帕唑帕尼靶向治疗肾细胞癌的研究进展

帕唑帕尼于2009年10月获美国FDA批准上市用于治疗肾细胞癌,是一种新型的口服多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂。临床研究表明,其对肾细胞癌的药效明显、药动学稳定,安全性研究结果也表明患者耐受良好,该药为晚期肾细胞癌的治疗提供了新的选择。本文就肾细胞癌的发病机制、帕唑帕尼的临床研究和安全性研究及与其他治疗肾细胞癌的酪氨酸激酶抑制剂对比研究进行综述。     

分子靶向治疗新药在临床转移性肾癌治疗中的应用

肾细胞癌(RCC)对化疗、放疗以及激素治疗均不敏感。细胞因子治疗是其主要方法,但有效率低且毒副作用明显,尤其转移性肾癌(mRCC)患者很少能从中获益。近些年,随着肿瘤分子生物学的不断发展,分子靶向治疗成为mRCC治疗新策略。本文重点针对血管内皮生长因子通路和雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路综述几种新型分子靶向治疗药物的临床应用。     

Safety and treatment patterns of angiogenesis inhibitors in patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma in Spain

Objective: To examine real-world safety and treatment patterns of angiogenesis inhibitors for advanced renal cell carcinoma (aRCC) using observational data from two Spanish hospitals.

Methods: A retrospective medical record review was performed for 93 patients with a histological diagnosis of aRCC who received sunitinib, sorafenib, bevacizumab or temsirolimus as first-line angiogenesis inhibitor therapy, between January 2005 and September 2010 at two Spanish hospitals. Data were collected on adverse events (AEs), dosing to calculate relative dose intensity (RDI), treatment modifications and reasons for modifications.

Results: Sixty patients received sunitinib, 23 received sorafenib, 6 received bevacizumab, 1 received temsirolimus and 3 received a bevacizumab-temsirolimus combination. 91.7 and 100.0% of patients receiving sunitinib and sorafenib, respectively, experienced ≥ 1 AE; 40.0% and 43.5% had ≥ 1 grade 3/4 AE. Mean RDI for sunitinib and sorafenib were 0.866 (standard deviation (std) = 0.903) and 0.798 (std = 2.154), respectively. Among patients receiving sunitinib, 15.0% discontinued treatment, 43.3% had an interruption and 33.3% had a reduction due to AEs. For sorafenib, these rates were 4.3, 56.5 and 34.8%, respectively.

Conclusions: High rates of AEs were observed which resulted in high rates of treatment interruptions and dose reductions. These results suggest the need for additional treatment options for aRCC with improved tolerability.     

Safety and tolerability of pazopanib in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is still a challenging disease. Over the last 6 years, the use of novel targeted therapies interfering with vascularization and inhibition of other downstream pathways has revolutionized the therapy of this disease, leading to an improvement of patient outcomes. In particular, dysregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway and VEGF protein overexpression have proved important, as they result in increased tumor angiogenesis and RCC growth and development. Areas covered: This review briefly discusses the mechanisms of action and clinical applications of pazopanib . It mainly outlines the safety and tolerability of pazopanib for locally advanced/metastatic RCC. Phase III pazopanib safety data are also indirectly compared with other standard, antiangiogenic receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors currently used in the management of RCC. Expert opinion: Pazopanib is a new drug available in the oncology portfolio to treat patients with predominantly clear-cell RCC. The toxicity profile of pazopanib is comparable, but in some ways distinct, from other antiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of RCC. Long-term data about late side effects of this treatment are awaited.     

Phase II study of echinomycin in the treatment of renal cell carcinoma ECOG study E2885

Summary Seventeen patients were treated with echinomycin for metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Echinomycin is a bifunctional DNA intercalating agent with broad preclinical antitumor activity. It was given at 1200 mg/m² by intravenous infusion over 30–60 min weekly for 4 weeks. The treatment was repeated every 6 weeks. There were no responses observed in the study. No life threatening or lethal toxicity was documented in 13 eligible patients. The median survival of these patients was 13.7 months. We conclude that echinomycin is not active against metastatic renal cell carcinoma at the dose and schedule tested.     

转移性肾细胞癌药物治疗方法的研究

肾细胞癌在我国的发病率逐年升高,且对于放化疗不敏感,免疫治疗效果有限,尤其是转移性肾细胞癌的预后较差。该文就转移性肾细胞癌的药物治疗方案的作用机制、现状及展望进行综述。     

Comparative effectiveness of everolimus and axitinib as second targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the US: a retrospective chart review

Background Second targeted therapies for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) include mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitors (mTORis) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). This observational study compares overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) of patients treated with everolimus (an mTORi) and axitinib (a TKI) following first TKI, and assesses the impact of type and duration of first TKI on the relative effectiveness of these second targeted therapies.

Methods Retrospective reviews of medical records were conducted by medical oncologists or hematologists/oncologists recruited from a nationwide panel. Included patients with mRCC were required to have discontinued a first TKI (sunitinib, sorafenib, or pazopanib) for medical reasons, and to have initiated everolimus or axitinib as second targeted therapy between February 2012 and January 2013. OS and PFS were compared between patients treated with everolimus vs. axitinib using multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models. Comparative results were also stratified by type and duration of first TKI.

Results Included patients (n?=?325 for everolimus and n?=?127 for axitinib) had a mean age of 61 years and 31% were female. Sunitinib was the most commonly used first TKI (73%). After adjusting for patient characteristics, no statistically significant differences were observed in OS or PFS between everolimus and axitinib. When stratifying by type and duration of first TKI, there was no statistically significant difference in OS between everolimus and axitinib in all subgroups except for patients with?<6 months on sunitinib or sorafenib as first TKI. No significant difference in PFS was observed in any subgroup.

Limitations Important limitations include potential missing or inaccurate data in medical charts, and confounding due to unobserved factors.

Conclusions In this retrospective chart review, no significant differences were detected in OS or PFS between axitinib and everolimus as second targeted therapy. Longer duration of first TKI was not associated with increased effectiveness of subsequent axitinib compared to everolimus.     

Pharmacokinetic drug evaluation of pazopanib for the treatment of uterine leiomyosarcomas

Introduction: Uterine leiomyosarcomas (ULMS) represent 1.3% of all uterine malignant tumors. Surgery is the curative treatment for patients with early stage disease. In case of advanced, persistent or recurrent tumor, chemotherapy represents the standard of care, but these patients have a poor prognosis. As the results with available therapies are far from being satisfactory, research is focusing on identification of new compounds. In 2012 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) licensed pazopanib for the treatment of advanced soft-tissue sarcomas failing previous chemotherapy.

Areas covered: The aim of this article is to review the literature on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy and safety of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), pazopanib in the treatment of ULMS.

Expert opinion: The discovery of some relevant signalling pathways in LMS cells led to the development of new targeted drugs with promising results in the management of these tumors. Pazopanib is a multi-target second-generation TKI with activity against growth factors involved in angiogenesis. It has shown promising results both in terms of efficacy and safety, as shown in the EORTC 62043 Study and the PALETTE trial. Further studies are awaited to evaluate its efficacy in uterine leiomyosarcomas.     

Optimizing treatment for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma in the central and Eastern European region

Introduction: Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Republic of Moldova, Romania, Russian Federation, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia and the Ukraine represent a collection of Central and Eastern European (CEE) countries in which the epidemiology and treatment of cancer varies greatly between and within countries. Current challenges include non-adherence to current treatment guidelines, restrictions in access and reimbursement for new therapies, and a lack of basic oncology programs. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) is a malignancy with historically poor prognosis. In CEE countries, the incidence and mortality rates of mRCC are among the highest in the world. Fortunately, mRCC represents a cancer for which a number of new targeted therapies have recently demonstrated benefit, resulting in new evidence-based treatment guidelines. Incorporating these mRCC treatment recommendations into the routine care of patients with mRCC in CEE countries would represent a major step forward for cancer care in this region.

Areas covered: This review discusses the unique challenges faced by the aforementioned Eastern European countries in the treatment of metastatic renal cell cancer, in an attempt to assist health-care providers in providing the best care possible for their European patients.

Expert opinion: Despite a wealth of clinical trial data supporting the use of targeted therapies for first-line treatment of mRCC, cytokine-based immunotherapy is still used in some of these European countries. With implementation and adherence to existing guidelines, treatment can be clinically and economically optimized in patients with mRCC from this region.     

肾细胞癌靶向治疗新进展

肾细胞癌(RCC)是恶性度极高的泌尿系统肿瘤,早期病例主要以根治性切除为主,但进展性和转移性RCC的临床治疗效果不佳。随着分子生物学研究的进展,近期RCC靶向治疗不断取得新突破,本文综述进展性透明细胞癌和不同病理分型非透明细胞癌的分子发病基础及近年靶向治疗新进展。     

肾细胞癌靶向治疗的现状与进展

肾癌是肾脏最常见的恶性疾病,对放疗及化疗多不敏感,手术根治是以往肾癌的主要治疗手段。自索拉非尼作为第一个用于转移性肾癌靶向药物问世以来,越来越多的靶向药物投入到了临床研究与应用中,并取得了巨大的成功。本文结合2013版欧洲《肾癌指南》,对肾细胞癌靶向治疗药物的临床疗效、不良反应、药物间联合及序贯使用等情况进行了介绍。     

酪氨酸激酶抑制剂帕唑帕尼的药理与临床研究

帕唑帕尼为一种新型多靶点酪氨酸激酶抑制剂,临床用于治疗肾细胞癌。该药在临床前和临床研究中表现出了较强的抗肿瘤活性,且耐受性较好。文中通过文献检索对该药的药理作用、药动学、临床研究及安全性等进行了综述。     

Emerging drugs for renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) still represents a therapeutic challenge when patients have advanced or metastatic disease. Treatment using IL-2 and IFN-α continues to be the standard of care in patients who are able to tolerate such regimens. Targeted therapy may become the first-line treatment for patients resistant or intolerant to cytokines as new emerging drugs continue to be investigated. Understanding the genetic abnormalities related to the development of RCC (e.g., VHL gene abnormalities) and identifying molecular targets (e.g., epidermal growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and carbonic anhydrase IX) are playing a major role in the emergence of these novel agents for the treatment of this malignancy. Overall, these drugs are better tolerated and more acceptable to use by patients than the traditional cytokine-based regimens. The use of oral drugs to treat various malignancies including RCC seems to be the new paradigm of the future. Further understanding of their mechanisms of action and confirmation of their benefits on the clinical outcome is needed.     

Pazopanib,a potent orally administered small-molecule multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor for renal cell carcinoma

Background: The recent approvals of sunitinib, sorafenib and temsirolimus have revolutionized the management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Pazopanib (GW-786034) is a second-generation multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor against VEGFR-1, 2 and 3, platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)-α, PDGFR-β and c-kit. Objective: Data supporting the development of pazopanib for RCC are reviewed. Methods: Preclinical and clinical data available for pazopanib are presented. Results: Preclinical evaluation has revealed excellent anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activity in several mouse models. A Phase II clinical trial of pazopanib in untreated or cytokine/bevacizumab pretreated RCC has demonstrated promising activity accompanied by a favorable toxicity profile. A placebo-controlled Phase III trial is ongoing in untreated or cytokine-treated patients with RCC. Ongoing trials are further evaluating pazopanib in a variety of other malignancies.     

Emerging drugs for renal cell carcinoma

Importance of the field: The treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) has evolved significantly over the past 5 years and targeted therapy has become the standard of care. However, complete and lasting responses to these drugs are still uncommon. Currently, novel agents are being tested in clinical trials.

Areas covered in this review: We discuss approved targeted agents in RCC and emphasize on emerging therapies. We searched the US National Library of Medicine (PubMed) using the terms ‘renal cell carcinoma’, ‘targeted therapy’ and ‘novel agents’, from 1990 to the present. We also searched for abstracts from the meetings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and Genitourinary Cancers Symposium from 2007 to the present.

What the reader will gain: This paper provides understanding of the approved treatments for advanced RCC as well as the novel agents and their targeted biological pathways.

Take home message: Despite dynamic and recent advances in the management of metastatic RCC much about the molecular biology of this tumor has yet to be delineated. Even more so, strategies of sequential treatment, combination of targeted drugs, mechanisms of resistance, optimal dosages and scheduling remain areas of potential development interest.     

索拉非尼和舒尼替尼在转移性肾癌患者中的应用效果对比

目的：比较索拉非尼和舒尼替尼在转移性肾癌患者中的应用效果。方法：选取2013年1月至2016年1月期间某院收治的132例转移性肾癌患者为研究对象,将患者依据随机数字表法分为A组和B组,各66例。A组患者给予索拉菲尼治疗,B组患者给予舒尼替尼治疗。比较2组患者的疾病控制、血液学毒性、不良反应和生存状况。结果：A组与B组患者的疾病控制率分别为87.88%和86.37%,差异无显著性（P > 0.05）。B组患者的白细胞减少、中性粒细胞减少、血小板减少、贫血、肌酸激酶升高、转氨酶升高发生率均高于A组患者,差异具有显著性（P < 0.05）。A组与B组患者高血压、皮疹、食欲不振、手足综合征、脱发的发生率比较差异无显著性（P > 0.05）。B组患者腹泻和疲乏发生率均高于A组患者,差异具有显著性（P < 0.05）。治疗后对患者随访2年,A组和B组患者疾病进展率分别为45.45%和40.90%,两组患者的疾病进展率、6个月、12个月和24个月生存率比较差异无显著性（P > 0.05）。结论：索拉非尼和舒尼替尼治疗转移性肾癌患者疾病控制率和生存率差异无显著性,给予患者索拉菲尼治疗血液学毒性较小,给予患者舒尼替尼治疗腹泻发生率较高,但均无严重不良反应。     

Safety of available treatment options for renal cell carcinoma

ABSTRACT

Introduction: For many years, cytokines (high-dose interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon (IFN)) have been the unique available treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) and they provided durable but modest responses at the cost of significant toxicities. To date, targeted therapies have replaced cytokine therapy due to higher response rates and more favorable toxicity profiles. The major classes of targeted therapy for mRCC include tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibody against vascular endothelial grow factors and inhibitors of the mammalian target of rapamycin. Thanks to these new strategies, the prognosis for the mRCC is shifting toward a chronic disease and the new challenges are the adequate treatment of adverse events (AEs) and the care for quality of life, which is crucial. Emerging immunotherapies targeting the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor and the programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) ligand have shown promising results in both efficacy and safety profiles.

Areas covered: Safety data published on available treatment options for renal cell carcinoma RCC are reviewed.

Expert opinion: Various toxicities are associated with targeted agents; these toxicities are generally well tolerated but careful monitoring and appropriate management are needed to optimize the use of these strategies.     

Protein kinase inhibitors in renal cell carcinoma

Introduction: Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma (mRCC) was historically treated with cytokine therapy with a poor outcome. In the last decade, new therapies targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or the mammalian target of rapamycin (m-TOR) pathways demonstrated efficacy in mRCC. Protein kinase inhibitors as well as monoclonal antibodies targeting these pathways have become the standard treatment of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in the first-line setting and beyond.

Areas covered: This review describes the various Phase III trials concerning protein kinase inhibitors including anti-angiogenic tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and m-TOR serine/threonine kinase inhibitors, which have demonstrated a benefit in the treatment of mRCC. It focuses on efficacy, safety and management.

Expert opinion: VEGF TKI and m-TOR inhibitors have significantly improved the outcome of mRCC and offer a gain in survival by sequential treatments for the majority of patients. But they induce a particular toxicity profile. An adequate management of each drug and its sequence in treatment is essential to optimise the outcome and preserve the quality of life (QoL) of patients with mRCC. In forthcoming years, pending results should indicate whether VEGF TKI are of interest in an adjuvant setting and if new drugs targeting will challenge the current standard guidelines in the metastatic setting.