基于经验模式分解的心音自动分段算法

与原始信号相比,心音包络能够更好地显示心音的特征.心音包络的提取是对心音进行时域分析的基础.本研究提出利用希尔伯特-黄变换提取心音包络的方法.首先利用黄变换提取心音信号的固有模态函数,然后利用希尔伯特变换提取心音包络.在希尔伯特.黄变换提取的心音包络基础上,对50例正常人心音样本进行了第一心音、第二心音识别,正确率达到了92%,为下一步的心音分析及诊断奠定了基础.     

一种新的HHT在心音包络提取中的应用

目的：心音包络比原始心音可以更好地显示心音的特征,是进行心音识别的基础。希尔伯特一黄变换（HHT）是一种提取心音包络的有效方法,它首先利用经验模态分解算法提取心音信号的固有模态函数,然后利用希尔伯特变换提取心音包络。常规的希尔波特一黄变换在分解过程中会引起端点效应和过冲等问题。方法：本文提出了一种基于改进型希尔伯特一黄变换的心音包络提取新方法。结果：该方法首先采用包络线性延拓法抑制端点飞翼问题,然后采用l一次贝塞尔分段插值算法替代原始经验模态分解算法中的三次样条插值算法减小分解过程中的误差。结论：仿真实验和实际采集的心音信号实验证明了该方法的有效性。     

心音信号分段规则的探讨

目的 如何有效提取心音信号的有效成分（第一心音S1、第二心音S2）是分析心音信号的关键。为提取心音信号的有效成分,必须明确心音信号的分段规则。方法 首先对目前心音研究领域中常用的两类心音分段方法进行分析和比较。根据现有文献资料,结合作者对实际采集的829例心音实例的研究,提取心音的各时域特征并进行统计分析,最后对心音信号分段规则进行了探讨。结果 心音信号的S1、S2及收缩期、舒张期等时域特征呈现一定规律性。结论 可按照上述时域特征对心音信号进行自动分段,并借助心音分段规则进行进一步识别和分析。     

基于功率谱密度相似性的最佳心音信号选择

心音采集过程中混入的干扰噪声影响着心音诊断,目前多通过手动方式选择干扰较少的信号段做后续分析。为从采集信号中筛选出干扰最少、稳定性最强的最佳心音信号,提出一种最佳心音信号的自动选择方法。对采集的25例正常和119例患先天性心脏病儿童的心音信号,基于离散小波变换与哈达玛积相结合定位心动周期。根据心动周期信号的周期稳定性及功率谱密度相似性计算质量因子,将质量因子最大的连续3个心动周期信号作为最佳心音信号。由心脏病专家通过音频回放对信号选择的成功率和有效性进行评估。结果表明,最佳心音信号自动选择的成功率为95.83%,选择成功信号均包含对应疾病的典型听诊特点。该方法选择性能良好且自动执行,为心音信号的全自动分析提供参考。     

基于数学形态学的心音信号识别方法

为实现对第一心音 (S1)和第二心音 (S2 )的自动识别提出了一种新方法。首先对原始心音信号进行预处理 ;然后利用数学形态学方法提取心音信号的包络 ;最后使用差分法并结合心音的医学知识对其进行识别。利用该方法对 80例心音信号进行了分析测试 ,结果显示对 S1与 S2识别的准确率达到了 86 % ,其中对于正常心音信号的识别准确率达到了 10 0 %。试验结果表明 ,文中提出的方法对 S1与 S2的识别准确率较高 ,为进一步的心音信号分析奠定了良好的基础。     

基于小波变换心音定位

目的：本介绍一种在心音图（PCG）中定位第一心音（S1）和第二心音（S2）的算法。方法：利用小波变换多分辨分析将PCG信号分解成不同的频带，然后按时间顺序分段计算频段的规一化香农能量，能量大于某一合适阈值的时刻作为S1和S2的候选点，结合心音的特点确定S1和S2。结果：在对2880个心动周期的运用中，正确定位率达到了96％以上。结论：小波变换多分辨分层后的分段算法能对S1和S2定位；如果不分段处理，求整体香农能量，那么也可确定心音和心脏杂音的频率范围。     

心音信号的预处理与包络提取算法研究

本文介绍了一种心音信号预处理新方法,利用小波变换对心音信号进行多层分解,对分解后的每层进行双参数阈值去噪,最后对阈值处理得到的层进行重构,以达到滤波的目的。对重构后的心音信号,分别采用了小波变换、希尔伯特-黄变换(HHT)、数学形态学、归一化平均香农能量等算法进行包络提取,对提取后的包络作了初步分析,并对每种算法提出改进方案。用以上方法对随机选取的30例原始心音数据进行预处理,得到了满意的结果。利用改进后的方法进行了包络提取,所提取的包络与原信号有很高的吻合度,不论是低频部分还是高频部分的信息均能很好地反映,原信号的更多信息得到了保留。     

基于数学形态学的心音包络提取与识别方法研究

心音包络比原始心音可以更好地显示心音的特征,是进行心音独立识别的基础.本文把数学形态学应用于心音包络的提取和识别的研究.首先利用形态学滤波和全波整流对原始心音进行预处理;然后利用形态学闭运算提取心音包络;最后应用形态学开运算来消除噪声包络.在数学形态学提取的心音包络基础上,对50例心音样本进行了第一心音、第二心音识别,全部20例正常心音的第一心音和第二心音被正确识别,27例包含心杂音的异常心音的第一心音、第二心音也被正确识别.为进一步的心音分析及心音诊断奠定了基础.     

心音信号识别研究方法进展

有效提取心音信号中的第1、2心音（S1和S2）是心音信号研究的关键点.本文介绍了心音信号识别的研究现状,通过比较谱分析、小波变换、神经网络以及数学形态学方法等几种心音研究方法,讨论了心音信号识别的研究重点和发展方向,为进一步的心音研究奠定基础.     

Progress on heart sound recognition methods

有效提取心音信号中的第1、2心音(S1和S2)是心音信号研究的关键点.本文介绍了心音信号识别的研究现状,通过比较谱分析、小波变换、神经网络以及数学形态学方法等几种心音研究方法,讨论了心音信号识别的研究重点和发展方向,为进一步的心音研究奠定基础.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.