Who needs myopia control?

Myopia has become a major visual disorder among school-aged children in East Asia due to its rising prevalence over the past few decades and will continue to be a leading health issue with an annual incidence as high as 20%-30%. Although various interventions have been proposed for myopia control, consensus in treatment strategies has yet to be fully developed. Atropine and orthokeratology stand out for their effectiveness in myopia progression control, but children with rapid progression of myopia require treatment with higher concentrations of atropine that are associated with increased rates of side effects, or with orthokeratology that carries risk of significant complication. Therefore, improved risk assessment for myopia onset and progression in children is critical in clinical decision-making. Besides traditional prediction models based on genetic effects and environmental exposures within populations, individualized prediction using machine learning and data based on age-specific refraction is promising. Although emerging treatments for myopia are promising and some have been incorporated into clinical practice, identifying populations who require and benefit from intervention remains the most important initial step for clinical practice.     

Clinical management of progressive myopia

Myopia has been increasing in prevalence throughout the world, reaching over 90% in some East Asian populations. There is increasing evidence that whereas genetics clearly have an important role, the type of visual environment to which one is exposed to likely influences the onset, progression, and cessation of myopia. Consequently, attempts to either modify the environment or to reduce the exposure of the eye to various environmental stimuli to eye growth through the use of various optical devices are well under way at research centers around the globe. The most promising of current treatments include low-percentage atropine, bifocal soft contact lenses, orthokeratology, and multifocal spectacles. These methods are discussed briefly and are then categorized in terms of their expected degree of myopia progression control. A clinical strategy is presented for selecting the most effective treatment for the appropriate type of patient at the optimal stage of refractive development to achieve the maximum control of myopia progression.     

角膜塑形镜控制儿童近视发展的影响因素

随着儿童近视发病率的不断增高,近视防控已引起人们越来越多的重视。角膜塑形术作为一种非手术性的矫正近视以及控制近视进展的治疗方式已经在全球范围内广泛应用。大量临床研究表明角膜塑形术是目前最有效地控制近视进展的重要手段之一。但是,并不是所有配戴角膜塑形镜的儿童均能获得理想的近视控制疗效,诸多因素可以影响角膜塑形镜对儿童近视发展的控制效果。现就角膜塑形镜控制儿童近视的影响因素进行综述。     

低浓度阿托品在儿童近视控制中的研究进展

伴随着儿童近视发生率的上升和低龄化趋势,近视已成为亟需解决的全球公共卫生问题。控制近视发生发展的有效措施包括双焦眼镜、多焦眼镜、角膜塑形镜和药物等。近年来,阿托品作为控制近视发展的有效药物得到广泛关注。由于低浓度阿托品可以有效控制近视屈光度和眼轴增长,且畏光、视近模糊等不良反应轻,故低浓度阿托品已成为儿童近视防控的研究重点。现就低浓度阿托品在儿童近视控制中的研究进展进行综述。     

低浓度阿托品控制近视的临床研究进展

随着近视患病率的不断攀升,近视相关视力损害及其防控日益成为社会关注的焦点。目前主要的近视控制方法包括阿托品、角膜塑形镜、双焦角膜接触镜、多焦角膜接触镜和功能框架眼镜等。近年来,低浓度阿托品(0.01%、0.05%)成为有效控制近视发生和进展的一线用药。同时低浓度阿托品比高浓度阿托品疗效更加持久,副作用更少见,患者的接受度更高。现本文对低浓度阿托品延缓近视进展的临床研究作一综述,从有效性、安全性、使用时机、联合控制效果等方面进行归纳总结,以期为临床使用低浓度阿托品控制近视提供依据。     

角膜塑形镜控制青少年近视有效性及安全性的Meta分析

目的 就角膜塑形镜对青少年近视患者的有效性及安全性进行Meta分析。方法 循证医学研究。以2017年1月前发表的角膜塑形镜控制儿童近视进展有效性和安全性的临床资料为目标,检索Medline及中国知网、万方数据库。通过Stata 11.0对文献进行Meta分析。计算1年和2年时间的眼轴长度改变的加权均数差（WMD）和不良反应发生率的比值比（OR及95%CI）,并按研究类型、种族、测量仪器等因素进行亚组分析。结果 共纳入14项研究,病例共2 563例,其中塑形镜组1 339例,框架镜组1 224例。Meta分析结果显示：2年观察中,塑形镜组和框架镜组眼轴的变化量有显著差异,WMD=-0.361,95%CI：-0.604~0.118,1年观察中,塑形镜组和框架镜组眼轴的变化量有显著差异,WMD=-0.356,95%CI：-0.610~-0.102。随访1年后塑形镜组近视控制率为66.6%,随访2年后为51.3%[近视控制率=（塑形镜组眼轴变化量-框架镜组眼轴变化量）/框架镜组眼轴变化量]。2年随访时间内,塑形镜组和框架镜组不良反应发生率的OR=6.408,95%CI：2.460~16.688。结论 角膜塑形镜是一个有效且相对安全的控制儿童近视进展的方法。     

Interventions to Reduce Myopia Progression in Children

Efforts to reduce the progression of myopia in childhood are on the rise, due to an increasing incidence of myopia worldwide and its associated sight-threatening complications. Interventions are aimed at reducing myopia in childhood and include environmental considerations, spectacles, contact lenses, and pharmacological agents. We reviewed recent literature with interventions aimed at reducing myopia progression in children and found that a number of interventions were significant in reducing the progression of myopia. Of these interventions, atropine showed the largest dose-related effect on myopia progression control. Although higher doses are associated with side effects of pupil dilatation, loss of accommodation, near vision blur, and rebound phenomenon, low-dose atropine has also been shown to provide effective myopia control with minimal side effects and rebound. To a lesser degree, bifocal soft contact lenses have also been shown to be effective in reducing the progression of myopia, though compliance is an issue. Similarly, orthokeratology lenses have also been shown to be effective in reducing axial length elongation and myopia progression, though long-term data on its rebound effects are unavailable.     

角膜塑形镜、低浓度阿托品与框架眼镜控制青少年近视的疗效比较

目的：对比观察角膜塑形镜、低浓度阿托品与框架眼镜控制青少年近视发展的疗效。

方法：选取2016-1/2016-07我科收治的青少年近视患者120例240眼,采取自愿原则分为3组：角膜塑形镜组40例80眼、低浓度阿托品组40例80眼、框架眼镜组40例80眼。随访18mo,对比分析三组患者的屈光度及眼轴变化情况。

结果：治疗18mo后,角膜塑形镜组、低浓度阿托品组的屈光度均低于框架眼镜组(P<0.05); 角膜塑形镜组、低浓度阿托品组治疗前后屈光度差值均低于框架眼镜组(P<0.05),但角膜塑形镜组与低浓度阿托品组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗18mo后,角膜塑形镜组、低浓度阿托品组眼轴均低于框架眼镜组(P<0.05); 角膜塑形镜组、低浓度阿托品组治疗前后眼轴差值均低于框架眼镜组(P<0.05),但角膜塑形镜组与低浓度阿托品组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。

结论：角膜塑形镜与低浓度阿托品均可有效控制青少年近视患者屈光度和眼轴长度进展,其疗效均优于框架眼镜,但角膜塑形镜与低浓度阿托品控制近视的疗效无明显差异。     

IMI Prevention of Myopia and Its Progression

The prevalence of myopia has markedly increased in East and Southeast Asia, and pathologic consequences of myopia, including myopic maculopathy and high myopia-associated optic neuropathy, are now some of the most common causes of irreversible blindness. Hence, strategies are warranted to reduce the prevalence of myopia and the progression to high myopia because this is the main modifiable risk factor for pathologic myopia. On the basis of published population-based and interventional studies, an important strategy to reduce the development of myopia is encouraging schoolchildren to spend more time outdoors. As compared with other measures, spending more time outdoors is the safest strategy and aligns with other existing health initiatives, such as obesity prevention, by promoting a healthier lifestyle for children and adolescents. Useful clinical measures to reduce or slow the progression of myopia include the daily application of low-dose atropine eye drops, in concentrations ranging between 0.01% and 0.05%, despite the side effects of a slightly reduced amplitude of accommodation, slight mydriasis, and risk of an allergic reaction; multifocal spectacle design; contact lenses that have power profiles that produce peripheral myopic defocus; and orthokeratology using corneal gas-permeable contact lenses that are designed to flatten the central cornea, leading to midperipheral steeping and peripheral myopic defocus, during overnight wear to eliminate daytime myopia. The risk-to-benefit ratio needs to be weighed up for the individual on the basis of their age, health, and lifestyle. The measures listed above are not mutually exclusive and are beginning to be examined in combination.     

Practical applications to modify and control the development of ametropia

For many individuals, the developmental trend of lessening hyperopia from birth continues past emmetropia towards myopia during childhood. The global pattern for prevalence of refractive errors indicates that the prevalence of hyperopia is low; in contrast, the burden of myopia is on the rise because of rising prevalence and magnitude of myopia. This review highlights the need to lessen the global burden of myopia by intervening with the development and/or slowing the progression of myopia. Further, outcomes from human clinical trials of pharmaceutical, optical, and environmental approaches to control myopia will be summarised. Pharmaceutical treatments are effective in controlling eye growth but are associated with deleterious side effects. Optical strategies that induce myopic defocus at the retina such as peripheral defocus reducing lenses, simultaneous defocus lenses, bifocals, and orthokeratology as well as environmental influences such as increased outdoor activity show promise and provide a substantially risk-free environment in which to control eye growth.     

青少年近视治疗的研究进展

青少年近视的发病率不断攀升,遗传及环境因素如长时间阅读、室内低光照度等被证实是近视发生及发病的诱因.增加户外活动量及室内光照亮度可作为预防青少年近视发生发展的重要手段.由于睫状肌调节紧张与近视有关,低剂量阿托品等毒蕈碱型受体拮抗剂已被用于近视的防治.目前,对于近视的治疗以屈光矫正为主,如配戴双焦或多焦镜片、角膜接触镜或角膜塑形镜(orthokeratology contact lenses,OK)等.由于巩膜组织中胶原结构异常、抗拉力减弱与眼轴不断增长有关,而巩膜交联疗法(cleral cross-linking,SXL)、口服7-甲基黄嘌呤(methylxanthine,MX)及Tenon囊下水凝胶注射可增加巩膜抗牵拉能力,也有望进入临床用于抑制近视眼眼轴的增长.随着对近视发生发展相关的分子生物学机制的不断研究,新的青少年近视防控措施仍将不断出现.     

加强我国儿童青少年近视的科学预防与控制

我国儿童青少年近视率居高不下,近视低龄化、重度化日益严重,已成为重要的公共卫生问题,儿童青少年近视防控也已上升为国家战略。目前,近视的病因尚未明确。因此,仍需深入探讨遗传和环境因素对近视的影响,进一步明确户外活动、角膜塑形镜、多焦点隐形眼镜、框架眼镜、阿托品滴眼液、重复低强度红光照射治疗等措施的优势及可能存在的局限性,综合考虑和应用现有的近视防控措施,制定科学有效的干预策略,加强我国儿童青少年近视的科学预防与控制。     

角膜塑形镜控制近视性屈光参差的研究进展

近视性屈光参差是一种特殊类型的屈光不正。近年来,随着全球近视患病率的快速增长,近视性屈光参差的患病率也呈现出逐年上升的趋势。屈光参差会引起双眼视网膜图像大小不同和融像困难,带来视疲劳、单眼抑制、弱视和立体视障碍等问题,影响患者的工作和生活。因此,早期发现并采取有效的干预措施延缓儿童近视性屈光参差的进展至关重要。目前,各种控制儿童近视进展的方法已得到广泛研究,其中角膜塑形镜(orthokeratology lens, OK镜)被认为是控制近视性屈光参差的有效手段。本文主要对角膜塑形镜控制近视的机制、延缓近视性屈光参差进展的效果及其对近视性屈光参差儿童立体视影响的研究进展进行综述,以期为今后近视性屈光参差的防控工作提供理论基础。     

The optimal atropine concentration for myopia control in Chinese children: a systematic review and network Meta-analysis

AIM: To figure out whether various atropine dosages may slow the progression of myopia in Chinese kids and teenagers and to determine the optimal atropine concentration for effectively slowing the progression of myopia. METHODS: A systematic search was conducted across the Cochrane Library, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, CBM, VIP, and Wanfang database, encompassing literature on slowing progression of myopia with varying atropine concentrations from database inception to January 17, 2024. Data extraction and quality assessment were performed, and a network Meta-analysis was executed using Stata version 14.0 Software. Results were visually represented through graphs. RESULTS: Fourteen papers comprising 2475 cases were included; five different concentrations of atropine solution were used. The network Meta-analysis, along with the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA), showed that 1% atropine (100%)>0.05% atropine (74.9%) >0.025% atropine (51.6%)>0.02% atropine (47.9%)>0.01% atropine (25.6%)>control in refraction change and 1% atropine (98.7%)>0.05% atropine (70.4%)>0.02% atropine (61.4%)>0.025% atropine (42%)>0.01% atropine (27.4%)>control in axial length (AL) change. CONCLUSION: In Chinese children and teenagers, the five various concentrations of atropine can reduce the progression of myopia. Although the network Meta-analysis showed that 1% atropine is the best one for controlling refraction and AL change, there is a high incidence of adverse effects with the use of 1% atropine. Therefore, we suggest that 0.05% atropine is optimal for Chinese children to slow myopia progression.     

Optical changes and visual performance with orthokeratology

Orthokeratology has undergone drastic changes since first described in the early 1960s. The original orthokeratology procedure involved a series of lenses to flatten the central cornea and was plagued by variable results. The introduction of highly oxygen-permeable lens materials that can be worn overnight, corneal topography, and reverse-geometry lens designs revolutionised this procedure. Modern overnight orthokeratology causes rapid, reliable, and reversible reductions in refractive error. With modern designs, patients can wear lenses overnight, remove them in the morning, and see clearly throughout the day without the need for daytime refractive correction. Modern reverse-geometry lens designs cause central corneal flattening and mid-peripheral corneal steepening that provides clear foveal vision while simultaneously causing a myopic shift in peripheral retinal defocus. The peripheral myopic retinal defocus caused by orthokeratology is hypothesised to be responsible for reductions in myopia progression in children fitted with these lenses. This paper reviews the changes in orthokeratology lens design that led to the reverse-geometry orthokeratology lenses that are used today and the optical changes these lenses produce. The optical changes reviewed include changes in refractive error and their time course, high- and low-contrast visual acuity changes, changes in higher-order aberrations and visual quality metrics, changes in accommodation, and changes in peripheral defocus caused by orthokeratology. The use of orthokeratology for myopia control in children is also reviewed, as are hypothesised connections between orthokeratology-induced myopic peripheral defocus and slowed myopia progression in children, and safety and complications associated with lens wear. A better understanding of the ocular and optical changes that occur with orthokeratology will be beneficial to both clinicians and patients in making informed decisions regarding the utilisation of orthokeratology. Future research directions with this lens modality are also discussed.     

低浓度阿托品联合角膜塑形镜矫治近视的临床观察

目的：观察低浓度阿托品滴眼液联合角膜塑形镜治疗青少年低中度近视的有效性及安全性。

方法：选取2016-05/2018-08于我院就诊的青少年低中度近视患者126例126眼(均取右眼数据),使用夜戴型角膜塑形镜1mo后随机进行分组,试验组患者63眼每晚联合应用低浓度(0.01%)阿托品滴眼液1次,对照组患者63眼每晚联合应用聚乙二醇滴眼液1次。随访观察眼轴、等效球镜度、最佳矫正近视力、瞳孔直径、调节幅度、泪膜破裂时间、眼压的情况。

结果：联合治疗1a,试验组和对照组低度近视患者眼轴分别增长0.13±0.03、0.22±0.05mm,中度近视患者眼轴分别增长0.12±0.03、0.20±0.05mm; 低度近视患者等效球镜度分别增加0.16±0.07、0.21±0.08D,中度近视患者等效球镜度分别增加0.16±0.05、0.20±0.09D,两组之间眼轴和等效球镜度变化均有差异(均P<0.05)。治疗1a后,两组患者最佳矫正近视力、泪膜破裂时间、眼压均无差异(P>0.05),但试验组患者瞳孔直径较对照组明显增大,调节幅度较对照组降低(P<0.05)。

结论：0.01%阿托品滴眼液联合角膜塑形镜能更有效控制青少年近视进展,且安全有效。     

三种不同干预方法对近视儿童调节参数及屈光度的影响

目的：通过观察低浓度阿托品、角膜塑形镜、框架眼镜对包头市近视儿童的控制效果,分析其近视相关调节参数的变化规律,为近视防控提供依据。

方法：选取2018-06/12在包头医学院第一附属医院眼科门诊就诊的8～14岁近视儿童120例240眼,分为低浓度阿托品组、角膜塑形镜组和框架眼镜组,并在1、3、6、12mo分别对调节滞后量、正相对调节、负相对调节及屈光度进行随访。

结果：随访3、6、12mo,低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜调节滞后量有差异(P<0.05); 随访6、12mo时,角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组调节滞后量有差异(P<0.05)。随访3、6、12mo时,低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜组、框架眼镜组负相对调节均有差异(P<0.05)。在各随访时间点角膜塑形镜组与低浓度阿托品组、框架眼镜组正相对调节均有差异(P<0.05)。随访6、12mo,低浓度阿托品组与框架眼镜组屈光度有差异(P<0.05); 随访12mo,角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组屈光度有差异(P<0.05)。

结论：角膜塑形镜可以通过降低调节滞后量,解决远视离焦的问题,同时还可以提高正相对调节,但需要长期坚持配戴。低浓度阿托品可以提高负相对调节,但可能有其他途径来控制近视的发展。相较其它组而言,框架眼镜对于各调节指标影响较小,对近视的控制效果并不显著。     

The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention

There is an epidemic of myopia in East and Southeast Asia, with the prevalence of myopia in young adults around 80–90%, and an accompanying high prevalence of high myopia in young adults (10–20%). This may foreshadow an increase in low vision and blindness due to pathological myopia. These two epidemics are linked, since the increasingly early onset of myopia, combined with high progression rates, naturally generates an epidemic of high myopia, with high prevalences of “acquired” high myopia appearing around the age of 11–13. The major risk factors identified are intensive education, and limited time outdoors. The localization of the epidemic appears to be due to the high educational pressures and limited time outdoors in the region, rather than to genetically elevated sensitivity to these factors. Causality has been demonstrated in the case of time outdoors through randomized clinical trials in which increased time outdoors in schools has prevented the onset of myopia. In the case of educational pressures, evidence of causality comes from the high prevalence of myopia and high myopia in Jewish boys attending Orthodox schools in Israel compared to their sisters attending religious schools, and boys and girls attending secular schools. Combining increased time outdoors in schools, to slow the onset of myopia, with clinical methods for slowing myopic progression, should lead to the control of this epidemic, which would otherwise pose a major health challenge. Reforms to the organization of school systems to reduce intense early competition for accelerated learning pathways may also be important.     

低浓度阿托品与角膜塑形镜控制近视疗效对比

目的:对比分析低浓度阿托品与角膜塑形镜对青少年近视发展控制的疗效.方法:选取我院门诊青少年近视患者150例,随机分为3组,A组50例为应用低浓度阿托品组,B组50例为验配角膜塑形镜组,C组50例为验配框架眼镜组.三组患者治疗前屈光度及眼轴长度差异无统计学意义.随访1a后通过统计学分析三组屈光度、眼轴长度变化.结果:随访1a后各组屈光度治疗前后均有统计学意义(P<0.01).各组间屈光度比较结果如下:低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低浓度阿托品组与框架眼镜组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).随访1a后各组眼轴变化治疗前后均有统计学意义(P<0.01).随访1a后各组间眼轴变化比较结果如下:低浓度阿托品组与角膜塑形镜组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);低浓度阿托品组与框架眼镜组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);角膜塑形镜组与框架眼镜组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:低浓度阿托品和角膜塑形镜在控制青少年近视度数增长,眼轴增长方面无明显差异,且两者控制青少年近视疗效均优于框架眼镜.     

Changes in Choroidal Thickness in Myopic Adolescents after Monocular Orthokeratology Treatment

Objective: To observe the changes in choroidal thickness (CT) and axial length (AL) before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses and to investigate the role of the choroid in slowing the progression of myopia. Methods: This was a self-control study. From August 2018 to June 2019, in which 26 monocular myopic adolescents (52 eyes) who were treated with orthokeratology lenses in Shenyang Aier Eye Hospital were recruited. The eyes fitted with orthokeratology lenses served as the experimental group, while the fellow eyes without treatment served as the control group. AL and CT were measured in both groups at baseline and the 6-month visit. A paired t-test was used to analyze AL and CT before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses and the changes were compared between the 2 groups. Results: After 6 months of wearing orthokeratology lenses, the CT of the experimental group increased in all positions (all P<0.05), and the CT of the control group decreased in all positions (all P<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the changes in CT between the 2 groups before and after wearing orthokeratology lenses (all P<0.05). The AL in both groups increased significantly (both P<0.05). AL elongation was 0.09±0.15 mm in the experimental group and 0.26±0.16 mm in the control group, and there was a statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (t=-4.024, P<0.001). Conclusions: For myopic adolescents, wearing orthokeratology lenses can thicken the choroid and slow axial growth, which may be one of the reasons for using orthokeratology lenses to control the progression of myopia.