Gallic acid inhibits migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells through suppressing the matrix metalloproteinase-2/-9, protein kinase B (PKB) and PKC signaling pathways

Advanced cancer is a multifactorial disease which complicates treatment if the cancer cells have metastasized calling for the targeting of multiple cellular pathways. Gallic acid (GA) is known to possess multiple pharmacological activity including antitumor effects. This study investigated the mechanisms for the anticancer properties of GA on migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U-2 OS cells. The migration and invasion in U-2 OS cells were determined by a Boyden chamber transwell assay. The expression levels and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were measured by Western blotting, real-time PCR and gelatin zymography assays. All examined proteins levels from Western blotting indicated that GA decreased the protein levels of GRB2, PI3K, AKT/PKB, PKC, p38, ERK1/2, JNK, NF-κB p65 in U-2 OS cells. GA also inhibited the activities of AKT, IKK and PKC by in vitro kinase assay. GA suppressed the migration and invasive ability of U-2 OS cells, and it decreased MMP-2 and MMP-9 protein and mRNA levels and secreted enzyme activities in vitro. These results suggest that potential signaling pathways of GA-inhibited migration and invasion in U-2 OS cells may be due to down-regulation of PKC, inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/AKT, resulting in inhibition of MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions.     

Inhibitory effects of wogonin on the invasion of human breast carcinoma cells by downregulating the expression and activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9

Wogonin, a naturally occurring monoflavonoid extracted from Scutellariae radix, has been shown to possess tumor therapeutic potential in vitro and in vivo. However, the effects of wogonin on tumor cells invasion remains poorly understood. In this study, we performed in vitro experiments to investigate the anti-invasive and anti-metastatic activity of wogonin in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells. Wogonin caused a concentration-dependent suppression of cell migration, adhesion and invasion. The mechanism revealed that wogonin significantly inhibited the expression and activity of both endogenous and phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) potentially associating with the suppression of translocation of protein kinase C (PKC) δ and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2). These results suggested that wogonin could inhibit the invasion of tumor cells by downregulating the expression and activity of MMP-9, the possible targets may be PKCδ and ERK1/2.     

Dioscorea nipponica Makino inhibits migration and invasion of human oral cancer HSC-3 cells by transcriptional inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 through modulation of CREB and AP-1 activity

Oral cancer mortality has increased during the last decade due to the difficulties in treating related metastasis. Dioscorea nipponica Makino, a popular folk medicine, exerts anti-obesity and anti-inflammation properties. However, the effect of this folk medicine on metastasis of oral cancer has yet to be fully elucidated. The present study demonstrates that D. nipponica extracts (DNE), at a range of concentrations (0-50 μg/mL), concentration-dependently inhibited migration/invasion capacities of human oral cancer cells, HSC-3, without cytotoxic effects. The anti-migration effect of DNE was also observed in two other OSCC cell lines, Ca9-22 and Cal-27. Zymography, real time PCR, and Western blotting analyses revealed that DNE inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) enzyme activity, and RNA and protein expression. The inhibitory effects of DNE on MMP-2 proceeded by up-regulating tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2), as well as suppressing nuclear translocation and DNA binding activity of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) and activating protein-1 (AP-1) on the MMP-2 promoter in HSC-3 cells. In conclusion, DNE inhibited the invasion of oral cancer cells and may have potential use as a chemopreventive agent against oral cancer metastasis.     

Rubus idaeus extract suppresses migration and invasion of human oral cancer by inhibiting MMP‐2 through modulation of the Erk1/2 signaling pathway

Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) have been extensively studies worldwide because of their beneficial effects on health. Recently reports indicate that crude extracts of Rubus idaeus (RIE) have antioxidant and anticancer ability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of its antimetastatic ability in oral cancer cells. In this study, SCC‐9 and SAS oral cancer cells were subjected to a treatment with RIE and then analyzed the effect of RIE on migration and invasion. The addition of RIE inhibited the migration and invasion ability of oral cancer cells. Real time PCR, western blot and zymography analysis demonstrated that mRNA, protein expression and enzyme activity of matrix metalloproteinases‐2 (MMP‐2) were down‐regulated by RIE. Moreover, the phosphorylation of Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), src, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) were inhibited after RIE treatment. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that RIE exerted an inhibitory effect of migration and invasion in oral cancer cells and alter metastasis by suppression of MMP‐2 expression through FAK/Scr/ERK signaling pathway. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1037–1046, 2017.     

细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡和迁移侵袭的影响

目的探究细胞外基质金属蛋白酶诱导因子(EMMPRIN)对人卵巢癌SKOV3细胞凋亡和迁移侵袭的作用。方法建立稳定表达EMMPRIN基因的SKOV3细胞为实验组,分别以转染pc DNA3.0空载体的SKOV3细胞和正常卵巢上皮细胞IOSE80分别作为对照组和空白组。用流式细胞术检测凋亡率,用划痕实验和Transwell小室检测细胞迁移和侵袭能力,用免疫印迹法检测EMMPRIN、Bcl-2和Bax的表达水平。结果空白组、对照组和实验组的凋亡率分别为(10.27±1.35)%,(12.40±0.70)%和(5.67±0.96)%,平均相对迁移指数分别为(0.25±0.03),(0.64±0.03)和(0.83±0.02),平均侵袭细胞数分别为(45.75±2.87),(120.00±3.92)和(153.25±8.06),EMMPRIN表达量分别为(0.12±0.02),(0.22±0.01)和(0.34±0.02),Bcl-2表达量分别为(0.06±0.01),(0.55±0.02)和(0.87±0.03),Bax表达量分别为(0.37±0.02),(0.28±0.01)和(0.12±0.01)。实验组的上述指标与空白组和对照比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.001,P<0.01)。结论 EMMPRIN过表达后人卵巢癌细胞SKOV3细胞凋亡能力降低,细胞迁移和侵袭能力增强。     

VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, inhibits migration and invasion of human breast cancer cells

It has been well characterized that flavonoids possess pronounced anticancer potentials including anti-angiogenesis, anti-metastasis, and pro-apoptosis. Herein, we report, for the first time, that VI-14, a novel flavonoid derivative, possesses anti-cancer properties. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti-migration and anti-invasion activities of VI-14 in breast cancer cells. Our data indicate that VI-14 inhibits adhesion, migration and invasion of MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-435 human breast cancer cells. MDA-MB-231 cells treated with VI-14 display reduced activities and expressions of ECM degradation-associated proteins including matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and 9 (MMP-9) at both the protein and mRNA levels. Meanwhile, VI-14 treatment induces an up-regulated expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1) and 2 (TIMP-2) in MDA-MB-231 cells. Western blotting results show that phosphorylation levels of critical components of the MAPK signaling pathway, including ERK, JNK and P38, are dramatically decreased in VI-14-treated MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, treatment of VI-14 significantly decreases the nuclear levels and the binding ability of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and activator protein-1 (AP-1). Taken together, our data suggest that VI-14 treatment suppresses migration and motility of breast cancer cells, and VI-14 may be a potential compound for cancer therapy.     

Icaritin inhibits the invasion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition of glioblastoma cells by targeting EMMPRIN via PTEN/AKt/HIF‐1α signalling

Icaritin, a hydrolytic product of icariin from the Epimedium genus, exerts anti‐tumour effects on a variety of tumour cell types, mainly by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis. However, little is known about the role of icaritin in cancer invasion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT). In the present study, the glioblastoma (GBM) cell line U87MG was used as a model to investigate the effects of icaritin on the invasion and EMT of cancer cells. The results showed that icaritin significantly inhibited the invasion and EMT of GBM cells by targeting extracellular matrix metalloproteinase (EMMPRIN). Furthermore, the findings strongly indicate that the modulatory effect of icaritin on EMMPRIN is mediated via the PTEN/Akt/HIF‐1α signalling pathway. The data provide the first experimental evidence of the inhibitory effect of icaritin on cancer cell invasion and EMT, thus highlighting the potential of icaritin to be employed as a promising anti‐cancer agent in the treatment of GBM.     

氯沙坦对心肌成纤维细胞基质金属蛋白酶-2、JNK1/2表达及增殖活性的影响

目的：研究氯沙坦通过影响高血压大鼠心肌成纤维细胞间质成分抑制心室重构的药理机制。方法：培养心肌成纤维细胞，免疫细胞化学法鉴定细胞，MTT法测氯沙坦和AngⅡ对细胞增殖活性影响的量效关系，Western Blotting测AngⅡ刺激成纤维细胞心肌JNK1／2、磷酸化JNK1／2表达的时效关系。根据实验所得AngⅡ刺激心肌成纤维细胞增殖活性作用的EC劬值、氯沙坦抑制心肌成纤维细胞活性作用的IC50值和AngⅡ刺激JNK1／2表达的最佳时间，心肌成纤维细胞分为无血清DMEM组、AngⅡ100nmol／L组、AngⅡ100nmol／L＋losartan　100nmol／L组、losartan 100nmol／L组，药物干预后分别收集各组蛋白质、培养上清液，Western blotting检测各组MMP-2、JNK1／2、磷酸化JNK1／2蛋白表达，ELISA检测分泌至培养上清液中MMP-2的量。结果：AngⅡ刺激心肌成纤维细胞增殖活性作用的EC50为53nmol／L，氯沙坦抑制心肌成纤维细胞增殖活性作用的EC50为56．3nmol／L。JNK1／2蛋白表达在AngⅡ刺激2min达高峰，随后表达逐渐降低。AngⅡ增加JNK1／2表达，氯沙坦降低AngⅡ刺激导致的JNK1／2表达。AngⅡ组MMP-2蛋白表达较无血清DMEM组明显增高，氯沙坦降低AngⅡ刺激增高的MMP-2表达。AngⅡ组MMP-2分泌较无血清DMEM组增高，氯沙坦减少AngⅡ刺激所致MMP-2分泌增高。结论：氯沙坦防治高血压引起的心室重构，可能与其对抗AngⅡ刺激心肌成纤维细胞增殖活性、MMP-2合成、分泌有关，信号通路涉及JNK1／2。     

A nitric oxide/Ca(2+)/calmodulin/ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is involved in the mitogenic effect of IL-1beta in human astrocytoma cells

Background and purpose:

Evidence is accumulating to support a role for interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in astrocyte proliferation. However, the mechanism by which this cytokine modulates this process is not fully elucidated.

Experimental approach:

In this study we used human astrocytoma U-373MG cells to investigate the role of nitric oxide (NO), intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration ([Ca²⁺]_i), and extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) in the signalling pathway mediating IL-1β-induced astrocyte proliferation.

Key results:

Low IL-1β concentrations induced dose-dependent ERK activation which paralleled upregulation of cell division, whereas higher concentrations gradually reversed both these responses by promoting apoptosis. Pretreatment with the nonspecific NOS inhibitor, N-ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) or the selective iNOS inhibitor, N-[[3-(aminomethyl)phenyl]methyl]-ethanimidamide dihydrochloride (1400W), antagonized ERK activation and cell proliferation induced by IL-1β. Inhibition of cGMP formation by the guanylate cyclase inhibitor, 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), partially inhibited ERK activation and cell division. Functionally blocking Ca²⁺ release from endoplasmic reticulum with ryanodine or 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB), inhibiting calmodulin (CaM) activity with N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulphonamide hydrochloride (W7) or MAPK kinase activity with 1,4-diamino-2,3-dicyano-1,4-bis[2-aminophenylthiol]butadiene (U0126) downregulated IL-1β-induced ERK activation as well as cell proliferation. The cytokine induced a transient and time-dependent increase in intracellular NO levels which preceded elevation in [Ca²⁺]_i.

Conclusions and implications:

These data identified the NO/Ca²⁺/CaM/ERK signalling pathway as a novel mechanism mediating the mitogenic effect of IL-1β in human astrocytes. As astrocyte proliferation is a hallmark of reactive astrogliosis, our results reveal a new potential target for therapeutic intervention in neuroinflammatory disorders.     

Reduction of metastasis, cell invasion, and adhesion in mouse osteosarcoma by YM529/ONO-5920-induced blockade of the Ras/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/Akt pathway

Osteosarcoma is one of the most common primary malignant bone tumors in children and adolescents. Some patients continue to have a poor prognosis, because of the metastatic disease. YM529/ONO-5920 is a nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate that has been used for the treatment of osteoporosis. YM529/ONO-5920 has recently been reported to induce apoptosis in various tumors including osteosarcoma. However, the mode of metastasis suppression in osteosarcoma by YM529/ONO-5920 is unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether YM529/ONO-5920 inhibited tumor cell migration, invasion, adhesion, or metastasis in the LM8 mouse osteosarcoma cell line. We found that YM529/ONO-5920 significantly inhibited metastasis, cell migration, invasion, and adhesion at concentrations that did not have antiproliferative effects on LM8 cells. YM529/ONO-5920 also inhibited the mRNA expression and protein activities of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, YM529/ONO-5920 suppressed phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and the serine/threonine protein kinase B (Akt) by the inhibition of Ras prenylation. Moreover, U0126, a mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) 1/2 inhibitor, and LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, also inhibited LM8 cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and metastasis, as well as the mRNA expression and protein activities of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MT1-MMP. The results indicated that YM529/ONO-5920 suppressed the Ras/MEK/ERK and Ras/PI3K/Akt pathways, thereby inhibiting LM8 cell migration, invasion, adhesion, and metastasis. These findings suggest that YM529/ONO-5920 has potential clinical applications for the treatment of tumor cell metastasis in osteosarcoma.     

Sinomenine influences capacity for invasion and migration in activated human monocytic THP-1 cells by inhibiting the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, and CD147

Aim： The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of the effects of Sinomenine （SIN） on the invasion and migration ability of activated human monocytic THP-1 cells （A-THP-1）. Sinomenine is a pure alkaloid extracted from the Chinese medical plant Sinomenium acutum.
Methods： Human monocytic THP-1 cells were induced to differentiate into macrophages with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate （PMA）. Cells were treated with different concentrations of SIN. The invasion and migration ability of cells was tested by in vitro transwell assays. The levels of CD147 and MMPs were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and zymographic analysis, respectively. The mRNA expression of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9 was measured by RT-PCR.
Results： The invasion and migration ability of A-THP-1 cells was significantly inhibited by SIN in a concentration-depen- dent fashion; at the same time, the levels of CD147, MMP-2, and MMP-9 were markedly down-regulated. This inhibitory effect was most notable at concentrations of 0.25 mmol/L and 1.00 mmol/L （P〈0.01）.
Conclusion： A possible mechanism of the inhibitory effect of SIN on cell invasion and migration ability is repression of the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which strongly correlates with the inhibition of CD147 activity.     

人参皂甙Rh_2抗乳腺癌细胞细胞侵袭和转移的实验研究

目的观察人参皂甙Rh2对人乳腺癌MCF7/Adr细胞侵袭和迁移的作用及其机制。方法用MTT比色法,检测人参皂甙Rh2(Rh2)对MCF7/Adr细胞的活力;Transwell小室测定其侵袭力和迁移力;Western blot法检测细胞基质金属蛋白酶2(MMP2)、MMP9和核转录因子KappaB(NF-KB)蛋白水平的变化。结果用人参皂甙Rh2处理后,MCF7/Adr细胞生长受到抑制,且作用呈时效-量效依赖关系;同时细胞侵袭和迁移能力明显降低;MMP2、MMP9和NF-kB蛋白的表达均明显减弱。结论人参皂甙Rh2能够减弱MCF7/Adr细胞侵袭和转移,其机制可能与降低MMP2、MMP9和NF-kB蛋白表达有关。     

氟伐他汀对糖基化终末产物诱导肾小管细胞转分化及ERK1/2信号通路的影响

目的观察氟伐他汀对糖基化终末产物(AGEs)诱导肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)转分化及ERK1/2信号通路的影响。方法将肾小管上皮细胞(HKC)分为对照组、AGEs刺激组、AGEs加氟伐他汀组和AGEs加ERK1/2阻断剂PD98059组,采用免疫细胞化学检测平滑肌肌动蛋白(α-SMA)的表达情况;Western blot检测α-SMA、E-钙黏着糖蛋白(E-cadher-in)、Ⅰ型胶原(collagenⅠ,ColⅠ)、细胞外信号调节酶1和2(ERK1/2)及其磷酸化蛋白(p-ERK1/2)的表达;酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)测定细胞上清液中转化生长因子-β1(TGF-β1)的分泌;逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)检测α-SMA和E-cadherin mRNA的表达。结果与对照组相比,AGEs组肾小管细胞α-SMA和Col I蛋白表达明显上调,细胞培养上清中TGF-β1含量增加,α-SMA mRNA的表达增加,而E-cadherin蛋白和mRNA表达下调;AGEs刺激细胞15minp-ERK1/2表达明显增强,1h达到高峰。PD98059和氟伐他汀能够抑制AGEs刺激引起的HKC细胞α-SMA和ColI的表达及ERK1/2的磷酸化;减少TGF-β1的含量;下调AGEs刺激引起的HKC细胞α-SMA mRNA的表达;同时能够逆转AGEs刺激引起的HKC细胞E-cadherin蛋白和mR-NA的下调表达。结论氟伐他汀抑制AGEs诱导肾小管上皮细胞转分化和胶原I的合成可能是通过抑制ERK1/2信号通路活化实现的。     

Hispolon suppresses migration and invasion of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells by inhibiting the urokinase‐plasminogen activator through modulation of the Akt signaling pathway

Hispolon has been reported to possess antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antitumor activities. However, the effect of hispolon on the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unclear. In this study, we investigated how the antimetastatic activity and relevant signaling pathways of hispolon affected three NPC cell lines. The results revealed that hispolon significantly reduced the migration and invasion of three NPC cells in a dose‐dependent manner from 0 to 50 µM. Hispolon also significantly inhibited the activity and expression of urokinase‐plasminogen activator (uPA) as well as the phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover, blocking the Akt pathway also enhanced the antimetastatic ability of hispolon in the NPC cells. In conclusion, hispolon inhibited uPA expression and NPC cell metastasis by downregulating Akt signal pathways; therefore, hispolon exerts beneficial effects in chemoprevention. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 645–655, 2017.     

Ouabain impairs cell migration,and invasion and alters gene expression of human osteosarcoma U‐2 OS cells

Ouabain, the specific Na⁺/K⁺‐ATPase blocker, has biological activity including anti‐proliferative and anti‐metastasis effects in cancer cell. There is no study to show ouabain inhibiting cell migration and invasion in human osteosarcoma U‐2 OS cells. Thus, we investigated the effect of ouabain on the cell migration and invasion of human osteosarcoma U‐2 OS cells. Results indicated that ouabain significantly decreased the percentage of viable cells at 2.5‐5.0 μM, thus, we selected 0.25‐1.0 μM for inhibiting studies. Ouabain inhibited cell migration, invasion and the enzymatic activities of MMP‐2, and also affected the expression of metastasis‐associated protein in U‐2 OS cells. The cDNA microarray assay indicated that CDH1, TGFBR3, SHC3 and MAP2K6 metastasis‐related genes were increased, but CCND1, JUN, CDKN1A, TGFB1, 2 and 3, SMAD4, MMP13, MMP2 and FN1 genes were decreased. These findings provide more information regarding ouabain inhibited cell migration and invasion and associated gene expressions in U‐2 OS cells after exposed to ouabain.     

沉默LIMK1促进DADS抑制SW480细胞迁移与侵袭

目的探讨LIMK1沉默对DADS抑制SW480细胞迁移与侵袭的影响。方法 RNA干扰技术建立稳定LIMK1-miRNA/SW480细胞株;免疫组化和Western blot检测DADS对沉默LIMK1结肠癌SW480细胞LIMK1和磷酸化LIMK1蛋白表达的影响。划痕实验和侵袭实验检测LIMK1 RNA沉默与DADS对SW480细胞迁移与侵袭的影响。结果 RT-PCR与Western blot显示,LIMK1-miR/SW480细胞LIMK1mNRA与蛋白表达明显下调,表明成功构建稳定沉默LIMK1基因的SW480细胞株。免疫组化和Western blot显示,45 mg.L-1DADS处理和沉默LIMK1组较未转染组与空载体组SW480细胞LIMK1蛋白和磷酸化LIMK1明显下调(P<0.05)。划痕实验和侵袭实验发现,沉默LIMK1或DADS处理SW480细胞的迁移与侵袭能力较未转染组与空载体组明显抑制(P<0.05)。而DADS处理沉默组抑制SW480细胞迁移和侵袭能力更为明显(P<0.05)。结论沉默LIMK1基因可抑制SW480细胞迁移与侵袭,增强DADS抑制SW480细胞迁移与侵袭作用。