Twenty-four hour blood pressure monitoring in healthy children

Blood pressure and heart rate were measured every 20 min during the day and every 30 min during the night in 105 children (51 girls and 54 boys, aged 6–10 years) with a portable automated blood pressure monitor using an oscillometric principle of measurement. The monitor was well accepted by most of the children and the rate of invalid measurements was only 13%. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure was 114±7/72±5 by day and 99±7/56±6 by night. The corresponding heart rates were 93±8 and 72±9 beats/min. No significant differences were found between boys and girls. At night, systolic blood pressure dropped by 13%±4%, the diastolic value by 22%±7% and heart rate fell by 22%±6%. Mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure measurements correlated positively with the subject's height, whereas no correlation was found with age.     

Lipid and lipoprotein profiles in children with familial hypercholesterolaemia: effects of therapy

In 71 children with familial hypercholesterolaemia the effect of dietary and/or medical treatment was evaluated. Initial total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels were significantly lower in children who were consecutively treated by diet (Step-One-Diet) than in those who received additional medication. By dietary treatment, the median total cholesterol level (236.5 mg/dl; range 210–510 mg/dl) was reduced by 7.4% and the median LDL-cholesterol level (162 mg/dl; range 126–423 mg/dl) by 9.9%. By dietary and medical therapy, the median total cholesterol level (330 mg/dl; range 270–424 mg/dl) was reduced by 29.7% and the median LDL-cholesterol level (263 mg/dl; 192–333 mg/dl) by 25.9%. High density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol and HDL 3 remained unchanged. HDL 2 showed a significant decrease of 15.6% up to 27 mg/dl (13–42 mg/dl) on medical treatment. Apolipoprotein A I levels did not change during therapy. Initial apolipoprotein B levels were significantly higher in children who were treated by diet and medication and were reduced by 28.9% by combined therapy. In 28 patients (39.4%) an excess of lipoprotein (a) was detected. Regarding the apolipoprotein E phenotype, 32.2% of the patients carried the risk gene ɛ4 in a hetero- or homozygous form. Conclusion Early dietary and/or medical treatment in hypercholesterolaemic children significantly ameliorates the lipoprotein status. The pretherapy lipoprotein status seems to prognosticate the effectiveness of therapy. Received: 16 April 1997 / Accepted in revised form: 27 May 1998     

RETMen2B-transgene Produces Sympathoadrenal Tumors But Does Not Prevent Intestinal Aganglionosis in gdnf−/− or gfrα-1−/− Mice

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B (MEN2B) syndrome is caused by a missense mutation in the RET gene, which replaces Met918 by Thr in the intracellular kinase domain of the protein. This single amino acid substitution transforms the receptor into a constitutively active monomeric kinase (RET^Men2B) and produces an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytomas, musculoskeletal anomalies, and mucosal ganglioneuromas. The ligand, GDNF, stimulates RET activity through a co-receptor, GFRα-1. In vitro studies have shown that the kinase and mitogenic properties of RET^Men2B are enhanced by GDNF/GFRα-1 stimulation. A relevant clinical question is whether ablation of either GDNF or GFRα-1 could alter penetrance or severity of the MEN2B syndrome. We report that ganglioneuromatous tumors caused by a RET^Men2B transgene in mice are not affected grossly or microscopically by the absence of gdnf or gfrα-1. Loss-of-function mutations in ret, gdnf, or gfrα-1 cause pan-intestinal aganglionosis in mice. We find that expression of the RET^Men2B transgene in enteric neural progenitors, after they colonize the gut, does not prevent intestinal aganglionosis associated with gdnf or gfrα-1 deficiency. Received November 9, 2000; accepted January 9, 2001.     

Pathogenesis of diarrhea due to escherichia coli

E. coli may produce diarrhea by producing enterotoxins, by invasion of the gut, or by adherence. Their presence in the stools by itself does not establish a cause and effect relationship. To be pathogenic they must be able to colonise the gut. It is possible thatE. coli may also produce diarrhea by hitherto unknown mechanisms.     

Leukocyte‐reduction to prevent transfusion‐transmitted cytomegalovirus infections

Abstract: Certain infectious organisms, including cytomegalovirus, are associated 'exclusively' with blood leukocytes (WBC), and their transmission by transfusion is strikingly diminished by marked WBC‐reduction of cellular blood components. Based on several reports of WBC‐reduction, it is clear that the risk of CMV is nearly eliminated by consistently removing WBC to a level < 1–5 × 10⁶ WBCs/unit (≤ 1 × 10⁶ preferred in Europe; ≤ 5 × 10⁶ in the United States). Alternatively, the rate of CMV infections is reduced by transfusing blood components collected from donors negative for CMV antibody. However, neither technique is perfect, with a failure rate of 1–4%. Although WBC‐reduction is favored by many experts, practitioners must choose the method that they believe to be most efficacious – being mindful that data do not exist to establish additive protection by combining WBC‐reduction and transfusion of blood components collected from antibody negative donors.     

Time trends of the prevalence of asthma and allergic disease in Austrian children

After a substantial increase in the prevalence of atopic disease in Europe, recent studies indicate that a plateau has been reached. However, variation across countries and age groups exists. We studied the prevalence and time trends of asthma and allergic disease among schoolchildren in Austria, a country with traditionally low rates of asthma, hay fever, and eczema. As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), symptoms and physician diagnoses of asthma and allergic disease of 13,399 Austrian children aged 6–7 yr and 1516 children aged 12–14 yr were surveyed between 1995 and 1997. A similar survey was conducted between 2001 and 2003. Among children aged 6–7 yr, significant increases were seen in the prevalence of physician-diagnosed asthma (+16%; p = 0.013), hay fever (+22%; p < 0.001), and eczema (+37%; p < 0.001) between 1995 and 2003. These changes were paralleled by an increase in the prevalence of symptoms typical for hay fever (itchy eyes and runny nose), but not by an increase in wheeze. Among children aged 12–14 yr, the lifetime prevalence of diagnosed asthma increased by 32%, of hay fever by 19%, and of eczema by 28% (all, p < 0.001). These changes were paralleled by increases in the prevalence of wheezing as documented by both questions before and after a video showing wheezing children but not by symptoms typical for hay fever such as itchy eyes and runny nose. In conclusion, in Austria, contrary to other European countries, the prevalence of asthma and allergic disease increased among schoolchildren. Additional studies are needed to continue monitoring the dynamics of the prevalence of asthma and allergic disease in Austria and to explore trends in their risk factors.     

Effect of passive smoking on growth and infection rates of breast-fed and non-breast-fed infants

Background:  The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of passive tobacco smoking on growth and infection rate of infants, and to evaluate whether breast-feeding might be protective against harmful effects of cigarette smoke.
Methods:  A cross-sectional study on 254 6–7-month-old infants was carried out. A questionnaire was given to mothers; and infants' head circumference, bodyweight, height, and urinary cotinine levels were measured.
Results:  Multivariate analysis of factors influencing lower respiratory tract infections showed that smoking mothers increased the rate by 9.1-fold; breast-feeding decreased it by 3.3-fold; formula feeding at birth increased it by a factor of 15.2; another smoker at home increased it by a factor of 40.1. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing upper respiratory tract infections showed that smoking mothers increased the rate by a factor of 23; early formula feeding increased it by a factor of 62; breast-feeding decreased it by a factor of 5; smoking fathers increased it by a factor of 15. Multivariate analysis of factors influencing otitis media found that smoking mothers and fathers increased it by a factor of 9.4 and 6.15, respectively, and breast-feeding decreased it by a factor of 5.4.
Conclusion:  Tobacco smoke exposure of infants has negative consequences on growth, otitis media, and upper and lower respiratory tract infections. Breast-feeding promoted the growth of infants who were passively exposed to tobacco smoke and protected them against infections. Smoking should not be permitted in households with infants. When this is impossible, breast-feeding should be promoted to protect the infants against the health hazards of passive smoking.     

Nutritional training in a humanitarian context: Evidence from a cluster randomized trial

Behavioural change communication interventions have been shown to be effective at improving infant and young child nutrition knowledge and practices. However, evidence in humanitarian response contexts is scarce. Using data on secondary outcomes of breastfeeding, water treatment, and knowledge from a cluster randomized control trial of the Yemen Cash for Nutrition programme's impact on child nutritional status, this paper shows that the programme significantly improved knowledge and practices for poor women with young children in the pilot districts. The intervention consisted of cash transfers and monthly group nutrition education sessions led by locally recruited community health volunteers. Data are based on self‐reports by participants. Estimating impacts among all 1,945 women in 190 clusters randomly assigned to treatment versus control and controlling for baseline levels and community characteristic and adjusting for noncompliance with randomization, the programme increased the probability of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour after delivery by 15.6% points (p < .05; control = 74.4% and treatment = 83.6%), the probability of exclusive breastfeeding during the first 6 months by 14.4% points (control = 13.5% and treatment = 25.3%), the probability of households treating water consumed by adults by 16.7% points (p < .01; control = 13.9% and treatment = 23.4%), and treating water consumed by children under two by 10.3% points (p < .10; control = 31.2% and treatment = 37.9%). Impacts on knowledge and breastfeeding are similar for both literate and illiterate women, and water treatment impacts are significantly larger for literate women. This study was registered at 3ie (RIDIE‐STUDY‐ID‐5b4eff881b29a) and funded by the Nordic Trust Fund and Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research programme on Policies, Institutions, and Markets.     

Normal Mitral and Aortic Valve Areas Assessed by Three- and Two-Dimensional Echocardiography in 168 Children and Young Adults

Our purpose was to investigate the effects of body size on the sizes of mitral (MV) and aortic valve (AV) areas by three-dimensional (3-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) echocardiography and to create the normal values for 3-D echocardiography. A total of 168 healthy subjects aged 2–27 years were studied by digitized 3-DE, 2-DE, and Doppler echocardiography. 3-D echocardiography was performed by using rotational acquisition of planes at 18° intervals from a parasternal view with electrocardiogram gating and without respiratory gating. The annular levels of MV and AV were identified from short-axis cut planes and their areas were measured by planimetry. The diameters of mitral annulus, left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT), and aortic annulus were measured by 2-DE from the apical and parasternal long-axis views. Flow indices were measured by Doppler from MV inflow and the flow in LVOT and in the ascending aorta. Both MV and AV annular areas increased linearly in relation to body size. In the total study group the estimated areas for MV were 5.2 ± 0.9 cm²/m²by 3-DE, 3.7 ± 0.5 cm²/m² by 2-DE, and 2.0 ± 0.4 cm²/m² by continuity equation. The respective values for AV were 2.7 ± 0.5, 2.1 ± 0.3, and 1.8 ± 0.4 cm²/m². MV velocity time integral (VTI)/ascending aorta VTI increased from 0.80 (0.26) to 0.95 (0.23) with increased body surface area (BSA), whereas MV VTI / LVOT VTI was 1.2 (0.2) in all BSA groups. MV and AV annulus areas increase linearly in relation to body size. 3-DE gives greater estimates for the areas than 2-DE and Doppler equation methods. The data obtained from 168 healthy subjects may serve as a reference for clinical use in patients with various cardiac abnormalities.     

Validity and Reliability Determination of Denver Developmental Screening Test-II in 0-6 Year–Olds in Tehran

Objective

This research was designed to identify the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Denver Developmental Screening Test II (DDST-II) in Iranian children, in order to provide an appropriate developmental screening tool for Iranian child health workers.

Methods

At first a precise translation of test was done by three specialists in English literature and then it was revised by three pediatricians familiar with developmental domains. Then, DDST-II was performed on 221 children ranging from 0 to 6 years, in four Child Health Clinics, in north, south, east and west regions of Tehran city. In order to determine the agreement coefficient, these children were also evaluated by ASQ test. Because ASQ is designed to use for 4–60 month- old children, children who were out of this rang were evaluated by developmental pediatricians. Available sampling was used. Obtained data was analyzed by SPSS software.

Findings

Developmental disorders were observed in 34% of children who were examined by DDST-II, and in 12% of children who were examined by ASQ test. The estimated consistency coefficient between DDST-II and ASQ was 0.21, which is weak, and between DDST-II and the physicians’ examination was 0.44. The content validity of DDST-II was verified by reviewing books and journals, and by specialists’ opinions. All of the questions in DDST-II had appropriate content validity, and there was no need to change them. Test-retest and Inter-rater methods were used in order to determine reliability of the test, by Cronbach''s α and Kauder-Richardson coefficients. Kauder-Richardson coefficient for different developmental domains was between 61% and 74%, which is good. Cronbach''s α coefficient and Kappa measure of agreement for test-retest were 92% and 87% and for Inter-rater 90% and 76%, respectively.

Conclusion

This research showed that Persian version of DDST-II has a good validity and reliability, and can be used as a screening tool for developmental screening of children in Tehran city.     

支气管镜与多层螺旋CT在婴儿先天性呼吸系统发育异常中诊断价值的比较

目的 比较支气管镜与多层螺旋CT在婴儿先天性呼吸系统发育异常中的诊断价值。方法 对行支气管镜或/和多层螺旋CT检查,诊断为先天性呼吸系统发育异常的319例患儿(年龄≤1岁)的临床资料、支气管镜结果、CT检查结果等进行分析。结果 319例患儿中,先天性呼吸系统发育异常476例次,包括原发性呼吸系统发育异常392例次和外压性呼吸系统发育异常84例次。392例次原发性呼吸系统发育异常中,支气管镜确诊225例次(57.4%),高于多层螺旋CT(167例次,42.6%)。支气管镜与多层螺旋CT诊断先天性呼吸系统发育异常的病因构成差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。气管支气管软化致原发性呼吸系统发育异常76例次,均通过支气管镜检查确诊。肺组织发育异常致原发性呼吸系统发育异常17例次,均通过多层螺旋CT确诊。外压性呼吸系统异常84例中,多层螺旋CT确诊74例次,支气管镜确诊仅10例次。结论 支气管镜检查较多层螺旋CT更易直观发现原发性呼吸系统发育异常,且对气管支气管软化有确诊价值。多层螺旋CT对肺组织发育异常的诊断价值高于支气管镜。     

同源盒基因A13转染对肾小管上皮细胞间充质转化和骨形成蛋白7表达的影响

目的探讨转染同源盒基因A13(HOXA13)对人血清白蛋白(HSA)诱导的人肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)间充质转化(EMT)和骨形成蛋白7(BMP-7)表达的影响。方法体外培养的HKC细胞株经人血清白蛋白(20 mg/m L)作用48 h后,采用免疫印迹法检测HKC细胞角蛋白(CK)、波形蛋白(vimentin)和HOXA13蛋白的表达。应用脂质体转染技术上调HKC细胞HOXA13表达,观察HOXA13不同表达水平对人血清白蛋白超载诱导CK、vimentin、BMP-7表达改变的影响。结果 20 mg/m L HSA刺激HKC细胞48 h后,HKC细胞出现EMT样改变:CK表达下降(P0.01)、vimentin表达增高(P0.01);HSA超载同时使HKC细胞内HOXA13、BMP-7表达下降。HOXA13转染上调HKC细胞内HOXA13表达后,显著抑制了HSA超载诱导的EMT发生(P0.05)和BMP-7表达的下降(P0.05)。结论转染HOXA13可拮抗白蛋白超载诱导HKC细胞发生EMT的作用,这种作用可能与HOXA13上调BMP-7表达有关。     

Relationship of nutritional status with tuberculin sensitivity

Objective  To estimate the prevalence of under- nutrition among school children and to find out the relationship between nutritional status and tuberculin sensitivity. Methods  A cross sectional study was carried out among 3335 children between 5–8 years of age attending 60 schools in Bangalore city selected by stratified random sampling. The nutritional anthropometric indices were calculated using reference median as recommended by World Health Organization, classified according to standard deviation units termed as Z-scores. The nutritional status of the children was assessed by Weight for age, Height for age and Bio-mass-index (BMI). Results  Depending upon the method for classifying nutritional status, the prevalence of under-nutrition (including mild and severe under-nutrition) varied between 14.9–29.8%. The prevalence of severe under-nutrition varied from 2.9–6.7%. The frequency distributions of reaction sizes were found to be similar among children classified by nutritional status. The differences in proportions of significant reactions (=10mm) and mean tuberculin reaction sizes between children classified by nutritional status were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion  Tuberculin sensitivity was not influenced by nutritional status among apparently healthy school children.     

A flow cytometric method for measurement of hydrogen peroxide generation by pediatric polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli

The generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), one of the reactive oxygen species, by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) stimulated by Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was studied in infants by cytofluorography. After heparhized whole blood was incubated with bacteria for 60 min, generated H₂O₂ was measured. The positive rate of H₂O₂ generation of PMN and mean fluorescent intensity of positive PMN stimulated by S. aureus and E. coli were significantly reduced in infants aged < 1 year and H₂O₂ generation increased with advancing age. In 10–15 year old children, the level of generated H₂O₂ reached adult levels. When sera from 1 year old children were added to separated PMN from healthy adults, H₂O₂ generation was reduced. In contrast, H₂O₂ generation by PMN from 1 year old children was increased by the addition of adult sera. These results suggest that the ability to generate H₂O₂ in response to S. aureus and E. coli is lower in infants and that such reduced activity may be related to the susceptibility of such infants to S. aureus and E. coli infections.     

Experience with Kangaroo mother care in a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) in Chandigarh, India

Objective  To study the feasibility and acceptability of Kangaroo mother care (KMC) on the low birth weight infants (LBWI) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) by the mothers, family members and health care workers (HCW) and to observe its effect on the vital parameters of the babies. Method  A observation in the NICU. Results  A total of 135 babies (74 boys and 61 girls) who completed minimum of 4 hrs of KMC/day, were included. The mean birth weight and gestation were 1460gm and 30 week respectively. 47% babies started KMC within first week of age. Mean duration of KMC was 7 days (3–48) days. The O₂ saturation improved by 2–3%, temperature (°C) rose from 36.75 ± 0.19 to 37.23 ± 0.25, respiration stabilized (p<0.05 for all) and heart rate dropped by 3–5 beats. No episodes of hypothermia or apnea were observed during KMC. KMC was accepted by 96 % mothers, 82% fathers and 84% other family members. 94% HCW considered it to be safe and conservative method of care of LBWI. Benefits of KMC on the babies’ behavior and on maternal confidence and lactation were reported by 57%, 94% and 80% respectively. A decline in use of heating devices in the NICU was reported by 85% and 79% said it did not increase their work load. Conclusion  KMC was found to be safe, effective and feasible method of care of LBWI even in the NICU settings. Positive attitudes were observed in mothers, families and HCW.     

Phenylbrenztraubensäure und o-Hydroxyphenylessigsäure im Harn diätetisch behandelter Phenylketonuriker

Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wurde die Ausscheidung von Phenylberenz-traubensäure und o-Hydroxyphenylessigsäure im Harn diätetisch behandelter und unbehandelter Phenylketonuriker untersucht. Bei mit phenylalaninarmer Kost behandelten Phenylketonurikern verschwindet innerhalb von 7–10 Tagen Phenylbrenztraubensäure aus dem Harn. Die o-Hydroxyphenylessigsäureausscheidung hält mit leicht erhöhten Werten etwas länger an.Bei Nichteinhaltung der Diät oder bei Streßsituationen (Infektionen) kommt es im Harn der Phenylketonuriker zu erhöhter Ausscheidung von o-Hydroxyphenylessigsäure, erst bei längerdauernden oder schwereren Zuständen werden im Harn die Reaktionen auf Phenylberztraubensäure positiv.

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Phenylpyruvate and o-hydroxyphenylacetate in the urine of phenylketonurics treated by dietary measures

The elimination of phenylpyruvate and o-hydroxyphenylacetate with the urine was studies in phenylketonurics treated and non-treated by dietary measures (phenylalaninepoor diet). In treated children the level of phenylalanine in the serum was also followed.Phenylpyruvate was determined by the hydrazone method; the individual hydrazones of alpha-keto acids were separated either by paper chromatography or by thin layer chromatography in order to shorten the separation time. o-Hydroxyphenylacetate was estimated after extraction from urines by two-dimensional paper chromatography.In treated phenylketonurics phenylpyruvate disappeared from the urine within 7 to 10 days, whereas o-hydroxyphenylacetate persisted on slightly elevated levels for a more prolonged period. When dietary measures were not maintained, or under stress conditions (infections) an enhanced elimination of o-hydroxyphenyl-acetate with the urine was observed. Only in longlasting cases or under severe conditions were positive reactions for phenylpyruvate obtained in the urine.

     

Food insecurity reported by children,but not by mothers,is associated with lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed

Household food security shows little indication of nutrient inadequacy among children, according to reports made by parents. We examined the associations of food insecurity as reported by children and mothers with children's consumption of energy, macronutrients such as vitamin A, calcium, iron and zinc, and selected foods, and whether these associations differed by child's gender. This cross‐sectional study had non‐probabilistic 128 Venezuelan mother–child pairs. We assessed food insecurity and management strategies in children using 10‐ and nine‐item instruments, respectively. Mothers' report of food insecurity came from a previously validated 12‐item instrument. Nutrient intake of children was assessed with a 67‐item food frequency questionnaire. Comparisons were made using chi‐square test for contingency tables and t‐tests for trends (P < 0.05). Linear regression models were used for intakes of nutrients and selected foods. We tested for interactions with gender. Prevalence of child‐ and mother‐reported food insecurity was 83.6 and 61.7%, respectively (P < 0.01). Greater food insecurity or management strategies reported by boys was associated with lower calcium, iron and zinc intake (P < 0.05), but reported intakes were low in girls who are even food secure. Rice and corn flour consumption was higher with higher food insecurity in children. Papaya and banana were less consumed by food‐insecure children. We found shifts in 13 of 67 foods consumed, with less quality in those food insecure, as reported by children. Mother‐reported food insecurity was associated only with rice intake of children. In contrast to mothers' reports, food insecurity reported by children was associated with children's lower quality of diet and shifts in foods consumed.     

Infection by Streptococcus pneumoniae in children with or without radiologically confirmed pneumonia

Objective

Community-acquired pneumonia is an important cause of morbidity in childhood, but the detection of its causative agent remains a diagnostic challenge. The authors aimed to evaluate the role of the chest radiograph to identify cases of community-aquired pneumonia caused by typical bacteria.

Growth hormone treatment increases CO2 response, ventilation and central inspiratory drive in children with Prader-Willi syndrome

We studied whether the beneficial effects of growth hormone (GH) treatment on growth and body composition in PWS are accompanied by an improvement in respiratory function. We measured resting ventilation, airway occlusion pressure (P_0.1) and ventilatory response to CO₂ in nine children, aged 7–14 years, before and 6–9 months after the start of GH treatment. During GH treatment, resting ventilation increased by 26%, P_0.1 by 72% and the response to CO₂ by 65% (P < 0.002, <0.04 and <0.02, respectively). This observed increase in ventilatory output was not correlated to changes in body mass index. Conclusion Treatment of children with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) seems to have a stimulatory effect on central respiratory structures. The observed increase in ventilation and inspiratory drive may contribute to the improved activity level reported by parents of PWS children during growth hormone therapy. Received: 28 April 1998 / Accepted: 6 April 1999     

Value of serum cystatin C in estimating renal function in children with non‐renal solid organ transplantation

Children with non‐renal solid organ transplants are surviving longer, but outcome is complicated by CKD. Accurate and frequent renal function monitoring is imperative to recognize and institute measures early to reverse, prevent, or arrest progression. This study of 59 children determined the accuracy (P30), bias, sensitivity and specificity between measured renal function by NM‐GFR, and estimated GFR by three formulas: Filler (serum cystatin C), mSchwartz (serum creatinine), and CKiD (serum cystatin C, creatinine, urea, and height). Mean GFR by all formulas differed significantly from NM‐GFR. Filler and mSchwartz formulas significantly increased the proportion of patients with GFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m² (CKD stage 1) while decreasing those with GFR 60–89 mL/min/1.73 m² (CKD stage 2). All formulas overestimated GFR. CKiD showed the highest P30 and lowest bias (79.7%; 6.9 mL/min/1.73 m²) followed by Filler (67.7%; 19.9 mL/min/1.73 m²) and Schwartz (57.6%; 26.8 mL/min/1.73 m²) for all GFR values. All formulas performed best with GFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m², but CKiD was the only formula to achieve 91.1% accuracy. All formulas showed high sensitivities, but low specificities at NM‐GFR cutoff at 90. Thus, GFR estimated by CKiD followed by Filler formula is an adequate method to monitor renal function closely and frequently in these children.