76%泛影葡胺胶浆经纤维支气管镜选择性支气管造影的临床应用

支气管造影已有近七十年的历史，随着造影剂和造影技术的不断提高和改进，支气管造影早已成为一种成熟的检查方法与重要的诊断手段。但是必需找一种理想的支气管造影剂才能提高支气管显影效果。我们采用７６％泛影葡胺胶浆做选择性支气管造影，大大提高了支气管显影效果，...     

造影剂“泛羧利”行选择性支气管造影的临床应用

我国80年代有人用复方泛影葡胺。或加波甲基纤维素钠（Carboxymethylcellulose），CMC）作支气管造影[203]，后者取得较满意的影像质量。我们曾用造影剂“泛波利”与60％复方泛影葡胺作动物支气管造影对比实验研究，着重视察造影剂毒副作用和影像质量，结果表明前者优于后者。在此基础上我们应用于临床，行选择性支气管造影取得较满意结果，报告如下：1临床资料与造影方法；行选择性支气管造影SO例，其中男性57例，女性23例，年龄19～65岁。临床咯血疑诊支气管扩张症76例，肺不张原因持查4例。造影方法：按常规支气管造影插管方法将十二…     

钽粉支气管造影术的动物实验研究

目的探索钽粉（ｔａｎｔａｌｕｍｐｏｗｄｅｒ）进行支气管造影的效果与方法。方法用自制钽粉与小型粉末雾化器将钽粉雾化后经气管插管吹入动物的呼吸道中,在Ｘ线电视监控下显影满意后摄片。结果动物用“狗”共做实验１１只次,１０只次成功,１只次失败。成功的１０只次中左右支气管的上下支均显影者４只次,显示两侧支气管及下叶支气管者６只次。延迟观察在２４小时后钽粉全部排出体外,肺部无钽粉的Ｘ线存留。病理检查动物的脑、肝、肾、心、血液、气管、支气管内均未发现钽粉存留。结论钽粉是一种良好、无毒且不被吸收的理想造影剂。     

纤支镜检结合选择性支气管造影诊断支气管疾病的价值

目的：评价纤支镜检结合选择性气气管造影诊断支气管疾病的价值。材料和方法：纤支镜检并注入碘水胶行选择性支气管造影，对２３例支气管病变进行了联合检查。结果：肺癌７例，支扩１１例，炎症４例，正常１例。结论：此方法能一次性获得窥镜直视、活检、刷检、支气管造影的影像学综合诊断。     

变异支气管动脉超选择性插管的介入治疗

目的：评价在变异支气管动脉的情况下，行超选择性插管栓塞治疗各种病因咯血的技术和价值。方法：在9例支气管动脉变异的肺癌、支气管扩张咯血患者中，右支气管动脉与第3、4、5右肋闯动脉共干4例；左右支气管动脉共干1例；右下支气管动脉与左下支气管动脉共干2例；左支气管动脉由左第6肋间动脉约7cm处呈“T”形垂直发出1例；右支气管动脉由右锁骨下动脉发出1例。采用Seldinger经皮穿刺技术插管，先送入5F或6F的型号的Cobra导管行支气管动脉造影，继选择微导管对病变供血的支气管动脉分支逐支行超选择性插管造影，采用明胶海绵颗粒＋超液化碘油或／和PVA颗粒栓塞剂进行栓塞。结果：9例患者均插管成功，术后咯血停止及病情得到控制。无严重并发症发生。结论：应用微导管技术，行超选择性相关支气管动脉逐支插管，采用明胶海绵＋超液化碘油和／或PVA的介入方法，对变异的支气管动脉介入治疗是安全有效的。     

原发性气管与支气管憩室16例临床分析

目的 探讨原发性气管与支气管憩室的诊断方法。方法 对16例气管、支气管憩室的临床资料进行分析。结果 经纤维支气管镜检查确诊气管憩室1例,气管并支气管憩室2例,支气管憩室10例,纤维支气管镜检查同时选择性注入造影剂点片确诊3例。结论 纤维支气管镜检查或选择性支气管造影为诊断气管与支气管憩室的主要方法。     

小儿选择性支气管造影

介绍对４例肺部疾病患儿在纤维支气管镜（纤支镜）直视下，注入非离子造影剂（Ｏｍｎｉｐａｑｕｅ）作选择性支气管造影，４例均明确病变，认为小儿在纤支镜下直视下，应用非离子造影剂作选择支气管造影具有安全，较简便，副作用小，显影清晰，诊断阳性率高的优点，值得在儿科临床推广应用。     

动脉硬化患者支气管动脉的介入治疗

目的：评价在动脉硬化严重、插管困难的支气管动脉破裂咯血患者中，超选择性支气管动脉插管的技术应用和治疗价值。方法：18例动脉硬化严重的患者中：肺癌11例，肺癌并支气管动脉破裂出血2例，支气管扩张咯血5例；采用Seldingcr经皮穿刺技术，首先送入5F或6F型号的Cobra导管做支气管动脉造影，继选择微导管（SP导管、Magic导管）行超选择性支气管动脉病变分支造影，使用明胶海绵颗粒＋超液化碘油和／或PVA颗粒栓塞剂栓塞。结果：18例患者超选择性插管栓塞均成功，术后咯血停止。对4例动脉硬化严重插管不能进入到支气管口部者，采取探出插管法获得成功。对1例78岁动脉硬化严重、病变血管不能超选插入者，尝试血管内膜损伤法、继发血栓形成栓塞获得成功。无严重并发症发生。经1～11年随访观察术前咯血者无再咯血发生，肿瘤患者得到较满意控制。结论：应用微导管技术，行超选择性支气管动脉插管，采用明胶海绵＋超液化碘油和／或PVA的介入方法，特殊情况下用导丝或微导管探出插管法、栓塞用血管内膜损伤法栓塞，对治疗动脉硬化严重支气管动脉破裂咯血和肺癌的患者是行之有效的。     

复方泛影胶浆支气管造影400例分析

目的分析复方泛影胶浆４００例支气管造影的结果,评价其作为支气管造影剂的优点。方法４００例支气管造影中,男２７８,女１２２,年龄６～７２岁,平均４３岁,双侧造影２２９例,单侧１７１例,造影剂用量单侧８～１０ｍｌ,双侧２０～３０ｍｌ。结果肺叶、肺段、亚段支气管及分支显影良好３７９例,占９４７５％,无咳嗽副反应３５１例,占８７７５％。结论复方泛影胶浆是一种较为理想的支气管造影剂,可取代碘化油和丙碘酮等     

急诊手术治疗外伤性支气管断裂8例分析

目的观察急诊手术治疗外伤性支气管断裂的疗效。方法对8例外伤性支气管断裂患者行急诊手术重建支气管,其中右主支气管断裂4例,右下叶支气管断裂1例,左主气管断裂2例,左下叶支气管断裂1例,均在全麻双腔气管插管下进行手术。结果 8例无死亡病例,1例发生肺不张,1例吻合口肉芽组织增生,经纤维气管镜下治疗后治愈。结论急诊手术治疗外伤性支气管断裂,早期支气管重建有利于患者尽快恢复。     

McCoy 喉镜在气管插管中的应用

目的:观察McCoy 喉镜在气管插管全麻中的作用。方法:120例全麻手术患者随机分为两组,普通喉镜(A),McCoy 喉镜(B)(n=60)。A组:常规监测,全麻诱导后用普通喉镜显露声门,进行气管插管;B组:全麻诱导后,用McCoy喉镜显露声门后行气管插管。分别观察两组喉镜显露程度,记录一次插管成功次数,插管时间,及喉部的损伤,对各项指标进行相关性分析。结果:McCoy 喉镜插管,喉显露情况优于普通喉镜,一次插管成功率高,插管时间短(P<0.05);对喉部的损伤两组无差异性。结论:McCoy 喉镜降低困难插管难度,提高插管成功率, 插管效果优于普通喉镜.     

两种经口腔气管插管急救方法的效果比较

[目的]探讨改良法经口腔气管插管进行床旁急救的效果.[方法]将146例床旁急救经口腔行气管插管术的病人,随机分为改良组76例和常规组70例.改良法从口腔左角直接置入喉镜插管,常规法从口腔右角置入喉镜插管.观察两种方法暴露会厌或声门的程度、插管成功率、人均插管所需时间、牙齿和咽部损伤情况.[结果]两种方法在暴露会厌或声门的程度、插管成功率、人均插管所需时间、牙齿和咽部损伤方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).[结论]改良法气管插管术,暴露喉部路径短、视野宽、效果好,可明显提高一次插管成功率,缩短抢救时间.     

Laryngoscopic versus intubating LMA guided tracheal intubation by novice users--a manikin study

AIM OF THE STUDY: Airway control is a potentially lifesaving procedure but tracheal intubation by direct laryngoscopy is difficult. This pilot study was conducted to determine whether tracheal intubation was more rapid and the success rate higher using an intubating laryngeal mask airway. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The success rates of 119 medical students without prior airway management experience in ventilating and then intubating the trachea of a Laerdal Airway Management Trainer with two different methods were compared. The methods were bag-mask ventilation (BM-V) followed by laryngoscopic intubation (LG-TI), and intubating laryngeal mask ventilation (ILMA-V) followed by ILMA-guided tracheal intubation (ILMA-TI). After an introductory lecture and demonstration, each student was allowed three attempts to intubate using each method in random order. RESULTS: All participants were successful with BM-V and ILMA-V on the first attempt. Laryngoscopic tracheal intubation was achieved by 60 (50.4%), 31 (26.1%) and 12 (10.1%) participants on the first, second and third attempt, respectively, while 16 (13.4%) failed in all three attempts. In the ILMA-TI group, 107 (90.0%), 10 (8.4%) and 2 (1.6%) succeeded on the first, second and third attempt, respectively. None failed. The intergroup difference is highly significant (p<0.001). Male participants were more successful with LG-TI than female (p<0.01), but not with ILMA-TI. CONCLUSION: Laryngoscopic orotracheal intubation is difficult for the untrained, but all participants were successful with ILMA-TI. These data suggest that alternative devices such as the ILMA should be included in the medical school curriculum for airway management.     

喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管临床研究

目的探讨在喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管的方法和可行性。方法选择麻醉前被评估为困难气道、麻醉诱导中发生气管插管困难的择期手术患者68例,随机分为2组:A组(n=34),喷射通气辅助下经LMA气管插管;B组(n=34),经ILMA盲探气管插管。观察两组患者气管导管置入情况及MAP、HR、SPO2、EtCO2、PaO2、PaCO2变化情况。结果两组患者置入LMA或ILMA情况相似,无统计学差异,但和B组相比,A组首次插管成功率明显高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);麻醉诱导前后各组MAP、HR明显下降而PaO2明显升高,差异显著(P0.05);气管插管操作完成后,B组患者MAP、HR、EtCO2、PaCO2显著升高(P0.05),PaO2显著降低(P0.05);插入导管后,A组MAP、HR、EtCO2、PaCO2明显低于B组(P0.05),PaO2明显高于B组(P0.05)。结论在存在自主呼吸条件下,应用喷射通气辅助下经喉罩行困难气道气管插管安全、有效。     

预见性气管插管治疗急性重度药物中毒临床观察

目的:探讨重度药物中毒患者的气管插管时机对治疗效果的影响。方法:对57例出现呼吸困难的重度药物中毒患者,进行密切观察,在常规治疗的基础上,随机分为预见性气管插管组与延时气管插管组;以并发症发生情况及抢救成功率进行统计学处理,比较两组患者的抢救效果。结果:各种并发症发生情况两组比较P>0.05差异无统计学意义,可能与中毒的量及中毒时间有关;不同时机气管插管抢救成功率两组比较P<0.05,有一定的可比性。结论:预见性气管插管有助于重度药物中毒患者的抢救,气管插管最佳时机为呼吸衰竭早期。     

Airway management by paramedics using endotracheal intubation with a laryngoscope versus the oesophageal tracheal Combitube and EasyTube on manikins: a randomised experimental trial

INTRODUCTION: The EasyTube, which is constructed in a similar way to the Combitube, is a recently introduced alternative to tracheal intubation for airway management in emergency medicine. OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is a difference in rate of, and time to, successful airway placement and ventilation using tracheal intubation, Combitube and EasyTube. METHODS: Twenty-six paramedics, trained in tracheal intubation received additional training in the use of the Combitube and the EasyTube. Each participant performed all three methods twice in random order on a manikin. Time to successful ventilation (presented as mean and standard deviation) and success rate were recorded. RESULTS: Mean time to successful ventilation was significantly longer for tracheal intubation (45.2 s (S.D.=15.8)) than for the Combitube (36.0 s (S.D. = 8.6)) p = 0.002 and the EasyTube (38.0 s (S.D.=15.3)) p = 0.023 with no difference between the latter (p = 1.000). Success rate for the Combitube and EasyTube combined (103/104) was significantly higher than for tracheal intubation (45/52) with odds ratio 16.0 (95% CI: 1.9-134); p = 0.002. CONCLUSION: For paramedics tested on manikins placement success rate was higher with less time required for the Combitube and Easytube than for tracheal intubation with no differences between the Combitube and EasyTube.     

Fiberoptic-Guided and Blind Tracheal Intubation Through iLTS-D,Ambu® Auragain™, and I-Gel® Supraglottic Airway Devices: A Randomized Crossover Manikin Trial

BackgroundThe use of supraglottic airway devices (SADs) is becoming more widespread. However, there is little evidence to show which device is best in an emergent clinical scenario.ObjectiveWe compared both fiberoptic-guided and blind tracheal intubation through the Intubating Laryngeal Tube Suction-Disposal (iLTS-D), the AuraGain™, and the i-gel® in an airway manikin.MethodsThirty residents were included in a randomized trial to perform both fiberoptic-guided and blind tracheal intubation using the iLTS-D, the AuraGain, and the i-gel. The main endpoint was the total time taken to achieve successful fiberoptic intubation through the SAD. Additional endpoints included total time for blind intubation, SAD insertion time, tracheal tube insertion time, intubation success rate, fiberoptic view, and maneuvers performed to achieve tracheal intubation.ResultsAll participants performed fiberoptic intubation using all three SADs on the first attempt. The total time to fiberoptic tracheal intubation using the i-gel, AuraGain, and iLTS-D was 42 s, 56 s, and 56 s, respectively. The blind tracheal intubation success rate was 80% with the iLTS-D, 43% with the i-gel, and 0% with the AuraGain. The total time for blind tracheal intubation through the i-gel and the iLTS-D was 29 s and 40 s, respectively. Laryngeal view grades were significantly poorer with the iLTS-D compared to the other devices. The iLTS-D required significantly more maneuvers to achieve successful tracheal intubation.ConclusionsIn an airway manikin, the iLTS-D, AuraGain, and i-gel appear to be reliable devices for airway rescue and fiberoptic-guided tracheal intubation. The iLTS-D is recommended for blind tracheal intubation.     

Effects of diazoxide on the cardiovascular response to tracheal intubation

The efficacy of 2 or 3 mg/kg diazoxide given 2.5 min before laryngoscopy in attenuating the cardiovascular responses to laryngoscopy and intubation was studied in 30 patients undergoing elective surgery. Data were compared with those from 10 control patients receiving saline. Anaesthesia was induced using 5 mg/kg thiopentone given intravenously and tracheal intubation was facilitated with 0.2 mg/kg vecuronium bromide. Patients receiving saline showed a significant increase in mean arterial pressure and rate-pressure product associated with tracheal intubation. The increases following tracheal intubation were significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) in diazoxide-treated patients compared with those in the control group, but there were no significant differences in heart rate following tracheal intubation among the three groups. Data suggest that diazoxide can be used as a supplement during induction of anaesthesia to attenuate the hypertensive response associated with laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation.     

双镜联合用于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者经鼻气管插管的观察*

目的观察纤维支气管镜(FOB)联合Glidescope视频喉镜(GVL)用于阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者经鼻气管插管的效果。方法拟行腭咽成型术的OSAS患者90例,随机分为M、G和F3组,每组30例,M组使用普通喉镜、G组使用GVL、F组使用FOB联合GVL经鼻气管插管,记录麻醉开始前(T_0)、气管插管即刻(T_1)、插管后1 min(T_2)和5 min(T_3)的收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)和气管插管时间,观察喉镜显露Cormack-Lehane(C-L)分级情况及一次插管成功率、按压喉外部和使用气管插管钳的发生率以及鼻腔出血和低氧血症的发生率。结果 C-L分级G和F组优于M组(P 0.05),一次插管成功率M组低于G和F组(P 0.05),需按压喉外部F组低于M和G组(P 0.05),G组低于M组(P 0.05),使用气管插管钳次数和鼻腔出血的发生率F组低于M和G组(P 0.05)。结论 FOB联合GVL用于OSAS患者经鼻气管插管,可提高气管插管成功率,减少鼻腔出血。     

Risk Factors for Failed Tracheal Intubation in Pediatric and Neonatal Critical Care Specialty Transport

Abstract

Objective. Nearly 200,000 pediatric and neonatal transports occur in the United States each year with some patients requiring tracheal intubation. First-pass intubation rates in both pediatric and adult transport literature are variable as are the factors that influence intubation success. This study sought to determine risk factors for failed tracheal intubation in neonatal and pediatric transport. Methods. A retrospective chart review was performed over a 2.5-year period. Data were collected from a hospital-based neonatal/pediatric critical care transport team that transports 2,500 patients annually, serving 12,000 square miles. Patients were eligible if they were transported and tracheally intubated by the critical care transport team. Patients were categorized into two groups for data analysis: (1) no failed intubation attempts and (2) at least one failed intubation attempt. Data were tabulated using Epi Info Version 3.5.1 and analyzed using SPSSv17.0. Results. A total of 167 patients were eligible for enrollment and were cohorted by age (48% pediatric versus 52% neonatal). Neonates were more likely to require multiple attempts at intubation when compared to the pediatric population (69.6% versus 30.4%, p = 0.001). Use of benzodiazepines and neuromuscular blockade was associated with increased successful first attempt intubation rates (p = 0.001 and 0.008, respectively). Use of opiate premedication was not associated with first-attempt intubation success. The presence of comorbid condition(s) was associated with at least one failed intubation attempt (p = 0.006). Factors identified with increasing odds of at least one intubation failure included, neonatal patients (OR 3.01), tracheal tube size ≤ 2.5 mm (OR 3.78), use of an uncuffed tracheal tube (OR 6.85), and the presence of a comorbid conditions (OR 2.64). Conclusions. There were higher rates of tracheal intubation failure in transported neonates when compared to pediatric patients. This risk may be related to the lack of benzodiazepine and neuromuscular blocking agents used to facilitate intubation. The presence of a comorbid condition is associated with a higher risk of tracheal intubation failure.