选择性雌激素受体调节剂组织选择性作用研究进展

选择性雌激素受体调节剂（SERMs）是作用在雌激素受体上,在不同的靶组织细胞中起激动剂或拮抗剂调节作用的药物。SERMs本身结构特异性及其与不同靶组织中的受体形成复合体的差异决定了其在各类组织选择性的不同。综述了目前临床常见SERMs的结构类型及其在乳腺、骨、心血管、子宫、肝脏、神经等组织选择性作用的研究进展;并且跟踪报道了治疗绝经期综合症及预防绝经后骨质疏松症的一个新方式即由SERMs与雌激素形成的组织选择性雌激素复合物的应用状况。     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂组织选择性作用研究进展

选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs)是作用在雌激素受体上,在不同的靶组织细胞中起激动剂或拮抗剂调节作用的药物。SERMs本身结构特异性及其与不同靶组织中的受体形成复合体的差异决定了其在各类组织选择性的不同。综述了目前临床常见SERMs的结构类型及其在乳腺、骨、心血管、子宫、肝脏、神经等组织选择性作用的研究进展;并且跟踪报道了治疗绝经期综合症及预防绝经后骨质疏松症的一个新方式即由SERMs与雌激素形成的组织选择性雌激素复合物的应用状况。     

Metabolic studies of selective androgen receptor modulators RAD140 and S-23 in horses

This paper describes the studies of the in vitro biotransformation of two selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs), namely, RAD140 and S-23, and the in vivo metabolism of RAD140 in horses using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry. in vitro metabolic studies of RAD140 and S-23 were performed using homogenised horse liver. The more prominent in vitro biotransformation pathways for RAD140 included hydrolysis, hydroxylation, glucuronidation and sulfation. Metabolic pathways for S-23 were similar to those for other arylpropionamide-based SARMs. The administration study of RAD140 was carried out using three retired thoroughbred geldings. RAD140 and the majority of the identified in vitro metabolites were detected in post-administration urine samples. For controlling the misuse of RAD140 in horses, RAD140 and its metabolite in sulfate form gave the longest detection time in hydrolysed urine and could be detected for up to 6 days post-administration. In plasma, RAD140 itself gave the longest detection time of up to 13 days. Apart from RAD140 glucuronide, the metabolites of RAD140 described herein have never been reported before.     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂研究现状

乳腺癌已经成为危害女性健康的主要恶性肿瘤,选择性雌激素受体调节剂作为治疗乳腺癌的有效药物越来越受到人们的广泛关注。笔者对选择性雌激素受体调节剂的研究现状进行综述。     

Characterization of equine urinary metabolites of selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) S1, S4 and S22 for doping control purposes

Selective androgen receptor modulators, SARMs, constitute a class of compounds with anabolic properties but with few androgenic side‐effects. This makes them possible substances of abuse and the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) has banned the entire class of substances. There have been several cases of illicit use of aryl propionamide SARMs in human sports and in 2013, 13 cases were reported. These substances have been found to be extensively metabolized in humans, making detection of metabolites necessary for doping control. SARMs are also of great interest to equine doping control, but the in vivo metabolite pattern and thus possible analytical targets have not been previously studied in this species. In this study, the urinary metabolites of the SARMs S1, S4, and S22 in horses were studied after intravenous injection, using ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐QToF‐MS). Eight different metabolites were found for SARM S1, nine for SARM S4, and seven for SARM S22. The equine urinary metabolite profiles differed significantly from those of humans. The parent compounds were only detected for SARMs S4 and S22 and only at the first sampling time point at 3 h post administration, making them unsuitable as target compounds. For all three SARMs tested, the metabolite yielding the highest response had undergone amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and sulfonation. The resulting phase II metabolites (4‐nitro‐3‐trifluoro‐methyl‐phenylamine sulfate for SARMs S1 and S4 and 4‐cyano‐3‐trifluoro‐methyl‐phenylamine sulfate for SARM S22) are proposed as analytical targets for use in equine doping control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Comparative safety evaluation of selective androgen receptor modulators and anabolic androgenic steroids

Introduction: Anabolic androgenic steroids (AASs) have been in use for decades for the treatment of short stature, severe burns, HIV wasting syndrome, osteoporosis, and anemia. However, their lack of selective effects on certain symptoms and unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties has limited their long-term usage in clinics.

Areas covered: Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have some advantages over AASs; they are highly specific for androgen receptors, are orally available, and, most importantly, act as strong receptor agonists in skeletal muscle and bone, and as weak agonists or antagonists in androgen-responsive tissues such as the prostate and sebaceous glands. The exact molecular mechanism, however, has not been fully elucidated. This article includes a toxicological review of major AASs, and a comparative safety analysis of major AASs and SARMs in clinical trials to evaluate the therapeutic potential of SARMs.

Expert opinion: Based on the robust tissue selectivity of SARMs over AASs, they are worth considering as a promising therapeutic option for the treatment of various muscle-wasting diseases.     

选择性雌激素受体调节剂的作用机制研究近况

选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERM)在不同的靶组织可以表现为雌激素激动剂和(或)拮抗剂，本文综述了近年来关于SERM结构、ER亚型、共调节子、靶启动子、细胞亚型、细胞内信号通路、雌激素受体相关受体等对SERM组织选择性的影响的研究状况。     

金属有机类选择性雌激素受体调节剂(SERMs)研究进展

近年来金属有机化学的研究发展迅速,很多金属有机类化合物常常可以产生常规有机化合物所不具有的一些意外的药效作用,因此,在很多药物分子结构中都引入了金属基团。为了提高乳腺癌的治愈率,世界各地的研究小组把一些活性金属基团引入到一些具有潜在抗乳腺癌活性的分子中,形成了一类独特的金属有机类选择性雌激素受体调节剂（selective estrogen receptor modulators, SERMs）,在研究过程中发现多个系列的金属有机类SERMs在脂溶性、与受体的结合力以及抑制乳腺癌细胞增殖等方面都表现出一定的优势。该文对近年来金属有机类SERMs的研究成果进行综述。     

Nonsteroidal tissue selective androgen receptor modulators: a promising class of clinical candidates

The androgen receptor (AR) is a nuclear hormone receptor that, upon binding to testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and other endogenous androgens, supports the development, growth and maintenance of masculine features through activation of anabolic and androgenic metabolism. The AR has been demonstrated to be a productive therapeutic target. AR ligands in clinical practice include androgenic steroids, antiandrogenic steroids and antiandrogenic nonsteroidals. Of primary importance for this review are nonsteroidal selective AR modulators (SARMs) that have tissue-specific agonist and/or antagonist activities. The AR has a myriad of peripheral and central functions that can be modulated in a pleiotropic and tissue-specific fashion using the increasingly diverse collection of SARMs discussed herein. This suggests that SARMs will have a high level of clinical utility for a wide variety of health conditions. The patent literature focusing on SARMs is reviewed and reveals multiple chemical classes in various stages of preclinical and clinical development. Emphasis is placed on selected disease states for which SARMs show potential for therapeutic use in clinical practice.     

Discovery and biological characterization of a novel series of androgen receptor modulators

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Selective androgen receptor modulators are of great value in the treatment of prostate cancer. The purpose of this study was to provide a preliminary characterization of a new class of non-steroidal androgen receptor modulators discovered in a high-throughput screening campaign. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: Competitive receptor binding, luciferase-based reporter methods, cell proliferation and in vivo assays were employed to evaluate an initial set of compounds from chemistry efforts. KEY RESULTS: Forty-nine analogues from the chemistry efforts showed high affinity binding to androgen receptors, agonist and/or antagonist activities in both CV-1 and MDA-MB-453 transfection assays. A proliferation assay in LNCaP cells also exhibited this profile. A representative of these non-steroidal compounds (compound 21) was devoid of activity at other nuclear receptors (oestrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid receptors) in the CV-1 co-transfection assay. At the same time, in an immature castrated rat model, it behaved as an androgen receptor antagonist against the growth of prostate, seminal vesicles and levator ani induced by exogenous androgen. Separation of compound 21 into its enantiomers showed that nearly all the androgen receptor modulating activity and binding resided in the dextrorotatory compound (23) while the laevorotatory isomer (22) possessed weak or little effect depending on the cell type studied. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: These non-steroidal compounds may represent a new class of androgen receptor modulators for the treatment of not only prostate cancer but other clinical conditions where androgens and androgen receptors are involved in the pathological processes.     

Recent patent trends in the field of progesterone receptor agonists and modulators

Background: Progesterone receptor agonists are used in female contraception, hormone replacement therapy or some gynecological conditions like endometriosis. The interest for antagonists or selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) is growing. Recent reports on this class of compounds indicate that they could become the next generation of therapeutics in gynecological treatments. Objective: This overview summarizes the work on progesterone receptor agonists, SPRMs and antagonists reported in the patent literature in the past 4 years. Methods: The focus of the article is the examination of patents, primarily published as WO, EU or US patents since 2005. In some cases, additional data from the public literature is included into the discussion. These data are of substantial interest as the available biological data disclosed in patents are usually limited for new compound classes. Results/conclusion: Some highly active clusters of compounds have been disclosed in the past 4 years. The current research seems to focus on SPRMs and progesterone receptor antagonists.     

Advances in male hormone substitution therapy

Increased awareness of the clinical diagnosis of male hypogonadism has resulted in the wider use of androgen substitution therapy. Clinical signs and symptoms together with a low serum testosterone level confirm the diagnosis of male hypogonadism. Androgen replacement results in improved sexual function, mood, muscle mass and bone density in most hypogonadal men. Such benefits must be assessed against potential risks. In older men, the potential risks of androgen treatment of hypogonadism are not known. Many delivery systems for androgen substitution are now available; the preparation chosen depends on the choice of the patient and his physician. Selective androgen receptor modulators offer tissue selective biological effects and the possibility of attaining maximum efficacy and minimum adverse effects.     

雄激素受体抑制剂的研究进展

雄激素受体与前列腺癌的发生、发展密切相关,是配体依赖的转录因子,其与雄激素结合后发生构象转化形成二聚体而活化,并进入细胞核中与相应的 DNA 反应元件结合,促进靶基因的转录,进而促进细胞的增殖。在前列腺癌组织中,雄激素受体的增殖或突变能使其对血清中较低含量的雄激素敏感,是前列腺癌恶化的主要原因。设计合成对野生型及突变型雄激素受体具有较好抑制活性的药物是治疗前列腺癌的首要策略。该文综述了雄激素受体的结构、功能及其抑制剂的研究进展,期望为新型抗前列腺癌药物的设计研究提供参考。     

非甾体类雄激素受体拮抗剂的研究进展

研究发现,雄激素受体与前列腺癌的发生存在密切关系。雄激素拮抗疗法成为临床治疗早期前列腺癌的有效手段,近20年来已有多个药物上市(如氟他胺、羟基氟他胺和比卡鲁胺等),但这些经典的药物在治疗中易产生抗雄激素撤除综合症等问题,因此其应用受到限制。目前,新近研发的非甾体类雄激素受体拮抗剂(如RD162、MDV3100和BMS-641988)活性更强,正进行临床试验,并有望解决过去雄激素受体拮抗剂存在的问题。查阅国内外相关文献,对已上市药物、当前临床研究的药物以及近年发现的小分子雄激素受体抑制剂的研究进展进行综述。     

Selective oestrogen receptor modulators,pure antioestrogens and related oestrogen receptor ligands

Oestrogen or hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is an effective treatment for postmenopausal women in alleviating disorders associated with lower circulating levels of oestrogens such as hot flushes and osteoporosis. Unfortunately, long-term HRT is associated with an increased risk of breast and endometrial cancers. Consequently, an alternative to traditional HRT has been the use of selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs), which antagonise the oestrogen receptor (ER) in the breast and uterus but at the same time exert beneficial effects on bone. Initially, most of the SERMs had targeted ERα for HRT. After the identification of ERβ, however, speculation grew that ERβ would be an additional exciting target for HRT. This speculation was further fuelled since ERβ was not the dominant ER receptor in the uterus, the key organ to avoid stimulating in HRT. The aim of this review is to summarise the relevant patent literature from January 2000 to June 2003 on SERMs, pure antioestrogens and related ER modulatory ligands, mainly with respect to their chemical scaffolds and broad therapeutic relevance .     

非甾体类雄激素受体的靶向药物研究进展

雄激素受体在前列腺癌的发生和发展中作用明确。临床上用于治疗前列腺癌的药物为雄激素受体配体结合域的竞争性抑制剂。然而,这类药物的疗效因患者表现出现抵抗而受到限制,导致疾病发展为去势抵抗性前列腺癌。近年来靶向雄激素受体N-端结合域或DNA结合域的药物被报道,这些药物能够克服当前药物治疗的缺点,目前正在临床研究中。对不同靶向的非甾体类雄激素受体的研究进展进行综述。     

Selective progesterone receptor modulators 1: use during pregnancy

Background: A large number of synthetic compounds known as selective progesterone receptor modulators can bind to progesterone receptors: the ligands exhibit a spectrum of activities ranging from pure antagonism to a mixture of agonism and antagonism. Objectives: Only a dozen or so selective progesterone receptor modulators have been tested to any significant extent: among them are mifepristone (RU 486), asoprisnil (J867), onapristone (ZK 98 299), ulipristal (CDB 2914), Proellex^? (CDB 4124), ORG 33628 and ORG 31710. Their clinical applications during pregnancy are discussed. Methods: A careful evaluation of existing major review papers and recently published articles was carried out focusing on mifepristone, the most widely studied selective progesterone receptor modulator, which was first used for the voluntary interruption of an early gestation. Other selective progesterone receptor modulators, especially those with partial agonist action, have shown little activity during pregnancy in animal models. Results/conclusions: Besides early and late voluntary interruption of gestation, selective progesterone receptor modulators have been tested in a variety of obstetrical situations: to obtain a ripening of the cervix, for the medical management of early embryonic loss and foetal death, for the induction of labour at term and for the medical treatment of extra-uterine pregnancies. The only applications that seem worthy of large-scale utilisation during pregnancy are voluntary interruption of early and late gestation, medical management of early delayed miscarriage and late foetal demise.     

Selective progesterone receptor modulators 2: use in reproductive medicine

Background: Synthetic compounds can bind to progesterone receptors and these progesterone receptor ligands exhibit a spectrum of activities ranging from pure antagonism to a mixture of agonism and antagonism. These substances have been classified as antiprogestins or as selective progesterone receptor modulators. Objective: There are several hundred selective progesterone receptor modulators available, although only a dozen or so have been evaluated to any significant extent. The best-known selective progesterone receptor modulators are mifepristone (RU 486), asoprisnil (J 867), onapristone (ZK 98299), ulipristal (CDB 2914), Proellex^? (CDB 4124), ORG 33628 and ORG 31710. Methods: A careful evaluation of existing major review papers and of recently published articles was carried out for the indications under review, focusing not only on mifepristone, but also on those other selective progesterone receptor modulators for which data are available. Results/conclusions: Outside pregnancy, selective progesterone receptor modulators are used or have been tested clinically for a number of indications in reproductive medicine: as oral contraceptives, alone or in combination with a progestin, to improve cycle control in users of progestin-only contraceptives, as emergency contraceptives, for the medical treatment of uterine fibroids, in cases of endometriosis and premenstrual syndrome and to improve ovarian stimulation prior to in vitro fertilisation. In the authors' opinion, as of today, few applications outside pregnancy seem worthy of large-scale use: emergency contraception and long-term medical management of uterine fibroids and possibly of endometriosis.