are at higher risk of developing invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA). However, there are limited data for this disease. To evaluate risk factors and the clinical characteristics of IPA in COPD patients, we conducted a hospital-based, retrospective case-control study of 30 COPD patients with IPA and 60 COPD control patients without IPA. Patients in the case group were significantly more likely to have concurrent co-morbidities than controls. Of the IPA patients, 65.4% had worsening radiological findings vs. 11.4% in the control group (p<0.001). IPA in COPD was associated with a higher proportion of mechanical ventilation (43.3% vs. 5%; p<0.001), a longer hospital stay duration (45.8±39.1 days vs. 18.4±11.8 days; p<0.001), and higher mortality (43.3% vs. 11.4%; p<0.001). Systemic use of steroids in the stable phase, treatment with three or more antibiotics during hospitalization and antibiotic treatment longer than 10 days were independent risk factors associated with IPA. COPD patients with obvious dyspnoea, antibiotic-resistant lower respiratory tract infection and repeated detection of Aspergillus in sputum should be considered for the possibility of IPA.