Early repolarization is associated with atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmias in patients with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention

Background

Recent studies found that early repolarization (ER) is significantly more common in survivors of aborted sudden cardiac death. We hypothesized that ER might be more common in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) who have complications of atrial and ventricular arrhythmias.

Methods

This study included 266 patients with acute STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Twelve-lead electrocardiograms were analyzed for ER, defined as J-point elevation ≥ 0.1 mV and “notching” and “slurring” of the terminal part of the QRS complex in at least 2 lateral or inferior leads. Acute and late atrial and ventricular arrhythmic events were evaluated.

Results

The ER pattern was observed in 76 patients (28.6%). Atrial arrhythmia [21/76 (27.6%) vs. 22/190 (11.6%), p = 0.001] and ventricular arrhythmia [16/76 (21.1%) vs. 16/190 (8.4%), p = 0.004] were more frequently complicated in patients with ER than those without during hospitalization. ER was a significant independent predictor of developing atrial (HR = 2.682, 95% CI = 1.355–5.310, p = 0.005) and ventricular arrhythmia (HR = 2.936, 95% CI = 1.360–6.335, p = 0.006). Three patients with ER and ventricular fibrillation expired during hospitalization [3.9% (3/76) vs. 0% (0/190), p = 0.023]. However, the presence of ER did not affect the late recurrence of atrial and ventricular arrhythmia.

Conclusions

The ER pattern is commonly observed in patients with STEMI and associated with atrial and ventricular tachyarrhythmia during acute setting.     

Primary coronary angioplasty in patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction and diabetes

BACKGROUND: Subjects with diabetes constitute 13-25% of patients with ST segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). In spite of the introduction of thrombolytic therapy, patients with STEMI and diabetes continue to have worse prognosis than those without diabetes. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has been shown in recent years to be the most effective therapy in patients with STEMI. AIM: To compare the outcome of STEMI patients with or without diabetes who underwent primary PCI. METHODS: The study group consisted of 500 consecutive patients with STEMI. The occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) which included death, reinfarction or repeated PCI of the target vessel, was analysed peri-operatively and during a six-month follow-up period.Results. Diabetes was diagnosed in 68 (13.6%) patients. The mean time duration from the onset of STEMI symptoms to treatment was similar in patients with or without diabetes (230+/-97 min vs 231+/-139 min, NS). Patients with diabetes were older (61.9+/-8.9 vs 57.9+/-10.8 years, p=0.004), had higher body mass index (29+/-4 vs 27+/-5, p=0.002), more frequent history of coronary artery disease (57.4% vs 37.9%, p=0.002), higher prevalence of arterial hypertension (71.6% vs 56.8%, p=0.02) and more frequently the left anterior descending artery as the infarct-related artery (58.8% vs 42.1%, p=0.01). Immediately after PCI, epicardial and myocardial reperfusion rates were lower in patients with rather than without diabetes (TIMI 3: 84.9% vs 91.3%, p=NS, cTFC: 32+/-26 vs 22+/-16, p<0.0001, and MPG3: 25% vs 41.9% p=0.008). Diabetes increased the risk of MACE during in-hospital period by 2.7 times. The rate of MACE during a six-month follow-up period was almost two times higher in patients with rather than without diabetes (death: 8.8% vs 5.1%, reinfarction: 1.5% vs 1.2%, repeated PCI: 11.8% vs 6.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Primary PCI-achieved epicardial and myocardial reperfusion rate is lower in STEMI patients with rather than without diabetes. The presence of diabetes almost doubles the risk of MACE during a six-month follow-up.     

Non-revascularisation of acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation

National therapeutic strategies in acute coronary syndromes (ACS) required revaluation, especially with regards to reperfusion. RICO is an observatory of ACS in the C?te d'Or district. Between January 1st 2001 and April 31st 2003, the cases of 706 patients with ACS and persistent ST elevation or appearances of left bundle branch block eligible for revascularisation (admitted < 12 hours after onset of symptoms and no contra-indications to thrombolysis), were reviewed. The number of revascularised patients was 488 (69%) and 218 (31%) were not revascularised. Thrombolysis was the most commonly used method of revascularisation (66%) in this district: 34% underwent primary angioplasty. Multivariate analysis showed only three independent predictive factors of non-reperfusion during the acute phase. They were: age (> or = 75 years) (p < 0.001), left bundle branch block (p = 0.002) and hospital admission > or = 6 hours after onset of symptoms (p < 0.001). These results confirm the utility of developing networks to improve the efficacy of management and reduce the delay before hospital admission. They also identify specific population groups, the elderly for example, who require specific therapeutic strategies for coronary revascularisation in ACS.     

Platelet glycoprotein IIIA PIA2 polymorphism is associated with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction in young Mexican population

Platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb/IIIa plays an important role in adhesion and platelet aggregation. Polymorphisms of genes in platelet activation and fibrinolysis have been associated with myocardial infarction (MI), however this has not been confirmed by others, and results are still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency distribution and association of polymorphism in the platelet glycoprotein GPIIIa PLA/A2 and the possible interaction with the 4G/5G in the plasminogen activator inhibitor genes with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEAMI) in young Mexican subjects. A total of 254 unrelated patients with first STEAMI ≤45 years of age, who were admitted to a cardiovascular intense care unit and 254 healthy controls matched by age and gender were recruited from January 2006 and May 2011. The PIA1/A2 and 4G/5G polymorphism were determined in all participants by a PCR restriction based restriction endonuclease digestion. There was a difference in the PIA2 allele distribution between both groups (P = 0.001). Also, we found an increased percent of 4G allele in the group of patients compared to control group (P = 0.001). There was an increased risk for STEAMI in carries with the allele PIA2 and 4G (OR = 4.3, CI 95 % 1.7–6.5). The modifiable risk factors such: smoking, hypertension, family history of cardiovascular disease, and dyslipidemia were associated with myocardial infarction. This is the first study to evaluate the role of gene polymorphism in both the thrombotic and fibrinolytic pathways in young Mexican individuals with STEAMI and suggest a synergistic effect between PIA2 and 4G allele.     

不同冠状动脉重建术治疗非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死的效果

目的比较经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)和冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)治疗非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(NSTEAMI)的临床效果。方法98例NSTEAMI患者入院后行PCI和CABG治疗,进行12个月的随访,比较两组患者的一般临床资料、冠状动脉造影血管病变情况及心源性病死率、再发心绞痛以及再入院率和再次血运重建术率。结果CABG组三支和完全闭塞冠状动脉病变例数明显高于PCI组(87.23%vs.47.06%,87.23%vs.23.53%,P<0.05),随访12个月两组患者在心源性病死率、合并心律失常和再次血管重建术发生率(P>0.05)差异无统计学意义。而在心绞痛复发和再次住院率经皮冠状动脉成形术组高于CABG组(21.57%vs.6.38%,23.52%vs.6.38%,P<0.05)。结论对NSTEAMI患者入院后行PCI与CABG治疗是安全的血运重建的重要手段,应根据患者的具体情况采用合理的血运重建方式,以达到最佳重建冠状动脉血流的结果,改善患者的预后。     

The declining prevalence of ST elevation myocardial infarction in patients presenting with acute coronary syndromes

The management of patients with acute coronary syndromes may be about to undergo a dramatic change.     

Mean platelet volume is associated with culprit lesion severity and cardiac events in acute coronary syndromes without ST elevation

We investigated the association of mean platelet volume (MPV) with culprit lesion severity and major cardiac outcomes (MCOs) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with non-ST elevation (NSTE). This study included 344 patients with NSTE-ACS who had significant coronary stenosis at least 50%. They were divided into high MPV group (n = 109, upper tertile >9.9 fl) and low MPV group (n = 235, lower and mid tertile ≤ 9.9 fl) according to MPV values on admission. They were followed up for MCOs during 12 months. MCO consisted of the composite end-point of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI), recurrent angina or hospitalization. High MPV was independently associated with NSTE-MI [odds ratio (OR) 4.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.52-7.15, P = 0.001] and severe culprit stenosis (≥ 80%) (OR 4.05, 95% CI 2.39-6.83, P = 0.001). MPV of 9.9 fl was predictive of severe culprit stenosis with a sensitivity of 73% and specificity of 77% (P < 0.001). At 12 months, MCO rate was higher in high MPV group than low MPV group (39 vs. 26%; P = 0.016). This difference resulted from death (6.4 vs. 2.1; P = 0.06) and recurrent angina (16.5 vs. 8.9%; P = 0.045). The MCO-free survival was worse in patients with high MPV than those with low MPV (61 vs. 74%; P = 0.01). In Cox regression analysis, high MPV remained an independent predictor of MCO (hazard ratio 1.52, 95% CI 1.01-2.29, P = 0.04) after adjusting for baseline characteristics. Elevated MPV was independently associated with NSTE-MI presentation and severity of culprit stenosis in NSTE-ACS patients. Moreover, MPV greater than 9.9 fl was predictive of a 12-month MCO.     

SYNTAX评分预测急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死介入后无复流

目的：评价急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（ST segment elevation myocardial infarction,STEMI）患者诊断性冠状动脉造影获得的SYNTAX评分,与经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI）后无复流现象的相关性。方法：入选在发病后12h内行PCI治疗的397例STEMI患者,进行回顾性分析。根据单纯冠状动脉病变心脏外科与介入治疗狭窄冠状动脉研究（Synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with TAXUS and cardiac surgery,SYNTAX）评分的中位数,将患者分为高分组和低分组。将冠状动脉造影结果作为无复流的判断标准。采用多元Logistic回归分析,评价SYNTAX评分与急诊PCI后无复流现象的的相关性。结果：PCI术后发生无复流现象的患者共79例（19.9%）,其中SYNTAX评分高分组无复流发生率显著高于低分组。多元Logistic回归分析显示,年龄≥55岁（OR=2.46,95%CI=1.72～3.41;P〈0.001）、入院前服用β阻滞剂（OR=0.62,95%CI=0.41～0.92;P=0.021）、术前Killip分级（4级,OR=3.78,95%CI=2.14～6.48;P〈0.001）、再灌注时间（≥2h,OR=1.37,95%CI=1.02～1.79;P=0.036）、及SYNTAX评分≥15.75（OR=1.16,95%CI=1.01～2.45;P〈0.001）是直接PCI术无复流现象的独立预测因素。结论：STEMI患者急诊PCI前通过冠状动脉造影获得的SYNTAX评分对于预测STEMI患者PCI后无复流现象并进行危险分层具有一定参考价值。     

Serum tryptase levels in acute coronary syndromes with ST elevation

A patient with severe coronary disease, who underwent inguinal hernia repair, suffered a cardiovascular collapse after anaesthetic induction and died. He had Kounis syndrome, which is the concurrence of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) with conditions associated with mast cell activation. We measured the serum tryptase level in this patient and in a group of ten other patients admitted to hospital with the diagnosis of ACS with ST elevation in order to determine the origin of these events.     

T wave inversions in leads with ST elevations in patients with acute anterior ST elevation myocardial infarction is associated with patency of the infarct related artery

Objectives

Following reperfusion therapy, early T wave inversions (TWI) have been shown to be a marker of successful reperfusion. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of TWI on the presenting ECG with spontaneous reperfusion as assessed by coronary angiography in patients with ST elevation (STE) myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods

Data of 146 consecutive patients presenting to the St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital Emergency Department with acute STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (p-PCI) between January, 2007 and October, 2010 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical data, ECG and angiographic data were reviewed. Patients were dichotomized based on T wave morphology on the presenting ECG into 2 groups – those with TWI and those with positive T waves (PTW).

Results

Thirty-one patients (21.2%) had TWI, while 115 (78.8%) had PTW. Sixty-four (43.8%) patients had anterior STE and 75 (51.3%) had inferior STE. Anterior STE was more likely to have TWI than non-anterior (29.7% vs. 14.6; p = 0.014). By angiography, infarct related artery (IRA) patency (TIMI 2–3 flow) was seen in 45 (30.8%). TWI was more likely to be associated with IRA patency compared to PTW (51.6% vs. 25.2%; p = 0.008). In patients with anterior STEMI and TWI, patent IRA was seen more frequently compared to those with PTW (68.4% vs. 20%; p < 0.001). There was no association of T wave morphology and TIMI flow in patients with non-anterior STEMI. Patients presenting with stuttering symptoms were more likely to have TWI (70.4% vs. 10.2%; p < 0.001) suggesting recurrent episodes of reperfusion and ischemia.

Conclusions

In anterior STEMI patients, TWI on the presenting ECG is associated with spontaneous reperfusion. This relationship was not found among patients with non-anterior STEMI.     

急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后中性粒细胞升高与预后的相关性

目的 探讨经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后中性粒细胞水平与急性ST段抬高心肌梗死(STEMI)患者近、远期预后的关系.方法 连续人选发病12 h内接受成功PCI的初发急性STEMI患者226例.PCI术前及术后2 h分别记录18导联心电图,PCI后12 h内进行中性粒细胞计数检测.采用logistic回归评价PCI后中性粒细胞水平与患者心电图ST段回落以及30 d和2年内发生心脏不良事件的关系.采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线分析不同中性粒细胞水平的患者30 d和2年生存率的不同.结果 所有患者PCI后的中性粒细胞计数在(2.83～18.74)×109/L,25百分位数、中位数及75百分位数分别为5.66×109/L、7.38×109/L和9.34×109/L.校正其他影响因素后,PCI后中性粒细胞计数每升高1×109/L,急性STEMI患者PCI后心电图ST段未回落的风险增加2.28倍(OR:2.28,P=0.009),30 d内发生心力衰竭(OR:1.16,P=0.035)和死亡(OR:1.63,P=0.010)的风险分别增加1.16和1.63倍,2年内发生心力衰竭(OR:1.20,P=0.007)和死亡(OR:1.29,P=0.003)的风险分别增加1.20和1.29倍,而发生非致死性再次心肌梗死的风险无明显改变.PCI后中性粒细胞计数≥9.34×109/L的患者30 d累积生存率(89.1%比99.1%比98.2%,P=0.010)和2年累积生存率(82.4%比96.1%比96.3%,P=0.003)明显低于(5.66～9.33)×109/L以及＜5.66×109/L的患者.结论 PCI后中性粒细胞升高是初发急性STEMI患者成功PCI后近期和远期发生死亡和心力衰竭的独立预测因子.     

Prehospital identification of acute coronary syndrome/myocardial infarction in relation to ST elevation

AIM: To evaluate factors that identify patients with an acute coronary syndrome/myocardial infarction prior to hospital admission among patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome who were transported by ambulance with and without ST elevation on the ambulance electrocardiogram (ECG). METHODS: This was a prospective observational study in the part of Stockholm that is served by South Hospital ambulance organisation and the Municipality of Goteborg. All the patients who called for an ambulance due to acute chest pain or other symptoms raising the suspicion of an acute coronary syndrome took part. Immediately after the arrival of the ambulance, a blood sample was drawn for the analysis of serum myoglobin, creatine kinase (CK) MB and troponin I. A 12-lead ECG was simultaneously recorded. Further factors that were taken into consideration were age, gender, history of cardiovascular disease, symptoms and clinical findings. RESULTS: In patients with ST elevation in prehospital ECG, the likelihood of an acute myocardial infarction increased if there were simultaneous ST depression in other leads (OR 3.94, 95% CL 1.26-12.38). For patients without an ST elevation, the likelihood of an acute myocardial infarction increased if there were: elevation of any biochemical marker OR 2.96, 95% CL 1.32-6.64; ST depression (OR 2.54, 95% CL 1.43-4.51), T-inversion (OR 2.22, 95% CL 1.10-4.48), male gender (OR 2.21, 95% CL 1.24-3.93) and increasing age (OR 1.04, 95% CL 1.01-1.06). CONCLUSION: Among patients with a suspected acute coronary syndrome, factors that increased the likelihood for an ongoing acute myocardial infarction could already be defined prior to hospital admission. For those with an ST elevation, factors were found in ECG pattern. For those without an ST elevation, such factors were found in elevation of biochemical markers, admission ECG, male gender and increasing age.     

ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死的再灌注治疗

ST段抬高性急性心肌梗死(STEMI)的主要治疗对策是早期、充分、持续地开通梗死相关血管,最大程度地挽救濒死心肌,保护心脏功能。早期开通是治疗成功的关键,治疗越晚效果越差。常用的再灌注方法包括静脉溶栓、急诊经皮冠脉介入治疗(PCI)及急诊冠状动脉搭桥术(CABG)。随着临床实践     

盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者急诊冠状动脉介入术心肌灌注的影响

目的:探讨盐酸替罗非班对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)患者行急诊冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后心肌组织的再灌注影响。方法:符合STEMI入选标准的患者69例,随机分为治疗组(32例)和对照组(37例)。治疗组术前常规给予低分子肝素、阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、调脂药等治疗,术中加用盐酸替罗非班以输液泵持续泵入;对照组除未加盐酸替罗非班外,其他治疗同治疗组。2组术中都常规应用普通肝素。联合应用TMP(TIMI myocardial perfusion)和sumSTR(sum-ST-segment resolution)方法对心肌组织的灌注进行评价。结果:2种评价方法均显示治疗组急诊PCI后心肌组织的再灌注优于对照组(均P<0.05)。结论:盐酸替罗非班能明显改善STEMI患者急诊PCI后心肌组织的再灌注水平。     

Acute gouty arthritis complicated with acute ST elevation myocardial infarction is independently associated with short- and long-term adverse non-fatal cardiac events

Large epidemiologic studies have associated gouty arthritis with the risk of coronary heart disease. However, there has been a lack of information regarding the outcomes for patients who have gout attacks during hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. We reviewed the data of 444 consecutive patients who were admitted to our hospital between 2005 and 2008 due to acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The clinical outcomes were compared between patients with gout attack and those without. Of the 444, 48 patients with acute STEMI developed acute gouty arthritis during hospitalization. The multivariate analysis identified prior history of gout and estimated glomerular filtration rate as independent risk factors of gout attack for patients with acute STEMI (odds ratio (OR) 21.02, 95 % CI 2.96–149.26, p?=?0.002; OR 0.92, 95 % CI 0.86–0.99, p?=?0.035, respectively). The in-hospital mortality and duration of hospital stay did not differ significantly between the gouty group and the non-gouty group (controls). During a mean follow-up of 49?±?28 months, all-cause mortality and stroke were similar for both groups. Multivariate Cox regression showed that gout attack was independently associated with short- and long-term adverse non-fatal cardiac events (hazard ratio (HR) 1.88, 95 % CI 1.09–3.24, p?=?0.024; HR 1.82, 95 % CI 1.09–3.03, p?=?0.022, respectively). Gout attack among patients hospitalized due to acute STEMI was independently associated with short-term and long-term rates of adverse non-fatal cardiac events.     

Pitfalls in diagnosing ST elevation among patients with acute myocardial infarction

Objectives: Patients with ST elevation (STE) in ≥ 2 leads or ST depression (STD) confined to V₁–V₄ are defined as potential STE myocardial infarction (STEMI). We evaluated the incidence of missed STEMI over an 11-month period. Methods: Consecutive patients with a discharge diagnosis of non STEMI were retrospectively evaluated. Clinical data, ECG and angiographic data were reviewed. Results: Of the 198 patients screened, 140 were included. Forty-nine patients (35%) met the STEMI criteria: 6 (12%) had STD confined to V₁–V₃, 20 (41%) had STD in V₁–V₆, 7 (14%) had STE in V₁–V₃, 2 (4%) had STE in I and aVL, 11 (22%) had STE in inferior leads, and 6 (12%) had STE in V₄–V₆. Conclusions: A significant percentage of patients met STEMI ECG criteria. A large number of patients with STD in V₁–V₆ had angiographic evidence compatible with inferolateral (posterior) STEMI equivalent.