子宫肌瘤腹腔镜剥除术中止血药物效果分析

目的 探讨垂体后叶素与缩宫素在腹腔镜下肌壁间子宫肌瘤剥除术的临床效果。方法 选取2015年10月~2016年12月行腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剥除术的患者60例,分成两组各30例。治疗组注射6IU垂体后叶素+10ml生理盐水,对照组注射20U缩宫素+10ml生理盐水,按照两组的用药情况,观察比较血压变化和其他情况。结果 治疗组与对照组比较,手术时间明显减少（98.13±5.07min vs 110.83±8.03min,t=-7.324,P=0.000）,术中出血量明显减少（67.50±10.24ml vs 97.83±16.10ml,t=-8.705,P=0.000）,血红蛋白术前术后变化（9.67±2.09g/L vs 11.53±2.21g/L,t=-3.362,P=0.001）。术中用药后15min,治疗组收缩压上升,显著高于对照组（150.77±5.57mmHg vs 142.03±5.21mmHg,t=6.273,P=0.000）。结论 腹腔镜下肌壁间子宫肌瘤剥除术应用垂体后叶素止血效果明显优于缩宫素,但会引起短暂性血压升高,临床使用应结合患者病情个性化选择。     

可注射型生物玻璃在口腔骨缺损填充修复中的应用效果

目的 研究可注射型生物玻璃在口腔骨缺损填充修复中的应用价值。方法 2013年9月至2014年9月连续选择58例口腔骨缺损大于1 mm患者,随机分为对照组26例和试验组32例,其中对照组应用羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷,试验组应用可注射型生物玻璃,对比愈合情况。结果 术后6个月和12个月X线检查,试验组骨愈合情况优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（6个月：53.1% vs 26.9%,χ²=4.060,P=0.044;12个月：78.1% vs 46.2%,χ²=6.348,P=0.012）;局部排斥反应发生率差异无统计学意义（6.3% vs 11.5%,χ²=0.059,P=0.808）。术后6个月和个12月锥形束CT（CBCT）检查,试验组平均骨厚度小于对照组,差异有统计学意义[6个月：（2.9±0.2）mm vs（3.4±0.3）mm,t=4.724,P=0.036;12个月：（1.6±0.2）mm vs（2.3±0.2）mm,t=5.123,P=0.027]。试验组的血清骨形态发生蛋白-2（BMP-2）和转化生长因子-β（TGF-β）水平均高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义[BMP-2：（65.3±14.5）pg/mL vs（32.8±9.6）pg/mL,t=5.623,P=0.023;TGF-β：（102.3±35.7）μg/L vs（72.6±26.8）μg/L,t=6.237,P=0.014]。结论 可注射型生物玻璃在口腔骨缺损填充修复中效果优于羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷,有较大的应用价值。     

腹腔镜下肛门成形术治疗高位肛门闭锁的疗效

目的 探讨腹腔镜下高位肛门闭锁成形术的临床疗效。方法 2010年6月至2014年6月安徽省立医院收治高位肛门闭锁患儿45例,23例行腹腔镜下肛门成形术（LAARP）,22例行后矢状路肛门成形术（PSARP）,比较两种肛门成形术手术时间、出血量,以及住院时间和肛门括约肌功能。结果 LAARP与PSARP比较,出血量[（12.1±3.6）mL vs（16.1±2.6）mL,t=-4.25,P<0.05）]、住院时间[（10.2±2.7）d vs（15.2±1.9）d,t=-7.1,P<0.05）]降低,肛门括约肌功能[（1.5±0.5）分vs（1.1±0.4）分,t=2.94,P=0.005）]改善;而手术时间及术后大便失禁、直肠积粪状况无明显差异。结论 高位肛门闭锁患儿LAARP术后肛门括约肌功能恢复较好,且住院时间、出血量较PSARP明显降低,LAARP值得推广应用。     

心理护理对骨折术后心理状态、疼痛和护理满意度的影响

目的 探讨心理护理对骨折术后心理状态、疼痛和护理满意度的影响。方法 回顾性分析2012年8月~2014年8月浙江省黄岩区中医院骨科病房住院患者72例, 将实施心理护理前36例作为对照组, 实施心理护理后36例作为观察组, 比较两组心理状态、疼痛评分、护理满意度。结果 对照组术后72h SAS评分和SDS评分分别为39.38±5.47、39.21±6.14分;观察组术后72h SAS评分和SDS评分分别为36.31±5.32、36.35±5.66分, SAS观察组显著低于对照组(t=2.41, P<0.01), SDS观察组显著低于对照组(t=2.05, P<0.01);对照组疼痛评分入院时、术后24h、术后72h分别为8.52±1.41、7.25±1.81、6.36±1.57分, 观察组疼痛评分入院时、术后24h、术后72h分别为8.74±1.38、6.37±1.45、4.42±1.48分, 术后24h疼痛评分观察组显著低于对照组(t=2.28, P<0.01);术后72h观察组疼痛评分低于对照组更明显(t=5.40, P<0.01);对照组护患沟通、护理主动性、服务态度分别为4.23±0.42、4.18±0.43、4.16±0.46分, 观察组护患沟通、护理主动性、服务态度分别为4.51±0.44、4.41±0.38、4.39±0.48分, 两组满意度比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.07~2.76, P<0.01)。结论 心理护理能改善骨折术后心理状态和疼痛, 提高护理满意度。     

临床护理路径在小儿腹泻护理中的应用效果

目的 探讨临床护理路径在小儿腹泻护理中的应用效果。方法 选取2015年4月至2015年12月阜阳市第二人民医院住院的108例腹泻患儿,随机分为两组,观察组（54例）和对照组（54例）。观察组实施临床护理路径,对照组给予常规的护理。结果 观察组止泻时间、住院时间较对照组短[（3.32±1.03）d vs（4.12±1.06）d,（5.42±1.06）d vs（6.13±1.08）d],差异有统计学意义（t=3.9775,P < 0.001;t=3.4478,P < 0.001）;观察组住院费用低于对照组[（3 014.98±752.97）元vs（3438.12±671.33）元],差异有统计学意义（t=3.0824,P < 0.05）;观察组复发率及满意度均优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。结论 将临床护理路径应用于小儿腹泻护理过程中,能改善护理质量,具有良好的临床护理效果。     

颈椎前路椎体骨化物复合体前移融合术再手术治疗颈椎后纵韧带骨化症效果观察（附12例分析）

目的 探讨颈椎前路椎体骨化物复合体前移融合术（ACAF）对颈椎后纵韧带骨化症颈椎后路手术治疗后疗效不佳或症状加重患者的治疗效果。方法 选择2016年2月至2017年2月在我院住院治疗的既往因颈椎后纵韧带骨化症行颈椎后路手术治疗后疗效不佳或症状加重患者12例,其中男7例、女5例,年龄52～74岁,平均（63.92±6.54）岁,再次手术均采用ACAF术式。采用日本骨科协会（JOA）评分和视觉模拟量表（VAS）评分评估患者ACAF术前及术后3、6、12个月和末次随访时的神经功能和疼痛情况。结果 12例患者均获得随访,随访9～21个月,平均（14.92±3.75）个月。所有患者ACAF术后神经功能均得到不同程度恢复,JOA评分由术前9.33±1.93升高为末次随访时的14.67±2.01,差异有统计学意义（t=3.184,P<0.05）,患者神经功能改善率为（71.9±21.8）%;VAS评分由术前5.25±1.42降低至末次随访时的0.92±0.83,差异有统计学意义（t=4.025,P<0.05）。结论 ACAF作为颈椎后纵韧带骨化症的翻修手术初步取得了较好的临床疗效,能够有效改善患者的神经功能,可作为颈椎后纵韧带骨化症翻修手术的选择方案之一。     

创客教学在消化内镜教学中的应用研究

目的　在消化内镜检查教学中应用创客教学法,以期拓展学生的思维,激发其创新意识,从而获得较好的教学效果,达到提高学生成绩、教学满意度及学习兴趣的目的。方法　选取2020年1月到2021年9月于首都医科大学宣武医院进行临床见习的2个长学制班级的全体学生作为研究对象。1个班全体学生为试验组（SCS创客教学班）,共计55人;另外一个班全体学生为对照组（传统教学组）,共计56人。两组学生于教学前进行摸底考试并进行威廉斯创造力倾向测量表评分;于教学后再进行闭卷考试,并进行威廉斯创造力倾向测量表评分;最后以问卷形式对两组学生进行满意度评分及学习兴趣调查。应用SPSS 23.0软件对数据进行t检验和卡方检验。结果　试验组教学后考试成绩,理论总分（68.11±9.27 vs. 58.66±6.55,t=-6.19,P<0.001）、选择题（21.85±3.94 vs. 18.96±4.59,t=-3.56,P=0.001）、简答题（13.55±3.67 vs. 11.18±3.23,t=-3.61,P<0.001）、简单病例分析（12.67±3.82 vs. 11.14±2.82,t=-2.40,P=0.018）、复杂病例分析（20.04±5.62 vs. 17.38±5.30,t=-2.57,P=0.012）、阅片考试（36.53±7.59 vs. 33.14±7.82,t=-2.31,P=0.023）均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。试验组威廉斯创造力倾向测量表评分（98.91±9.81 vs. 91.09±10.60,t=-4.03,P<0.001）、满意度评分（6.76±1.78 vs. 5.66±1.91,t=-3.14,P=0.002）、学习兴趣评分（6.49±2.00 vs. 5.41±1.82,t=-2.98,P=0.004）均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义。结论　创客教学法在消化内镜检查教学中的应用,可以培养学生的创新思维,提高医学生对消化内镜检查的理解,诱发他们对消化内镜的学习欲望,还可以提升学生对教学的满意程度。     

缬沙坦用于心房颤动伴高血压射频消融术后的疗效观察

目的 观察心房颤动（以下简称房颤）伴高血压患者磁导航引导下射频消融术后应用缬沙坦的临床疗效。方法 入选46例房颤伴高血压患者在磁导航引导下行射频消融术,术后分为实验组（缬沙坦+氨氯地平）和对照组（氨氯地平）,术后随访1年,记录心功能改善及房颤复发情况。结果 术后3个月、1年随访,两组收缩压均较术前改善,但组间比较差异无统计学意义（P分别为0.29、0.68）;术后3月时实验组CRP明显低于对照组（5.8±1.8mg/L vs 7.9±2.5mg/L,P<0.01）,房颤复发率有减少趋势,但差异无统计学意义（4 vs 10,P=0.060）,左心房前后径（LAD）比较差异无统计学意义（P=0.67）;术后1年时实验组LAD（36.1±2.9mm vs 38.2±3.3mm,P=0.02）、房颤复发率（2 vs 8,P=0.040）明显低于对照组。术后3个月房颤复发14例、术后1年复发10例,复发组患者的持续性房颤比例、术前LAD、随访时LAD均高于未复发组（P均<0.05）。结论 房颤类型、左心房大小是房颤伴高血压患者射频消融术后复发房颤的预测因子之一,缬沙坦可减少术后1年房颤复发率,特别是可以减少术后3个月CRP及术后1年LAD,其疗效独立于缬沙坦的降压作用。     

冠状动脉造影术前应用瑞舒伐他汀和阿托伐他汀对老年患者肾功能影响的对比分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉造影术前使用瑞舒伐他汀和阿托伐他汀对老年患者术后肾功能影响。方法 纳入2018年1月至6月在海军军医大学（第二军医大学）长海医院心血管内科行冠状动脉造影术的老年患者345例,按照接受他汀类药物的不同分为瑞舒伐他汀组（171例）和阿托伐他汀组（174例）,然后再将两组患者分别分为<70岁和≥ 70岁亚组。所有患者均继续原有常规用药并于每晚睡前服用常规剂量他汀类药物,分别于术前、术后72 h内测定血清肌酐水平,并分析各组患者术后造影剂肾病的发生情况。结果 瑞舒伐他汀组患者冠状动脉造影术后血清肌酐水平为（99.2±28.9）μmol/L,高于术前水平[（92.2±29.5）μmol/L],差异有统计学意义（t=4.734,P<0.01）;阿托伐他汀组术前、术后血清肌酐水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。无论<70岁亚组还是≥ 70岁亚组的患者,瑞舒伐他汀组术后血清肌酐水平均较术前升高[（88.0±15.6）μmol/L vs（82.3±13.5）μmol/L,（104.8±32.2）μmol/L vs（97.2±33.7）μmol/L],差异均有统计学意义（t=3.858、3.657,P均<0.01）;阿托伐他汀组<70岁亚组的患者术后血清肌酐水平高于术前水平[（128.3±44.4）μmol/L vs（122.4±43.4）μmol/L],差异有统计学意义（t=2.854,P=0.006）,而≥ 70岁亚组患者术前、术后血清肌酐水平差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。瑞舒伐他汀组患者造影剂肾病的发生率高于阿托伐他汀组[21.1%（36/171）vs 6.9%（12/174）],差异有统计学意义（χ²=14.430,P<0.01）,并且瑞舒伐他汀组≥ 70岁亚组患者的造影剂肾病发生率高于<70岁亚组的患者[28.9%（33/114）vs 5.3%（3/57）],差异有统计学意义（χ²=12.825,P<0.01）,但阿托伐他汀组≥ 70岁和<70岁亚组患者的造影剂肾病发生率无明显差异（P>0.05）。结论 与瑞舒伐他汀相比,阿托伐他汀对老年患者冠状动脉造影术后肾功能更具保护作用,造影剂肾病的发生率更低,且这种保护作用在≥ 70岁亚组的高龄患者中更明显。     

关节镜下胫骨端保残重建治疗前交叉韧带损伤的疗效分析

目的 探讨关节镜下胫骨端保残重建治疗前交叉韧带（ACL）损伤的疗效。方法 选取2015年1月至2016年5月安徽医科大学第一附属医院收治的56例ACL损伤患者,按照随机数字表法分为胫骨端保残重建ACL组（保残组）和清除胫骨端韧带组（对照组）,术前及术后第12个月进行一次随访,分析比较两组患者国际膝关节评分委员会评分（IKDC）及本体感觉评分的差异。结果 保残组患者术前IKDC评分为（49.54±5.17）分,本体感觉评分为（16.14±1.04）分,术后第12个月IKDC评分为（89.61±5.21）分;本体感觉评分为（7.04±0.79）分。对照组患者术前IKDC评分为（48.64±5.26）分,本体感觉评分为（16.28±0.98）分,术后第12个月随访IKDC评分为（88.15±4.98）分,本体感觉评分（10.43±0.84）分。两组患者术后的IKDC和本体感觉评分均高于术前差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。保残组术后的本体感觉评分高于对照组差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 关节镜下胫骨端保残单束重建ACL对膝关节本体感觉功能的恢复有积极作用。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.