男男性行为者自我歧视与性行为和心理因素的关系

Objective To understand the self-discrimination experience of MSM and its relationship with sexual behavior and psychological factors.Methods By respondent-driven sampling(RDS) method, a call-for action and anonymous self-administration questionnaire investigation was carried out in Mianyang city on experience of self-discriminations, sexual partners and behaviors and depression symptom, etc.The first 12qualified people were designated as the "root" in the whole investigation from different MSM subgroups.Every "root" would get 3 recruit cards after their own investigation,then cards could be promoted to another 3 qualified people who were willing to accept questionnaires.And this process would go on till the sample size was accomplished.χ2 test,rank correlation and contingency coefficient would be applied for the statistical analysis.Results In total, 201 persons were investigated.Within the past 6 months, 59.2%(119/201) persons felt they did harm to their family or made the family down as gays ,79.6% (160/201)had to disguise their real sexual orientation in avoidance of being discriminated, 39.3% ( 79/201 ) were humiliated for having gay sex.It showed correlation between humiliation or harm to family and frequency to disco balls/night clubs( r = 0.196, χ2 = 7.95, P ＜ 0.05 ), concerts or theaters ( r = 0.201, χ2 = 8.423, P ＜0.05 ) with MSM friends, HIV health consultancy ( r = 0.231, χ2 = 11.329, P ＜ 0.05 ), experiences of one night stands ( rs = 0.183 ,μ = 2.588, P ＜ 0.05 ), detection of depression ( rs = 0.241 ,μ = 15.717, P ＜ 0.05 )and stress-related perception(rs =-0.310,μ= 23.112,P＜0.05) ,the corresponding behavior report rates of who experienced 3 -4 times were 66.7% ( 11/33 ) ,52.9% ( 18/34 ) ,41.2% ( 14/34 ), 17.6% ( 6/34 ),44.1% (15/34) ,44.7% (10/24).Statistical significance was found between the relations of humiliation for gay sex and frequency into concerts or theaters ( r = 0.195, χ2 = 7.933, P ＜ 0.05 ) with MSM friends,experiences of one night stands (rs =0.145,μ=2.051,P＜0.05),man-man anal sex (r=0.165,χ2 =10.823, P ＜ 0.05 ), numbers of female sexual partners ( r = 0.265, χ2 = 11.422, P ＜ 0.05 ), protectiveness of female sexual behavior in the past 6 months ( r =0.513 ,χ2 =7.442 ,P ＜0.05 ) ,detection of depression( rs =0.152 ,μ = 13.034, P ＜ 0.05 ) and stress-related perception ( rs = - 0.259,μ = 21.190, P ＜ 0.05 ), the corresponding behavior report rates of who experienced 3 - 4 times were 22.7% (5/22) ,9.1% (2/22),13.6% ( 3/22 ), 91.6% ( 2/22 ), 66.7% ( 2/3 ), 57.1% ( 4/7 ), 33.3% ( 19/57 ) .It has statistical significance between the relations of disguising their real sexual orientation in avoidance of being of HIV test ( r= 0.232, χ2 = 11.446, P ＜ 0.05 ), and stress-related perception ( rs = - 0.373 ,μ = 28.868,P ＜ 0.05 ).It was found that increasing of discrimination was connected to entrance into gay-welcome places,acceptance of HIV consultancy and tests, posting gay information among MSM friends and hold of many sexual partners.Meanwhile, the pressure was rising when depression was checked out.Conclusion Selfdiscrimination was prevalent among MSM ,which had brought critical influence on the individual behavior,MSM psychological health and prevalence of AIDS.     

北京市男男性行为者安全套使用社会规范与无保护性肛交关系的研究

Objective To understand the prevalence of and factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse(UAI)among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods Five hundred MSM were recruited for a survey using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)method, from September to October in 2009. A computer-assisted, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather information including demographics, sexual behaviors and condom use social norms(a scaled number). Variables were evaluated by using RDSAT and SAS software.Results Mean age of the participants was 30.6 years, with 96.0% of them as Han ethnicity and68.5% having had at least high school or higher education level. 72.8% of them were unmarried, with 61.7% of them identified themselves as homosexual, 61.2% had ＞ 1 male partners in the past six months, and the prevalence of UAI was 42.0%. Significant bivariate predictors of UAI would include condom use social norms score, role for anal sex with male sex partner, number of male sexual partners in the past 6 months and amount of alcohol consumed. In multivariable analysis, UAI was associated with a higher condom use social norms score(AOR= 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1-1.3), receptive anal intercourse(AOR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3-3.2)and drinking alcohol more than 3 times per month in the past 12 months(AOR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.5). Conclusion The prevalence of UAI was high in the MSM community in Beijing, suggesting that efforts should be targeting on how to make the condom use a social norm and being promoted.     

北京市男男性行为者安全套使用社会规范与无保护性肛交关系的研究

Objective To understand the prevalence of and factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse(UAI)among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods Five hundred MSM were recruited for a survey using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)method, from September to October in 2009. A computer-assisted, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather information including demographics, sexual behaviors and condom use social norms(a scaled number). Variables were evaluated by using RDSAT and SAS software.Results Mean age of the participants was 30.6 years, with 96.0% of them as Han ethnicity and68.5% having had at least high school or higher education level. 72.8% of them were unmarried, with 61.7% of them identified themselves as homosexual, 61.2% had ＞ 1 male partners in the past six months, and the prevalence of UAI was 42.0%. Significant bivariate predictors of UAI would include condom use social norms score, role for anal sex with male sex partner, number of male sexual partners in the past 6 months and amount of alcohol consumed. In multivariable analysis, UAI was associated with a higher condom use social norms score(AOR= 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1-1.3), receptive anal intercourse(AOR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3-3.2)and drinking alcohol more than 3 times per month in the past 12 months(AOR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.5). Conclusion The prevalence of UAI was high in the MSM community in Beijing, suggesting that efforts should be targeting on how to make the condom use a social norm and being promoted.     

北京市大学在校生男男性行为者HIV感染状况及其相关危险陛行为调查

目的 了解北京市大学在校生男男性行为者的HIV感染状况及其相关危险性行为.方法 研究对象主要通过网络招募,采用自填式问卷调查.问卷内容包括人口学信息与艾滋病相关危险行为等.问卷完成后采集血液样本进行HIV血清学检测.单因素分析采用X2检验,多因素分析采用logistic同归.结果 研究成功招募157人.平均年龄为(22.7±2.8)岁,少数民族占12.1%,77.7%自我认同为同性恋.98.1%曾有肛交行为,73.9%报告肛交是常采用的性行为方式.157人中近6个月有58.6%发生过无保护肛交,有58.0%口交时从不使用安全套,其中59.2%存在多性伴(性伴数≥2)行为.近50.0%认为自己不可能感染HIV或者风险很小,检测发现HIV阳性率为2.5%.logistic回归分析结果 显示,曾与陌生人发生性行为(OR=13.10)、了解"肛交时做主动方比做被动方感染HIV风险小"(OR=3.37)以及曾去同性恋酒吧(OR=2.49)是近6个月发生多性伴行为的独立危险因素.结论 大学在校生男男性行为者无保护肛交和多性伴行为较普遍.亟需开展有针对性的干预活动,预防HIV在该人群中传播.

Abstract：

Objective To assess the prevalence of HIV and risky sexual behaviors among university students who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods MSM students in the universities were mainly recruited via internet.Questionnaires were self-administered to collect social demographic information and AIDS-related risky sexual behaviors.After completing the questionnaire,blood sample was collected to determine HIV infection through serological testing.X2 test and logistic regression were employed for univariate and multivariate analysis,respectively.Results A total of 157 students were recruited with mean age of 22.7±2.8 years old,12.1%of them were minorities and 77.7% were self-identified as homosexual.98.1% had engaged in anal intercourse(AI)in their lifetime and 73.9%reported that AI was common sexual behavior they often practised.In the past 6 months,58.6% had ever had unprotected anal intercourse(UAI),58.0% never used condoms during oral intercourse,and 59.2% had multiple sex partners(≥2).Nearly half of them believed that they were at low or no risk of contracting HIV and the prevalence of HIV infection was 2.5%.Data from logistic regression analysis showed that ever having had sex with a casual partner in a lifetime (OR=13.10).understanding that serving an insertive role had less risk than being receptive during the AI (OR=3.37),and ever having been to a gay bar(OR=2.49)was independently related to having multiple sex partners in the past 6 months.Conclusion Despite the extensive programs on education,behaviors regarding UAI and ever having had multiple sex partners were silll commonly seen among university MSM students.Interventions were needed to prevent HIV transmission in this population.     

低水平锰接触对焊工血清神经内分泌激素水平的影响

目的 探讨低水平锰接触对焊工血清神经内分泌激素水平的影响.方法 选择广西某厂41名男性焊工为接触组,某单位不接触锰烟尘及其他有害物质的40名男性工人为对照组,采用化学发光免疫法测定血清中催乳素(PRL)、促黄体生成素(LH)、尿促卵泡素(FSH)、睾酮(TST)、促甲状腺激素(TSH)含量.结果 焊工作业环境空气MnO2几何平均浓度为0.03 mg/m3(0.003～0.519 mg/m3),接触组红细胞锰和尿锰明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).接触组血清LH、TSH水平[(2.89±0.69)mIU/ml、(1.45±0.56)μIU/ml]明显低于对照组[(3.82±1.61)mIU/ml、(2.19±1.28)μIU/ml],差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).接锰工龄＜5年组血清LH、FSH、TSH水平明显低于对照组,TST水平明显高于对照组和5～年组,FSH明显低于≥10年组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).接锰工龄5～年组血清LH、TSH水平明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05或P＜0.01);接锰工龄≥10年组血清PRL、LH、TSH水平明显低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).红细胞锰与尿锰呈负相关(r=-0.310,P＜0.05),血清PRL与TST呈负相关(r=-0.409,P＜0.01),LH与FSH正相关(r=0.361,P＜0.05).结论 长期低水平锰接触可能会致工人血清PRL、LH和TSH水平下降,对神经内分泌激素代谢产生一定的影响.

Abstract：

Objective To study the effects of low level manganese (Mn)exposure on the serum neuroendocrine hormones levels of the welders. Methods The exposure group consisted of 41 male welders,40 male workers without exposing to harmful agents served as controls. The serum contents of prolactin(PRL),luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), testosterone (TST) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) of 81 subjects were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results The geometric mean value of airborne Mn concentrations was 0.03 mg/m3 (0.003-0.519 mg/m3) in the welding circumstances.The levels of Mn in red blood cells(RBCs) and urinary Mn of the exposure group were significantly higher than those of control group ( P＜0.01 ). The contents of serum LH and TSH of the exposure group were 2.89±0.69mIU/ml and 1.45±0.56 uIU/ml, which were significantly lower than those (3.82±1.61 mIU/ml and 2.19±1.28μIU/ml ) of control group(P＜0.01 ). The serum contents of LH, FSH and TSH of the group exposed to Mn for ＜5years were significantly lower than those of the control group, The serum TST level of the group exposed to Mn for ＜5 years was significantly higher than those of the control group and group exposed to Mn for 5～years, the serum FSH level of the group exposed to Mn for ＜ 5 years was significantly lower than that of the group exposed to Mn for 10 years (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ). The serum contents of LH and TSH of the group exposed to Mn for 5～years were significantly lower than those of the control group (P＜0.05 or P＜0.01 ). The serum contents of PRL, LH and TSH of the group exposed to Mn for 10 years were significantly lower than those of the control group(P＜0.05 ). There was negative correlation between blood( RBC ) Mn and urinary Mn(r=-0.310, P＜0.05 ),also there was negative correlation between serum PRL and serum TST (r=-0.409, P＜0.01 ), the positive correlation between serum LH and serum FSH was observed (r=0.361, P＜0.05 ). Conclusion The results of present study showed that the long exposure to low level of Mn may decrease the levels of serum PRL, LH and TSH in workers occupationally exposed to Mn, which can influence the metabolism of neuroendocrine hormones to certain extent.     

男男性行为者自我歧视与性行为和心理因素的关系

目的 了解男男性行为者(MSM)自我歧视感受经历及与相关行为和心理因素的关系.方法 在绵阳城区,采用同伴推动抽样法(RDS)对MSM人群自我歧视感受、性伴及性行为、抑郁症状等进行自填式匿名调查,调查中首先从不同MSM亚群确定12名符合调查条件的种子,种子参加调查后每人发放3张招募卡,由其发给3名符合条件且愿意参加调查的同伴参加调查,以此类推,直到完成调查样本量.采用x2检验、等级相关、列联系数等进行统计学分析.结果 共调查201名,在最近6个月觉得同性性取向伤害了家庭或让家庭蒙羞的占59.2%(119/201)、掩饰自己的同性性取向免被歧视的占79.6%(160/201)、因有过同性性行为感到羞耻的占39.3%(79/201).觉得同性性取向伤害了家庭或让家庭蒙羞与同期是否和MSM朋友去过迪斯科或夜总会(r=0.196,x2=7.95,P＜0.05)、听音乐或看电影(r=0.201,x2=8.423,P＜0.05)、是否接受过人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)健康咨询(r=0.231,x2=11.329,P＜0.05)、一夜情数(rs=0.183,μ=2.588,P＜0.05)、抑郁症状检出(rs=0.241,μ=15.717,P＜0.05)和压力感受(rs=-0.310,μ=23.112,P＜0.05)相关,其中经历较多(3～4次)歧视者相应行为报告率依次为66.7%(11/33)、52.9%(18/34)、41.2%(14/34)、17.6%(6/34)、44.1%(15/34)、44.7%(10/24).因有过同性性行为感到羞耻与同期是否和MSM朋友常去听音乐或看电影(r=0.195,x2=7.933,P＜0.05)、一夜情数(rs=0.145,μ=2.051,P＜0.05)、男男肛交数(r=0.165,x2=10.823,P＜0.05)、女性性伴数(r=0.265,x2=11.422,P＜0.05)和近6个月与女性性行为有无保护性(r=0.513,x2=7.442,P＜0.05)、抑郁症状检出(rs=0.152,μ=13.034,P＜0.05)和压力感受(rs=-0.259,μ=21.190,P＜0.05)相关性有统计学意义,其中经历较多歧视者相应行为报告率依次为22.7%(5/22)、9.1%(2/22)、13.6%(3/22)、9.1%(2/22)、66.7%(2/3)、57.1%(4/7)、33.3%(19/57).掩饰同性取向免被歧视与是否常去网吧(r=0.272,x2=15.932,P＜0.05)、接受过HIV检测服务(r=0.232,x2=11.446,P＜0.05)和压力感受(rs=-0.373,μ=28.868,P＜0.01)相关性有统计学意义,其中经历较多歧视者相应行为报告率分别为65.1%(28/43)、20.2%(17/84)、33.3%(19/57),相应歧视感受经历多,到相关社会活动场所,接受过HIV咨询、HIV检测、MSM朋友宣传和性伴数较多,抑郁症状检出、压力感受较高.结论 MSM面临普遍的自我歧视,对个体行为、社群心理健康及艾滋病流行带来影响.     

北京市男男性行为者安全套使用社会规范与无保护性肛交关系的研究

目的 了解北京市男男性行为者(MSM)无保护性肛交发生情况及其与社区安全套使用社会规范的关系.方法 2009年9-10月采用应答驱动抽样方法(RDS)在北京市MSM中开展调查,问卷采用计算机辅助调查员访谈式,内容包括人口学、性行为学特征及安全套使用社会规范,使用RDSAT和SAS进行统计学分析.结果 500名MSM平均年龄30.6岁,96.0%为汉族,高中及以上文化程度者占68.5%,72.8%未婚.61.2%最近6个月男性性伴数量＞1;42.0%的调查对象最近一次发生过无保护性肛交.多因素统计分析表明,差异有统计学意义的变量包括安全套使用社会规范计分低(AOR=1.2,95%CI:1.1-1.3),肛交中非主动角色(AOR=2.0,95%CI:1.3-3.2)和近12个月饮酒次数＞3次/月(AOR=1.6.95%CI:1.1-2.5).MSM社区安全套使用社会规范量表内部一致性检验克朗巴赫系数为0.93.结论 北京市MSM无保护性肛交行为发生率较高,应充分发挥MSM社区内社会规范的作用,减少无保护性肛交行为的发生.

Abstract：

Objective To understand the prevalence of and factors associated with unprotected anal intercourse(UAI)among men who have sex with men(MSM)in Beijing.Methods Five hundred MSM were recruited for a survey using Respondent Driven Sampling (RDS)method, from September to October in 2009. A computer-assisted, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to gather information including demographics, sexual behaviors and condom use social norms(a scaled number). Variables were evaluated by using RDSAT and SAS software.Results Mean age of the participants was 30.6 years, with 96.0% of them as Han ethnicity and68.5% having had at least high school or higher education level. 72.8% of them were unmarried, with 61.7% of them identified themselves as homosexual, 61.2% had ＞ 1 male partners in the past six months, and the prevalence of UAI was 42.0%. Significant bivariate predictors of UAI would include condom use social norms score, role for anal sex with male sex partner, number of male sexual partners in the past 6 months and amount of alcohol consumed. In multivariable analysis, UAI was associated with a higher condom use social norms score(AOR= 1.2, 95%CI: 1.1-1.3), receptive anal intercourse(AOR=2.0, 95%CI: 1.3-3.2)and drinking alcohol more than 3 times per month in the past 12 months(AOR=1.6, 95%CI: 1.1-2.5). Conclusion The prevalence of UAI was high in the MSM community in Beijing, suggesting that efforts should be targeting on how to make the condom use a social norm and being promoted.     

中老年男性雄激素部分缺乏患者骨密度测定的临床价值

目的 探讨中老年男性雄激素部分缺乏(PADAM)患者的骨密度(BMD)特点和骨质疏松的发生率.方法 采用双能X线骨密度仪对56例PADAM患者(PADAM组)和与之年龄、体重指数(BMI)相匹配的51例健康中老年人(对照组)进行腰椎及股骨颈等部位的BMD测定,采用MES-01S20肌肉功能分析仪测定肌肉分布和力学特性,并收集相关生化指标、激素水平及部分骨代谢指标进行多元逐步回归分析.结果 与对照组比较,PADAM组腰椎BMD无显著改变(P＞0.05),而股骨颈、Ward三角区和大转子的BMD显著降低(P＜0.01),且其抗骨折能力和下肢最大肌力显著降低(P＜0.01).PADAM组和对照组的骨量减少发生率分别为48.2%(27/56)和35.3%(18/51),骨质疏松患病率分别为30.4%(17/56)和21.6%(11/51),两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).PADAM患者的腰椎BMD与BMI呈正相关,而股骨颈、Ward三角区、大转子的BMD与年龄呈负相关,与BMI、血清总睾酮呈正相关(P＜0.05).结论 PADAM患者的BMD及抗骨折能力明显降低,存在骨质疏松性骨折的潜在危险,加强PADAM患者骨折的预防和治疗有重要意义.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the characteristics of bone mineral density (BMD) and the incidence of osteoporosis in partial androgen deficiency in aging male (PADAM) patients.Methods Fifty-six PADAM patients (PADAM group) and 51 healthy persons (control group) were selected according to their age and body mass index (BMI),and measured their BMD in the second to fourth lumber and the neck of femur with the dual-energy C X-ray BMD measuring instrument.MES-01S20 muscle function analyzer was used to determinate the distribution and mechanical properties of muscle.The biochemical and bone metabolic markers and sexual hormones were collected and observed by multivariate stepwise regression analysis.Results Compared with control group,BMD significantly decreased in the Ward triangle,femoral neck and big rotor (P ＜ 0.01 ) and no significant change in lumbar in PADAM group (P ＞ 0.05 ),and the fracture strength of femoral neck (FS) and the lower-limb muscular strength (MS) also significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.01 ).The incidence of osteopenia were 48.2% (27/56) and 35.3% ( 18/51 ),osteoporosis were 30.4% (17/56) and 21.6% ( 11/51 ) respectively in PADAM group and control group.There was significant difference between two groups (P＜0.05).The BMD was positively correlated to BMI at the first to fourth lumber and negatively correlated to age,positively correlated to BMI and serum level of andrusol at the proximal left femur in the patients with PADAM.Conclusion BMD and the resistance to fracture aresignificantly lower in PADAM patients,and aging lower BMI and androgen deficiency are the risk factors of low BMD in PADAM patients.There is the potential of osteoporotic fracture risk,and it is important to strengthening the prevention and treatment of fractures in elderly PADAM patients.     

2575名在校大学生亲密伴侣暴力现况研究

目的 了解大学生恋爱中的性行为和亲密伴侣暴力行为情况,探讨亲密伴侣暴力与大学生其他部分心理行为的关系.方法 采取整群抽样的方法,对合肥和芜湖市3所高校2575名在校大学生进行问卷调查,内容包括恋爱情况、遭受亲密伴侣暴力情况、抑郁症状、自尊、学校生活满意度和自杀相关心理行为.x2检验和方差分析探讨不同恋爱经历大学生心理行为状况的差异.结果 2575名大学生中46.9%有过恋爱经历;男生高于女生,大二、三年级学生高于大一年级学生(x2值分别为44.13、161.84,P值均<0.05).目前正在恋爱的大学生中21.1%报告与现在的恋人发生过性行为,其中仅有21.8%(34/156)每次都使用安全套,11.5%(18/156)从不采用任何避孕措施,18.6%(29/156)与现在恋人(女友)发生性行为而怀孕,孕后到正规医院进行处理的比例仅占48.3%(14/29).有过恋爱经历的大学生中,遭受躯体暴力、心理暴力、性暴力、总暴力的报告率分别为18.0%、33.6%、5.1%、37.1%;男生遭受躯体暴力、心理暴力、总暴力的比例均高于女生,女生遭受性暴力的比例高于男生(x2值分别为70.21、13.25、14.04、5.77,P值均<0.05).在遭受过亲密伴侣暴力的大学生中,有74.2%(345/446)经历过3次以上亲密伴侣暴力.经历过亲密伴侣暴力的大学生抑郁症状得分最高,自尊和学校生活满意度得分最低(F值分别为4.00、16.39和8.76,P值均<0.05),自杀意念、自杀计划、自杀准备、自杀未遂的报告率均最高(x2值分别为13.80、9.72、8.52、11.96,P值均<0.05).结论 大学生恋人间性行为发生率较高,且保护意识缺乏;大学生亲密伴侣暴力现象较常见,且与其他不良心理行为关系密切.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the prevalence of love affairs and intimate partner violence,and to explore the relationship between intimate partner violence and other mental health and risk behavior in college students.Methods Three universities were selected using cluster sampling method in Hefei and Wuhu.Totally.2575 college students completed an anonymous questionnaire.Intimate partner violence,depression,satisfaction of school life,self-esteem,suicidal psychology and behavior were evaluated to estimate the relationship between intimate partner violence and mental health/risk behavior.Results There were 46.9%students reported that they had intimate partner currently or in the past.The rate of having intimate partner in male students was higher than that in female students(x2=44.13,P<0.001).And the rates were higher in sophomores and juniors than in freshmen(x2=161.84,P<0.05).There were 21.1% students had sexual behavior with their intimate partners.But only 21.8%(34/156)intimate partners reported that they used condom every time.There were 11.5%(18/156)intimate partners reported that they never took any contraception.There were 18.6%(29/156)students reported that they were pregnant or led to their girlfriend becoming pregnant,but only less than 50.0% adolescents induced abortion in a legal hospitals.The rates of being the victim of physical assault,emotional abuse,sexual coercion,the total intimate partner violence were 18.0%,33.6%,5.1%.37.1%.The rates of being the victim of physical assault,emotional abuse,total intimate partner violence in male adolescents were higher than those in female adolescents,but the rate of sexual coercion was on the contrary(x2=70.21,13.25,14.04,5.77,P<0.05).Among the intimate partners who had suffered from intimate partner,74.2%(345/446)students had underwent more than 3 times.and 47.1% had underwent more than 2 types of intimate partner violence.The score of depression was highest in the victims of intimate partner violence,but the scores of self-esteem and school life satisfaction were on the contrary(F=4.00,16.39,8.76,P<0.05).The rates of suicidal ideation,suicidal plan,suicidal preparative and attempted suicide were highest in the victims of intimate partner violence(x2=13.80,9.72,8.52,11.96,P<0.05).Conclusion The rate of having sexual behavior with their intimate partners was high in college students,but their self-protection awareness was insufficient.In the present study,a high prevalence of intimate partner violence among university students was observed,and highlighted a need for attention to the other mental health and risk behavior in adolescents with intimate partner violence.     

Europe and hospitals--strengths and requirements

Hospitals all over Europe must get ready to face the important challenge of 1993 at all levels: micro-economic, macro-economic, local, regional and European. Despite the liberalization trends which will inevitably appear with the increased freedom of exchange and movement, hospitals must strive to remain havens of peace to patients.     

护士职业礼仪与整体护理研究

整体护理强调的是以病人为中心，以护理程序为核心，有系统的对病人进行身心整体护理。整体护理是否见效，在很大程度上取决于护士的职业素质。从我院开展的整体护理模式病房工作成效分析，在学习新模式，转变传统护理观念的同时，同样要重视护士职业礼仪的教育，这样既提高整体护理的理论知识，     

Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents and preventative measures

The prevalence of overweight and obesity in children is increasing rapidly. This is alarming because obesity is associated with severe chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity at young age is related to obesity at adult age. Consequently, the prevention of overweight from childhood onwards is an important issue. Apart from diabetes mellitus type 2 there is an increased risk of orthopaedic complications, respiratory problems, fertility problems, cardiovascular diseases and psychosocial consequences in the form of a negative self-image, emotional and behavioural problems and depression. Environmental and behavioural factors are regarded as the most important causes of the rapid increase in the prevalence of overweight and as the most important starting points for prevention. Most prevention programmes are still in the initial stages. Prevention programmes aimed at stimulating breast feeding and daily physical activity (playing outside) and the restriction of sweetened drinks and watching TV are very promising. With such preventive measures the involvement of both the school and the parents is important.