植入型心律转复除颤器的长期随访观察

1994年至2004年给4例患者共植入6台植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）。男性3例，女性1例，年龄5l～88岁。临床诊断：2例未发现器质性心脏病，反复出现频发室性早搏（室早）、阵发性室性心动过速（VT）伴黑喙，心功能正常，左心室射血分数（LVEF）0．60。1例为冠心病，稳定型心绞痛，病态窦房结综合征（慢快型），短阵VT伴阿斯综合征，心功能Ⅲ级（NYHA分级），LVEF0．49；高血压3级（极高危）。另1例为冠心病，陈旧性前壁心肌梗死，频发室早、短阵VT、尖端扭转性VT、心室颤动（VF），LVEF0．41，主动脉夹层，先天性主动脉瓣二叶瓣畸形。4例患者均用过2种以上抗心律失常药疗效差或不能耐受。     

Increase in ventricular tachycardia frequency after biventricular implantable cardioverter defibrillator upgrade

We report the case of a patient in whom transvenous left ventricular pacing lead placement at the time of a biventricular upgrade led to an exacerbation of clinical monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (MVT). At implant, slow left ventricular pacing repeatedly induced sustained MVT. However, testing of the biventricular pacing showed no MVT inducibility, and the system was implanted. The patient was readmitted due to multiple episodes of the MVT observed at implant. The MVT was controlled with pharmacotherapy, allowing the patient to continue with biventricular pacing.     

Pacemaker and implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation in pediatric patients

Pediatric pacing presents peculiar challenges and characteristics due to the peculiarity of children and adolescents, above all the somatic growth, but also the active lifestyle, the susceptibility to infections, and the generally anticipated long survival. In contrast, pacemaker (PM) generator and leads are designed for adult patients. Studies concerning children with PM are usually small, disomogeneous and without control groups. Large studies are rare. Moreover, concerns have been raised about long-term outcome of leads, ventricular and valvular dysfunction, venous patency, cosmetic results and psychological factors. So, it is still debated which systems have to be preferred, between the endocardial and the epicardial with steroid-eluting leads. Pediatric PM and (ICDs) show good results, but complications are still frequent, generally lead related, and often require reinterventions. As a general rule, less leads are implanted in children, less complications will occur in the future, and the simplest pacing system (generally, single-chamber PM) has better outcome. The creation of an atrial loop might allow the 'elongation' of the lead with the growth. Endocardial and epicardial pacing with steroid-eluting leads have comparable electrical performances, expecially in absence of other congenital heart defects and previous heart surgery, although endocardial pacing shows the best outcomes: it should be the first choice in children over 10-15 kg.     

Experience with implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in elderly patients

AIMS: Concern exists about the benefit of implantable defibrillatortherapy in elderly patients. We assessed the utility of implantabledefibrillator therapy and its effect on mortality in patients70 years and older and compared results in this group to thosein younger patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: Thirty-two out of 200 consecutive patients (16%) were 70 yearsor older at the time of implantation of a defibrillator. Whencomparing elderly to younger patients no significant differenceswere noted with respect to presenting arrhythmia, left ventricularejection fraction or presence of an old myocardial infarction.Elderly patients had a higher prevalence of ischaemic heartdisease, while in the younger group more patients had idiopathicventricular tachycardia. Cumulative survival curves (Kaplan-Meiermethod) for all-cause mortality, sudden cardiac death and non-suddencardiac death were constructed for elderly and younger patients.No significant differences for cumulative survival from all-causemortality (75 vs 74%), sudden cardiac death (0 vs 4%) and non-suddencardiac death (97 vs 93%) were found. The incidence of appropriateshocks during follow-up was comparable (65 vs 72%). CONCLUSION: Implantable defibrillator therapy was effective in preventingsudden cardiac death in the elderly. Total mortality was similarto younger patients at a follow-up of 19±14 and 25±19months, respectively. Age itself should be no contraindicationto implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy.     

植入型心律转复除颤器35例次随访

目的报告35例植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）的随访结果.方法对我院1998年5月至2004年4月植入的31例,另有4例更换ICD患者进行电话询问和门诊随访（3～70个月,平均36.5个月）,通过常规心电图、动态心电图及ICD存储的资料,对患者病情和ICD工作情况进行分析.结果 4例患者死亡.31例患者共发作持续性室性心动过速/心室颤动（VT/VF）725次（VT534次,占73.7%,VF191次,占26.3%）,其中719次（96.8%）治疗成功,6次（3.2%）失败.534次VT中,454次（85.5%）经抗心动过速起搏（ATP）终止,80次（14.5%）经低能量复律（CV）终止.191次VF中,185次（96.9%）经高能量除颤（DF）终止,1例患者无效放电6次.3例患者发生误放电7次.结论 ICD疗效肯定,须密切随访,及时调整工作参数;应高度重视ICD患者的心理治疗.     

置入埋藏式心律转复除颤器的长期随访

目的报道8例埋藏式心脏转复除颤器（1CO）治疗恶性室性心律失常的疗效及随访结果。方法对置入ICD的8例患者进行电话询问和门诊随访,通过常规心电图、动态心电图及ICD存储的资料,对患者病情和ICDT作情况进行分析。结果8台ICD共检出心律失常事件263次,其中202次为短阵非持续性室性心动过速（VT）,自行终止,61次为持续性VT／（室颤）VF,32次为抗心动过速（ATP）终止,21次为低能量电击终止,8次为高能量电击终止,再发恶性室性心律失常全部经ICD成功转复为窦性心率,有效率100％。误放电治疗8次。误放电原因：阵发性心房颤动心室率超过设置的VT频率,ICD发生误识别。结论ICD治疗恶性室性心律失常效果肯定,但应加强随访,警惕误放电。     

埋藏式心脏转复除颤器患者的随访

目的报道7例埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)治疗恶性室性心律失常的情况。方法对6例单腔ICD及1例双腔ICD植入者进行随访,通过ICD程控仪调出储存的资料,了解ICD对恶性心律失常的治疗情况,并对其工作情况进行分析。结果随访5～44个月,平均23.7个月,ICD共检测到持续性室性心动过速(VT)2 129次,心室颤动(VF)6次。采用抗心动过速起搏(ATP)治疗VT的成功率为91.9%,ATP未能终止的VT经低能量转复(CV)治疗95.3%转为窦性心律,少数VT经治疗后加速为VF。高能量除颤(DF)终止VF的成功率为100%。4例12次误将室上性心动过速误判断为室性事件而启动治疗,其中2次心房颤动,10次窦性心动过速,经调整VT的识别参数及联合使用抗心律失常药物后未再发生类似情况。2例随访期间出现晕厥,ICD存储的信息显示发生了VF并复律成功。2例出现焦虑症,经心理治疗改善。结论术后严密随访,及时调整工作参数,同时关注患者的心理健康并给予针对性的心理支持和治疗,对提高ICD的治疗效果至关重要。     

Lability of R- and T-wave peaks in three-dimensional electrocardiograms in implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients with ventricular tachyarrhythmia during follow-up

Introduction

From experiments, we know that the heterogeneity of action potential duration and morphology is an important mechanism of ventricular tachyarrhythmia. Electrocardiogram (ECG) markers of repolarization lability are known; however, lability of depolarization has not been systematically studied. We propose a novel method for the assessment of variability of both depolarization and repolarization phases of the cardiac cycle.

Methods

Baseline orthogonal ECGs of 81 patients (mean ± SD age, 56 ± 13 years; 61 male [75%]) with structural heart disease and implanted single-chamber implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) were analyzed. Clean 30-beat intervals with absence of premature beats were then selected. Baseline wandering was corrected before analysis. Peaks of R wave and peaks of T wave were detected for each beat, and the axis magnitude was calculated. The peaks were plotted to show clouds of peaks and then used to construct a convex hull, and the volumes of the R peaks cloud and T peaks cloud and ratio of volumes were calculated.

Results

During a mean (SD) follow-up period of 13 (10) months, 9 of the 81 patients had sustained ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) and received appropriate ICD therapies. All ICD events were adjudicated by three independent electrophysiologists. There was no statistically significant difference in the volume of T-wave peaks or R-wave peaks between patients with and without VT or VF during follow-up; however, R/T peaks cloud volume ratio was significantly lower in patients with subsequent VT/VF (22.4 ± 25.4 versus 13.1 ± 7.9, P = .024).

Conclusions

Larger volume of T peaks cloud, measured during 30 beats of three-dimensional ECG, is associated with higher risk of sustained ventricular tachyarrhythmias and appropriate ICD therapies. New method to assess temporal variability of repolarization in three-dimensional ECGs by measuring volume of peak clouds shows potential for further exploration for VT/VF risk stratification.     

植入型心律转复除颤器植入后电风暴研究进展

目前,植入型心律转复律除颤器(ICD)已成为治疗致命性室性心律失常和预防心脏性猝死的首选方法.伴随ICD的广泛应用,其相关并发症的报道日益增多,其中ICD电风暴以其发病迅急,症状严重,需要紧急处理而倍受关注.鉴于此,本文对近年来有关ICD电风暴的研究进展做一综述.     

植入型心律转复除颤器一级预防的费用-效果分析

过去十余年间,数项大规模随机对照试验证实植入型心律转复除颤器（ICD）可以改善左心室收缩功能不良导致的慢性心力衰竭患者的预后（一级预防）,ICD也因此在全世界范围内得到了广泛的应用.然而,ICD价格昂贵,而且在后期随访与更换中会产生大量费用,这些费用给患者家庭与社会带来的经济负担不容小觑.本文拟从费用-效果分析（cost-effectiveness analysis,CEA）的角度,对ICD做一经济评估.     

埋藏式心脏转复除颤器用于心源性猝死一级预防患者全因死亡危险因素分析

目的分析埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)用于心源性猝死一级预防的患者全因死亡的独立危险因素。方法纳入2006年1月至2017年12月于北京协和医院行ICD植入的心源性猝死一级预防患者,收集患者植入ICD时的基础临床资料及随访过程中的放电治疗及死亡事件;应用多因素Cox回归分析全因死亡的独立危险因素。结果①共95例ICD一级预防患者纳入临床统计,年龄(61.4±12.7)岁,男性71例(74.7%),随访中位数47(14～69)个月,14例接受恰当放电治疗,11例接受不恰当放电治疗,26例死亡;②多因素Cox回归分析显示接受恰当放电治疗的患者全因死亡风险较未接受过恰当放电治疗患者全因死亡风险高(HR=3.252,P=0.019),其它全因死亡的独立危险因素还包括年龄(HR=1.048,P=0.011)、血肌酐水平(HR=1.003,P=0.002)。结论 ICD一级预防患者中接受过恰当放电治疗的患者比未接受过恰当放电治疗患者全因死亡风险高。     

埋藏式心脏转复除颤器的长期随访观察

目的分析埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(ICD)治疗恶性室性心律失常的疗效。方法4例患者中共置入6台ICD,通过常规心电图、动态心电图及ICD程控分析仪进行随访,对患者情况及ICD工作情况进行分析,合理调整起搏参数,心律失常药物,及时处理ICD故障。结果6台ICD共检出心律失常事件272次,启动治疗程序64次,其中包括低能量复律和高能量除颤转复室性心动过速和心室颤动19次(占29.7%,19/64),抗心动过速起搏成功治疗室性心动过速35次(占54.7%,35/64),误放电治疗10次(占15.6%,10/64)。误放电原因包括:感知窦性心动过速3次,电磁干扰2次,电极导线绝缘层破损干扰5次。其余208次心律失常事件均在ICD启动诊断识别过程中自行终止,ICD未继续实施治疗程序。结论ICD治疗恶性室性心律失常效果肯定,但应加强随访,警惕误放电。     

全自动远程家庭监测系统在植入心律转复除颤器患者中的应用

目的 评价全自动远程家庭监测（HM）在植入心律转复除颤器（ICD）/心脏再同步治疗除颤器（CRT-D）患者中的应用.方法 随访23例植入了带有HM功能的ICD及CRT-D患者,分析HM所获得的日常信息和报警数据,观察其对系统相关事件、心律失常和心力衰竭（心衰）监测在内的临床相关事件的早期监测及临床干预的疗效.结果 对23例患者随访122～937（452.1±262.2）d,共接收报警信息1 991次,发现异常事件1 481次,其中96.4％是临床相关事件,1.5％为系统相关事件,无信息传输事件占2.1％.系统相关事件多为感知异常,其中发现左心室导线脱位1例.临床相关事件中心律失常报警事件占84.7％[室上性心律失常和心房颤动（房颤）事件较多],心衰报警事件占15.3％,以静息时心率升高及心脏再同步治疗心室起搏百分比降低为主.根据HM系统报警信息,电话联络患者65例次,优化参数11例次,指导调整药物治疗方案18例次,4例患者入院治疗.结论 对于植入ICD/CRT-D的患者,HM系统是一项必要的、安全可靠的远程监测方法,可以及时识别起搏系统相关异常、发现临床相关事件,可指导对患者进行早期临床干预,优化随访管理,提高患者生活质量.     

Dofetilide reduces the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias and implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapies

Dofetilide Reduces VT/VF and ICD Therapies . Background: Patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and ventricular arrhythmias leading to ICD therapies have poor clinical outcomes and quality of life. Antiarrhythmic agents and catheter ablation are needed to control these arrhythmias. Dofetilide has only been approved for the treatment of atrial fibrillation. The role of dofetilide in the control of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with an ICD has not been established. Objective: Evaluate the safety and efficacy of dofetilide in a consecutive group of patients with an ICD and recurrent ventricular tachycardia (VT) and/ or ventricular fibrillation (VF) after other antiarrhythmic drugs have failed to suppress these arrhythmias. Methods: We studied 30 patients (age 59 ± 11; 5 women) with symptomatic VT or VF and ICDs for secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. These patients had an average of 1.8 ± 4.5 episodes of VT/VF per month despite antiarrhymic therapy. Twenty‐one patients (70%) had recurrent appropriate ICD therapies prior to initiation of dofetilide, and 9 (30%) VTs below the programmed detection rate of the ICD. Twenty‐three patients (77%) had coronary artery disease. Mean ejection fraction was 30 ± 14% and 26/30 (87%) had congestive heart failure. All patients had previously failed 2 ± 1 antiarrhythmic drugs including amiodarone (n = 19) and sotalol (n = 10). Results: During the first month of treatment, 25 patients (83%) had complete suppression of VT/VF and of the 21 patients with ICD therapies 16 (76%) had no therapies during the first month of treatment. During a follow‐up period of 32 ± 32 months, dofetilide reduced the monthly episodes of VT/VF from 1.8 ± 4.5 to 1.0 ± 3.5 (P = 0.006). Monthly ICD therapies decreased from 0.9 ± 1.4 to 0.4 ± 1.7 (P = 0.037). In 9 patients that presented with slow VTs under the ICD detection zone, dofetilide reduced monthly VT/VF episodes from 0.7 ± 0.6 to 0.1 ± 0.1 (P = 0.01) and 6 (67%) had no further ICD therapies. Dofetilide was discontinued in 13 patients (43%) after 24 ± 30 months due to failure to control VT/VF (n = 7), placement of a left ventricular assist device (n = 3), catheter ablation (n = 1), heart transplantation (n = 1), and left ventricular restoration surgery (n = 1). There were 7 documented deaths (2 patients died suddenly; 3 patients of progressive heart failure; and 2 of non‐cardiac causes). Conclusions: In patients with an ICD and ventricular arrhythmias, dofetilide decreases the frequency of VT/VF and ICD therapies even when other antiarrhythmic agents, including amiodarone, have previously been ineffective. Recurrences still occur in some patients requiring catheter ablation, mechanical support, or heart transplantation. (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 23 p. 296‐301, March 2012.)     

Utilization and outcomes of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator, 1987 to 1995

Background The patterns of adoption of the implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) and the outcomes of its use have not been well documented in general, unselected populations. The purpose of this study was to document the impact of the ICD in widespread clinical practice. Methods We identified ICD recipients by use of the hospital discharge databases of Medicare beneficiaries for 1987 through 1995 and of California residents for 1991 through 1995. The index admission for each patient was linked to previous and subsequent admissions and to mortality files to create a longitudinal patient profile. Results The rate of ICD implantations increased >10-fold between 1987 and 1995, as both the number of hospitals performing the procedure and the volume of ICD implantations per hospital rose. Mortality rates within 30 days of ICD implantation decreased from 6.0% to 1.9%, and mortality rates within 1 year fell from 19.3% to 11.4%. Surgical interventions to revise or replace the ICD within the first year remained about 5%, however, and cumulative expenditures at 1 year ($46,000-$51,000) changed very little. ICD implantation rates varied >3-fold among different regions of the United States. Conclusions ICD use has expanded markedly during the study period, with improved mortality rates, but medical expenditures and rates of surgical revision remain high for ICD recipients. (Am Heart J 2002;144:397-403.)     

植入埋藏式心脏转复除颤器的临床应用与随访

目的报道13例埋藏式心脏转复除颤器(implantable cardioverter defibrillator,ICD)的临床应用与随访结果。方法对置入10例单腔ICD及3例双腔ICD患者进行电话询问和门诊随访,通过心电图、动态心电图及ICD存储的资料,对患者病情和ICD工作情况进行分析。结果 13例患者共发作持续性室性心动过速/心室颤动(ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation,VT/VF)38次(持续性VT 36次,VF 2次),其中37次治疗成功,1次失败。非持续性VT 121次,发作均自行停止。36次持续性VT中33次经抗心动过速起搏(antitachycardia pacing,ATP)终止,2次经低能量复律(CV)终止,1次VT治疗过程中加速为VF,由高能量除颤(DF)终止。1例共2次阵发性心房颤动心室率超过设置的VT频率,ICD发生误识别,给予ATP治疗。1例术后3个月出现心律失常"电风暴"。共有3例术后因VT发作频繁而服用胺碘酮和(或)美托洛尔,并根据心律失常发作情况调整用药剂量。结论 ICD植入后应加强随访,及时调整工作参数,同时给予患者心理治疗、对提高ICD的治疗效果非常重要。