The complexity of PTEN: mutation, marker and potential target for therapeutic intervention

Phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) is a phosphatase that removes phosphates primarily from lipids. It has also been called mutated in multiple advanced cancers 1 and transforming growth factor-beta regulated epithelial cell-enriched phosphatase 1. The best described substrate of PTEN is phosphatidyliniositol (3,4,5)-tris-phosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P3]. PTEN removes the phosphate in PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) to generate PtdIns(4,5)P(2). PTEN serves to counter-balance the effects of phosphoinositide 3' kinase, which normally adds a phosphate to PtdIns(4,5)P(2) to generate PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3). PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) recruits kinases such as phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1, which in turn phosphorylate Akt, which phosphorylates other downstream proteins involved in regulation of apoptosis and cell-cycle progression. PTEN removal of the phosphate from PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) inhibits this pathway by preventing localisation of proteins with pleckstrin homology domains to the cell membrane. Alterations of the PTEN gene are associated with cancer and other diseases. Novel therapeutic approaches have been developed to counteract the deletion/mutation of PTEN in human cancer. This review will discuss the role of PTEN in signal transduction and cancer as well as pharmacological approaches to combat PTEN loss in human cancer.     

A role for Rho in receptor- and G protein-stimulated phospholipase C Reduction in phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate by Clostridium difficile toxin B

Receptors coupled to heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) activate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂)-hydrolyzing phospholipase C (PLC) enzymes by activated or free subunits of the relevant G proteins. To study whether low molecular weight G proteins of the Rho family are involved in receptor signalling to PLC, we examined the effect of Clostridium difficile toxin B, which glucosylates and thereby inactivates Rho proteins, on the regulation of PLC activity in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells stably expressing the m3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtype. Toxin B treatment of HEK cells did not affect basal PLC activity, but potently and efficiently inhibited mAChR-stimulated inositol phosphate formation. PLC activation by the endogenously expressed thrombin receptor and by the direct G protein activators, AlF _inf4 ^sup– and guanosine 5-[-thio]triphosphate (GTPS), studied in intact and permeabilized cells, respectively, were also inhibited by toxin B treatment. C3 exoenzyme, which ADP-ribosylates Rho proteins, mimicked the inhibitory effect of toxin B on GTPS-stimulated PLC activity. Finally, both toxin B and C3 exoenzyme significantly reduced, by 40 to 50%, the total level of PtdIns(4,5)P₂ in HEK cells, without affecting the levels of phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate. Accordingly, when PLC activity was measured with exogenous PtdIns(4,5)P₂ as enzyme substrate, Ca²⁺- as well as GTPS- or A1F _inf4 ^sup– -stimulated PLC activities were not altered by prior toxin B treatment. In conclusion, evidence is provided that toxin B and C3 exoenzyme, apparently by inactivating Rho proteins, inhibit G protein-coupled receptor signalling to PLC, most likely by reducing the cellular substrate supply.     

Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) inhibition by 4-hydroxynonenal leads to increased Akt activation in hepatocytes

The production of reactive aldehydes such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is proposed to be an important factor in the etiology of alcoholic liver disease. To understand the effects of 4-HNE on homeostatic signaling pathways in hepatocytes, cellular models consisting of the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) and primary rat hepatocytes were evaluated. Treatment of both HepG2 cells and primary hepatocytes with subcytotoxic concentrations of 4-HNE resulted in the activation of Akt within 30 min as demonstrated by increased phosphorylation of residues Ser473 and Thr308. Quantification and subsequent immunocytochemistry of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate [PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3)[rsqb] resulted in a 6-fold increase in total PtdIns(3,4,5)P(3) and increased immunostaining at the plasma membrane after 4-HNE treatment. Cotreatment of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (Ly294002) or the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor okadaic acid revealed that the mechanism of activation of Akt is PI3K-dependent and PP2A-independent. Using biotin hydrazide detection, it was established that the incubation of HepG2 cells with 4-HNE resulted in increased carbonylation of the lipid phosphatase known as "phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10" (PTEN), a key regulator of Akt activation. Activity assays both in HepG2 cells and recombinant PTEN revealed a decrease in PTEN lipid phosphatase activity after 4-HNE application. Mass spectral analysis of 4-HNE-treated recombinant PTEN detected a single 4-HNE adduct. Subsequent analysis of Akt dependent physiological consequences of 4-HNE in HepG2 cells revealed significant increases in the accumulation of neutral lipids. These results provide a potential mechanism of Akt activation and cellular consequences of 4-HNE in hepatocytes.     

Thrombin induces DNA synthesis and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in airway smooth muscle by activation of distinct receptors

Chronic airway inflammation induces numerous structural changes of the airways involving hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle (ASM). Thrombin has been identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic subjects and displays potent bronchoconstrictor and mitogenic activity towards ASM. This study has addressed which proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) and signalling pathways are involved in mediating distinct effects of thrombin. Using cultured bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM) cells as a model system, thrombin stimulated a marked increase in [³H]inositol phosphate ([³H]InsPs) accumulation, which was fully mimicked by a selective PAR1 activating peptide. In contrast, PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 and PAR4 activating peptides were unable to replicate the ability of thrombin to stimulate DNA synthesis as assessed by [³H]thymidine incorporation. Further investigation demonstrated that the mitogenic effect of thrombin did not involve stimulation of PDGF secretion but did involve activation of PDGF or EGF receptors and a G_i/o-dependent activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. Thrombin, but not the PAR1, PAR2, PAR3 or PAR4 activating peptides was able to stimulate PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ mass accumulation. PAR3 antisense oligonucleotides substantially inhibit thrombin-stimulated [³H]thymidine incorporation and PtdIns(3,4,5)P₃ generation but had no effect on thrombin-induced phosphoinositide hydrolysis. These data indicate that while PI hydrolysis and Ca²⁺ mobilisation induced by thrombin operates via PAR1-dependent activation of phospholipase C, phosphoinositide 3-kinase activation and DNA synthesis occurs via a distinct proteinase-activated receptor pathway, possibly involving PAR3.     

A naphthoquinone derivative, shikonin, has insulin-like actions by inhibiting both phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 and tyrosine phosphatases

The 1,4-naphthoquinone derivative, shikonin, has been shown to increase glucose uptake by adipocytes and myocytes with minor effects on protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the cells (Biochem Biophys Res Commun 292:642-651, 2002). The present study was performed to examine the mechanism of this action of shikonin. Shikonin inhibited the phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-triphosphate (PtdIns-3,4,5-P3) phosphatase activity of recombinant phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) with an IC50 value of 2.7 microM. Shikonin induced marked accumulation of PtdIns-3,4,5-P3 and activation of protein kinase B (PKB) in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing insulin receptors. In addition to its effect on PTEN, shikonin was found to inhibit several protein phosphatases in cell-free systems. Its effect on tyrosine phosphorylation in intact cells was far weaker than that of pervanadate, a widely used tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, despite the observation that the effect of shikonin on PKB was more potent than that of pervanadate. These results suggested that the inhibition of PTEN provides a clue to its potent insulin-like actions. We also found that naphthoquinones, including 1,2-naphthoquinone, inhibit PTEN in the cell-free system, which suggested that the effect on PTEN (and thus the effect on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signaling) should be taken into account when examining the pharmacological actions of naphthoquinone derivatives.     

PTEN功能调节的研究进展

PTEN是具有蛋白与脂质磷酸酯酶活性的双特异性磷酸酯酶,能特异地使磷脂酰肌醇3,4,5三磷酸3′位脱磷酸,抑制PI3K/Akt信号转导途径,从而在细胞的生长、分化、凋亡、迁移等方面起着重要的调控作用。PTEN的异常与多种人类肿瘤如子宫内膜瘤、前列腺癌、乳腺癌等的发生、侵袭及转移密切相关。在细胞中,PTEN功能受到蛋白表达、磷酸化、氧化以及膜定位等因素的调节。该文就PTEN调节的分子机制作一综述。     

REPERFUSION FOLLOWING MYOCARDIAL ISCHAEMIA ENHANCES INOSITOL PHOSPHATE RELEASE IN THE ISOLATED PERFUSED RAT HEART

1. Global myocariial ischaemia (MI) for periods greater tan 5 min caused an inhibition of phosphatidylinositol specific phospholipase C (PtdIns-PLC) activity. 2. Two min reperfusion following a 20 min MI period, a time point associated with reperfusion-induced arrhythmias, resulted in an activation of PtdIns-PLC activity, dependent on endogenous noradrenaline and mediated via al-adrenoceptors. 3. This 2 min reperfusion response, in contrast to healthy myocardium, resulted in: (i) enhanced PtdIns-PLC activity; (ii) increased sensitivity to endogenous noradrenaline; (iii) rapid increases in inositol(1,4,5)trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P3); and (iv) PLC hydrolysis primarily of PtdIns(4,5)P₂, such that the majority of InsP isomers derive from Ins(1,4,5)P₃. 4. Together, these data suggest a functional role for Ins(1,4,5)P3 under postischaemic reperfusion conditions, and provide a possible link between al-adrenoceptor stimulation of the PtdIns turnover pathway and reperfusion injury.     

Synthesis and screening of anti-cancer,antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of novel galloyl pyrazoline derivatives

A novel series of galloyl-2-pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and screened for their cytotoxic effect against hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) and colon carcinoma (HCT-116) cells using the MTT assay, proliferative effect on the immune cells RAW macrophage 264.7 using the MTT assay, anti-inflammatory activity through measurement of the accumulation of nitrites using Griess reagent, and for their antioxidant activity through scavenging of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical. Most of the tested compounds had a concomitant weak cytotoxic effect against both Hep-G2 and HCT-116 cells, except 5-(2-furyl)-4,5-dihydro-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole (IC₅₀ 8.4 μg/mL and 18.6 μg/mL) and 5-(4-cyanophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxy-phenyl)-1H-pyrazole (IC₅₀ 15.2 μg/mL, 31.5 μg/mL), which exhibited a cytotoxic effect against Hep-G2 and HCT-116 cells, respectively, while only 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole was a significant dose-dependent inducer of macrophage proliferation. On the other hand, all of the tested compounds were significant inhibitors of LPS-stimulated NO generation and potential scavengers of the DPPH radical, except 1-(3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoyl)-4,5-dihydro-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrazole.     

Evidence for altered insulin signalling in the brains of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg

Insulin-mediated signalling in the brain is critical for neuronal functioning. Insulin resistance is implicated in the development of some neurological diseases, although changes associated with absence epilepsy have not been established yet. Therefore, we examined the major components of PI3K/Akt-mediated insulin signalling in cortical, thalamic, and hippocampal tissues collected from Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and Non-Epileptic Control (NEC) rats. Insulin levels were also measured in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). For the brain samples, the nuclear fraction (NF) and total homogenate (TH) were isolated and investigated for insulin signalling markers including insulin receptor beta (IRβ), IR substrate-1 and 2 (IRS1 & 2), phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase phospho-85 alpha (PI3K p85α), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt1/2/3), glucose transporter-1 and 4 (GLUT1 & 4) and glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β) using western blotting. A significant increase in PTEN and GSK3β levels and decreased PI3K p85α and pAkt1/2/3 levels were observed in NF of GAERS cortical and hippocampal tissues. IRβ, IRS1, GLUT1, and GLUT4 levels were significantly decreased in hippocampal TH of GAERS compared to NEC. A non-significant increase in insulin levels was observed in plasma and CSF of GAERS rats. An insulin sensitivity assay showed decreased p-Akt level in cortical and hippocampal tissues. Together, altered hippocampal insulin signalling was more prominent in NF and TH compared to cortical and thalamic regions in GAERS. Restoring insulin signalling may improve the pathophysiology displayed by GAERS, including the spike-and-wave discharges that relate to absence seizures in patients.     

PTEN inhibitors cause a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect in mice

Inactivation of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) decreases cardiac contractility under basal conditions and induces cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion injury. However, the pharmacological effect of PTEN inhibitors on cardiac contractility has not been studied before. In the present study, we investigated the hypothesis that PTEN inhibition decreases cardiac contractility in mice. We first exposed isolated mouse hearts to the PTEN inhibitor bpV(phen) (40 μM), the phosphoinositide-3 kinase inhibitor wortmannin (1 μM), and the PTEN-resistant PIP3 analog 3-phosphorothioate-PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 (3-PT-PTP, 0.5 μM) for 10 min. Left ventricular pressure was measured by a Mikro-tip pressure catheter. We then inhibited PTEN in mice by intra-peritoneal injection of VO-OHpic (10 μg/kg) 30 min before ischemia and then exposed them to 30 min of ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion. At the end of the experiments, hearts were isolated for measurement of myocardial infarct size by 1.5% triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Left ventricular systolic pressure and heart rate were significantly decreased by bpV(phen). Consistent with the result, the maximal rate of left ventricular pressure increase or decrease was significantly decreased by bpV(phen). 3-PT-PIP3 mimicked the effect of bpV(phen), and the opposite effect on cardiac contractility was seen with wortmannin. Moreover, inhibition of PTEN in vivo by VO-OHpic decreased left ventricular systolic pressure and heart rate before ischemia, but resulted in an increase in cardiac functional recovery and a decrease in myocardial infarct size after ischemia–reperfusion. In conclusion, PTEN inhibition causes a negative inotropic and chronotropic effect while inducing cardioprotection against ischemia–reperfusion injury.     

PTEN: a promising pharmacological target to enhance epithelial wound healing

PI3Ks (phosphoinositide-3 kinases) produce PIP3 (phosphatidylinositol(3,4,5)-trisphosphate) which mediates signals for cell survival and proliferation. The tumour suppressor PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) dephosphorylates PIP3 and is a key negative regulator of PI3K signalling. Recent research highlighted important roles for PI3K/PTEN in cell polarization and directional cell migration, pointing to a significant role for PTEN in wound healing where spatially organized tissue growth is essential. Lai et al. (in this issue of British Journal of Pharmacology) have moved a step closer in utilizing PTEN for wound healing through pharmacological inhibition. Two vanadium derivative inhibitors targeting PTEN significantly elevated the level of phosphorylated Akt (protein kinase B) and nearly doubled the wound healing rate in monolayer cultures of lung and airway epithelial cells. Damage to airway and lung epithelia underlies a wide spectrum of significant clinical conditions. With further experiments, this promising approach may find potential clinical use in situations where enhanced wound healing of pulmonary and other epithelia is important.     

The predictive role of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss,phosphoinositol-3 (PI3) kinase (PIK3CA) mutation,and PI3K pathway activation in sensitivity to trastuzumab in HER2-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis

Abstract

Objective:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) loss or activating mutations of phosphoinositol-3 (PI3) kinase (PIK3CA) may be related to trastuzumab resistance in in vitro studies; however, this issue in clinical studies is controversial. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between PTEN loss, PIK3CA mutation and the efficacy of trastuzumab-based treatment in HER2-positive breast cancer patients.     

Inhibition of the phosphatase PTEN protects mice against oleic acid-induced acute lung injury

Background and purpose

Injury to the lung parenchyma is a constitutional feature shared by many lung diseases. The protein, phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome Ten (PTEN) is a major suppressor of phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt signalling, a vital survival pathway in lung parenchymal cells. Based on this, we hypothesized that PTEN inhibition in vivo would enhance cell tolerance to stress thereby preventing acute lung injury.

Experimental approach

We evaluated the ability of a PTEN inhibitor, potassium bisperoxo (1,10-phenanthroline) oxovanadate [bpV(phen)], to prevent acute lung injury induced by oleic acid (OA) in adult C57BL/6 mice. Lung assessments included bronchoalveolar lavage, tissue morphology, immunostaining for markers of cell death, cell identity, phospho-Akt and phospho-ERK levels and oximetry.

Key results

OA induced acute lung injury in a dose- and time-dependent manner. No injury was observed in the vehicle control or bpV(phen) treatment groups. PTEN inhibition by bpV(phen) increased lung tissue levels of phospho-Akt and ERK and but not focal adhesion kinase. This occurred in conjunction with a statistically significant reduction in protein content, lactate dehydrogenase, as well as tumour necrosis factor-α and chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid when compared with OA treatment alone. The incidence of alveolar lesions, consistent with acute lung injury, and terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL)-positive cells was also significantly reduced. Importantly, PTEN suppression maintained pulmonary function.

Conclusions and implications

Treatment with bpV(phen) significantly reduced the severity of acute lung injury in mice indicating that additional investigation is warranted to understand the important role that this phosphatase may play in the lung.     

Targeting PDK1 in cancer

Abnormal activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling is very common in cancer, leading to deregulation of several intracellular processes normally controlled by this enzyme, including cell survival, growth, proliferation and migration. Mutations in the gene encoding the tumour suppressor phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which leads to uncontrolled activation of the PI3K pathway, are reported in different cancers. Among the downstream effectors of PI3Ks, 3- phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) and protein kinase B (PKB)/Akt have a key role in several cancer types. More recent data indicate that alteration of PDK1 is a critical component of oncogenic PI3K signalling in breast cancer, suggesting that inhibition of PDK1 can inhibit breast cancer progression. PDK1 has an essential role in regulating cell migration especially in the context of PTEN deficiency. Downregulation of PDK1 levels inhibits migration and experimental metastasis of human breast cancer cells. PDK1 activates a large number of proteins, including Akt, some PKC isoforms, S6K and SGK. Data also reveal that PDK1 is oncogenic and this is dependent on PI3K pathway. Therefore, accumulating evidence demonstrates that PDK1 is a valid therapeutic target and suggests that PDK1 inhibitors may be useful to prevent cancer progression and abnormal tissue dissemination. This review will focus on published data on the role of PDK1 in cancer and approaches used to inhibit PDK1.     

Effect of temperature on muscarinic cholinoceptor-mediated phosphoinositide metabolism and tension generation in bovine tracheal smooth muscle

The effect of decreased temperature on phosphoinositide metabolism was studied in flurbiprofen pretreated bovine tracheal smooth muscle (BTSM) by investigating the consequences of cooling on muscarinic-cholinoceptor-mediated [³H]inositol phosphate ([³H]InsP) and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P₃) accumulation, basal phosphoinositidase C (PIC) activity and airways smooth muscle (ASM) tone. Cooling of [³H]Ins labelled BTSM slices from 37°C to 27°C for 20 min prior to the addition of agonist caused a substantial (73.0±2.5%) inhibition of carbachol (100 M, 30 min)-stimulated [³H]InsP accumulation compared to values measured at 37°C. The degree of inhibition of [³H]InsP accumulation was similar at all agonist time points (2–30 min) studied. In parallel experiments, cooling of unlabelled BTSM slices from 37°C to 27°C resulted in a 34% reduction in basal Ins(1,4,5)P₃ mass (37°C, 13.1±0.6 pmol mg^– protein; 27°C, 8.9±0.9 pmol mg^–1 protein; P<0.02) and markedly attenuated carbachol (100 M)-stimulated increases in Ins(1,4,5)P₃ accumulation. Basal PIC activity in the soluble fraction of BTSM homogenates, measured using a [³H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns(4,5)P₂) /deoxycholate assay system, was also significantly lower at 27°C compared to 37°C (initial velocities of PtdIns(4,5)P₂ hydrolysis of 853±167 (37°C) and 418±119 (27°C) pmol min^–1 ml^–1 (1/400 diluted) BTSM cytosol; p<0.02). Cooling of BTSM strips from 37°C to 27°C for 20 min affected neither the lag period prior to the onset of contraction, the rate of force development, nor the final magnitude of the tension generated by carbachol (100 M). However, a significant attenuation of the contractile response by cooling to 27°C was observed using a submaximal (EC₂₀) concentration of carbachol. Also, the contractile response to 1 mM McN-A-343, a partial agonist at M₃-cholinoceptors was significantly attenuated at 27°C with mean increases in the lag time and the t_1/2 to achieve maximal contraction of 558% and 369% respectively and a mean decrease in the maximum force generated of 37%. Despite previous reports indicating that cooling can enhance agonist-stimulated [³H]InsP₃ accumulation in certain tissues, modest degrees of cooling clearly inhibit basal and carbachol-stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in bovine tracheal smooth muscle and reduces the muscarinic receptor reserve in tracheal smooth muscle contraction.     

Effects of epidermal growth factor receptor and phosphatase and tensin homologue gene expression on the inhibition of U87MG glioblastoma cell proliferation induced by protein kinase inhibitors

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PTEN、PI3K和miR-21在胃癌中的表达及相关性研究

目的 探讨第10号染色体同源丢失性磷酸酶-张力蛋白基因(PTEN)、磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)和miR-21在胃癌中的表达及相互关系.方法 收集77例胃癌患者手术切除的胃癌组织及胃黏膜组织标本,应用荧光定量RT-PCR及Western blot-ting技术检测miR-21、PTEN和PI3K蛋白的表达水平,并分析miR-21与PTEN/PI3K信号通路之间的关系,以及与临床病理参数之间的相关性.结果 胃癌组织中miR-21及PI3K蛋白的表达水平均明显高于胃黏膜组织(P<0.05),PTEN蛋白的表达水平则明显降低(P<0.05);胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白的表达与肿瘤浸润深度、分化、TNM分期、淋巴转移有关(P<0.05),PI3K蛋白的表达与肿瘤淋巴转移和TNM分期有关(P<0.05);胃癌组织中PTEN蛋白的相对表达水平与miR-21和PI3K蛋白表达呈负相关(r=-0.428,P<0.05;r=-0.517,P<0.05).结论 miR-21可能通过抑制PTEN,激活P13K信号通路参与胃癌的发生发展.     

Redox regulation of PTEN by S-nitrosothiols

PTEN (phosphatase with sequence homology to tensin) is a phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate phosphatase that regulates many cellular processes. Activity of the enzyme is dependent on the redox state of the active site cysteine such that oxidation by H2O2 leads to inhibition. Because S-nitrosothiols are known to modify enzymes containing reactive cysteines, we hypothesized that S-nitrosothiols would oxidize PTEN and inhibit its phosphatase activity. In the present study, we show that S-nitrosocysteine (CSNO), S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO), and S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) reversibly oxidized recombinant PTEN. In addition, CSNO led to concentration- and time-dependent oxidation of endogenous cellular PTEN. However, in contrast, GSNO and SNAP were effective only when coincubated with cysteine, suggesting that these nitrosothiols must react with cysteine to form CSNO, which can be transferred across cell membranes. Oxidation of cellular PTEN resulted from thiol modification and led to reversible inhibition of phosphatase activity. Although oxidation of PTEN by H2O2 led to formation of an intramolecular disulfide, oxidation of PTEN by CSNO seemed to lead to formation of a mixed disulfide. Glutathionylation of cellular proteins by incubating cells with diamide or incubating cellular extracts with GSSG oxidized PTEN in a manner similar to that of CSNO. Overall, these data demonstrate for the first time that S-nitrosothiols oxidatively modify PTEN, leading to reversible inhibition of its phosphatase activity, and suggest that the oxidized species is a mixed disulfide.     

INOSITOL-1,4,5-TRISPHOSPHATE [INS(1,4,5)P3] AND INS(1,4,5)P3 RECEPTOR CONCENTRATIONS IN HEART TISSUES

1. The isolation and culture of neonatal cardiomyocytes causes changes in the metabolism of inositol(1,4,5) trisphosphate (Ins(1,4,5)P₃) from primarily dephosphorylation in the intact tissue to a combination of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation in the cultured cells (Woodcock et al. 1992). 2. The content of Ins(1,4,5)P₃ was found to be higher in intact heart tissue than in the isolated neonatal cells (10.9 ± 1.3 and 0.5 ± 0.1 pmol/mg tissue, mean ± s.e.m., n= 4, P<0.002, respectively). 3. Despite this difference, Ins(1,4,5)P₃ receptors in intact tissue and in isolated cells were not different in terms of affinity (8.0 ± 1.7 and 10.9 ± 1.6 nmol/L, n= 3, respectively) or concentration (143.3 ± 20.5 and 91.2 ± 16.0 fmol/mg protein, n = 3, respectively). 4. Thus, while there appears to be a relationship between the tissue content of Ins(1,4,5)P₃ and its metabolism, no relationship to the properties of Ins(1,4,5)P₃ receptors could be demonstrated.