盐酸托烷司琼联合胃复安穴位注射预防化疗所致恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的：对比盐酸托烷司琼联合胃复安足三里穴位注射与单用盐酸托烷司琼预防化疗所致恶心呕吐的疗效。方法入选患者随机分为A-B组和B-A组,分别使用止吐方案A（盐酸托烷司琼联合胃复安足三里穴位注射）或止吐方案B（单用盐酸托烷司琼）。结果共入组60例患者,在含顺铂方案组及不含顺铂方案组,方案A预防恶心呕吐的疗效与方案B比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,但是便秘的发生率分别为24.1%和46.3%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论盐酸托烷司琼联合胃复安足三里穴位注射与单用盐酸托烷司琼比较,未能有效地减轻化疗所致的恶心、呕吐,但可以减轻便秘,可作为减轻止吐药所致便秘的一种手段。     

盐酸帕洛诺司琼预防含顺铂方案化疗恶心、呕吐的临床观察

目的观察盐酸帕洛诺司琼预防含顺铂方案化疗中所致恶心、呕吐的疗效和安全性。方法选择含顺铂方案化疗的肿瘤患者60例,随机分为观察组和对照组;试验组为盐酸帕洛诺司琼注射液;对照组为盐酸托烷司琼注射液。对化疗及化疗后1~4d的恶心、呕吐程度、控制效果及不良反应进行评价。结果盐酸帕洛诺司琼治和盐酸托烷司琼治疗后急性恶心、呕吐发生程度有差异(P<0.05);延迟性呕吐两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);延迟性恶心两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论盐酸帕洛诺司琼在防治含铂方案化疗所引起的急性恶心、急性及延迟性呕吐的疗效优于盐酸托烷司琼,且使用方便、安全性好,值得临床推广。     

托烷司琼与恩丹西酮在小细胞肺癌化疗中止吐疗效对比

目的对比观察托烷司琼与恩丹西酮在小细胞肺癌化疗中止吐的疗效。方法将144例小细胞肺癌患者随机分组,观察托烷司琼（74例。5mg于化疗前30min静脉滴注）与恩丹西酮（70例,于化疗法前30min及化疗结束时各8mg静脉滴注）对足叶乙苷加顺铂方案化疗所致恶心、呕吐的治疗作用。结果托烷司琼与恩丹西酮24h内控制呕吐有效率分别为94．59％和91．42％,恶心完全控制率分别为62．16％和57．14％,两组差异无显著性（P〉0．05）。但托烷司琼对迟发性恶心、呕吐的作用明显优于恩丹西酮,两者72h控制呕吐有效率分别为54．85％和28．57％,差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论托烷司琼治疗化疗所致的恶心、呕吐作用不明显,但可以有效预防迟发性呕吐。     

托烷司琼对化疗治疗癌症防治呕吐的临床研究

目的: 观察国产托烷司琼对含顺铂化疗方案所致呕吐的治疗作用和副作用.方法: 40例接受含顺铂化疗方案的病人,双盲、随机、平行分为A、B两组,A组应用国产托烷司琼,B组应用进口托烷司琼,观察其预防和治疗化疗后恶心、呕吐的效果及副反应.结果: 两种药物均能有效治疗化疗引起的恶心和呕吐,效果相当.两种药物在化疗止吐剂量时均无明显副反应.结论: 国产与进口托烷司琼均能较好地抑制含顺铂化疗方案所致的恶心、呕吐.不良事件发生例数两药之间无明显差异.     

含服生姜片联合托烷司琼预防顺铂所致恶心呕吐的研究

目的：探讨含服生姜片联合托烷司琼预防顺铂所致的恶心呕吐的效果。方法将100例含顺铂标准化疗的患者随机分为观察组和对照组各50例,对照组使用托烷司琼静脉滴注预防恶心呕吐,观察组在对照组治疗的基础上联合采用生姜片含服,观察比较两组病人恶心呕吐情况。结果观察组化疗后恶心呕吐发生率显著低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论含服生姜片联合托烷司琼能缓解顺铂化疗后引起的恶心呕吐,止吐效果显著。     

沙利度胺预防含顺铂方案化疗诱导的延迟性恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的:探讨沙利度胺在预防含顺铂方案化疗引起的延迟性恶心呕吐的作用。方法:80例非小细胞肺癌患者随机分为A、B组,在含顺铂化疗基础上分别加用沙利度胺、甲氧氯普胺治疗延迟性恶心呕吐,观察2组对其控制情况。结果:2组对延迟性恶心呕吐的有效率、完全控制率差异均有统计学意义,但对急性恶心呕吐预防差异无统计学意义。结论:沙利度胺预防延迟性恶心呕吐疗效肯定,安全性较好。     

艾灸结合穴位按摩预防顺铂化疗后所致恶心呕吐的疗效观察

目的：观察艾灸结合穴位按摩合谷、内关、中脘和足三里对预防顺铂化疗后所致恶心呕吐的疗效。方法将112例接受顺铂化疗方案的患者随机分为实验组(n=54)和对照组(n =58)。两组化疗前予以盐酸托烷司琼注射液4 mg 静脉滴注,实验组在对照组的基础上增加艾灸和穴位按摩。观察顺铂化疗后两组患者恶心、急性呕吐、延迟性呕吐发生率、严重程度和持续的时间。结果实验组在恶心的控制率及延迟性呕吐的治疗有效率均明显高于对照组(P<0.05);实验组和对照组在急性呕吐的预防中无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论艾灸结合穴位按摩合谷、内关、中脘和足三里等四穴能有效减轻顺铂化疗所致恶心及延迟性呕吐的发生。     

盐酸托烷司琼预防肺癌患者化疗所致恶心呕吐的临床研究

目的：采用托烷司琼和格拉司琼预防肺癌含顺铂的联合化疗引起的恶心呕吐,并对其疗效进行观察。方法：用随机、交叉、自身对照方法,37例肺癌患者接受含顺铂的联合化疗,将其随机分为A组19例和B组18例,A组第1个周期用托烷司琼,第2个周期用格拉司琼,B组第1个周期用格拉司琼,第2个周期用托烷司琼。止吐方法采用两种方案,试验方案为托烷司琼5mg加入0.9%氯化钠溶液100ml中于化疗前30min静滴,对照方案为格拉司琼3mg加入0.9%氯化钠溶液100ml中于化疗前后各静滴1次,均化疗当日应用。观察两种方案化疗1～4d后的恶心呕吐情况。结果：两种方案化疗1～4d后恶心、呕吐的有效控制率试验方案略高于对照方案,但差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论：在肺癌应用含顺铂的化疗中,盐酸托烷司琼可有效防止化疗导致的恶心呕吐,每日1次,更为方便。     

托烷司琼预防肺癌化疗所致恶心及呕吐的疗效

目的 :观察托烷司琼预防肺癌化疗所致恶心及呕吐的疗效。方法 :对 1 2 0例接受含顺铂的联合化疗方案的肺癌病人 ,采用随机分组法分为甲、乙2组 ,并采用自身对照法 ,分别观察了甲氧氯普胺(metoclopramide)和托烷司琼 (tropisetron) ,格拉司琼 (granisetron) 3mg和托烷司琼 5mg的疗效和不良反应。结果 :托烷司琼预防化疗所致恶心、呕吐明显优于甲氧氯普胺 ,甲氧氯普胺和托烷司琼对恶心和呕吐有效率分别为 2 7% ,2 3 %和 95 % ,93 % ;但格拉司琼和托烷司琼两者间无明显差异 ,有效率分别为 93 % ,95 %和 97% ,92 % ;副作用均较小。结论 :托烷司琼是肺癌化疗的良好止吐药之一 ,安全且价廉 ,可推广。     

奥氮平联合托烷司琼及地塞米松预防顺铂所致恶心呕吐的临床观察

目的：观察奥氮平联合托烷司琼及地塞米松预防顺铂所致恶心呕吐的疗效及不良反应。方法：符合入选标准的肺癌患者,均采用含顺铂的化疗方案,随机分成奥氮平组和对照组,观察两种止吐方案防治顺铂所致恶心呕吐的疗效及不良反应。结果：奥氮平组和对照组分别纳入42例和40例患者,两组间一般临床资料无统计学差异（P>0.05）。奥氮平组和对照组恶心呕吐症状评分分别为9.44±3.61、12.25±3.66（P=0.012）,止吐有效率分别为78.57%、52.5%（P=0.013）,恶心呕吐分级两组间亦有统计学差异（P=0.046）。亚组分析发现奥氮平组女性患者的有效率较高,年龄、KPS、肿瘤分期对有效率无影响。治疗期间两组患者均出现头晕、乏力、便秘和血糖升高,无统计学差异。结论：奥氮平联合止吐方案防治顺铂所致恶心呕吐具有较好的临床效果,不良反应少,值得进一步推广。     

Degraded and undegraded carrageenans and experimental gastric and duodenal ulceration

The prevention of histamine-induced gastric and duodenal ulceration in the guinea-pig has been examined using a series of undegraded and degraded carrageenans. Undegraded carrageenans were active at lower doses than degraded carrageenans. The high viscosity of the undegraded carrageenans in solution prevented their use in larger doses. Degradation of carrageenan without serious loss of sulphate, gives a product which allows the dose to be increased to an extent that its effect more than offsets the slight loss in activity caused by the degradation. No single feature of carrageenan structure can be related to anti-ulcer activity although degradation, and hence reduction of molecular size, generally reduces activity. Sulphate contents over 30% have little apparent effect on activity; κ-carrageenans were not consistently different in anti-ulcer activity from Λ-carrageenans. This contrasts with the antipeptic activity of carrageenans where κ-carrageenans are less active than their Λ-counter-parts. As with antipeptic activity, the degree of anti-ulcer activity is probably determined by a combination of structural features which includes molecular size and polyanionic properties.     

Affective and Anxiety Disorders and Alcohol and Drug Dependence:

Depression and anxiety frequently coexist in patients with substance use disorders. This clinically-oriented article examiens the relationship between these conditions and emphasizes data showing that substances of abuse can cause signs and symptoms of both depression and anxiety. These substance-related syndromes appear to have a different course and prognosis than uncomplicated, independent anxiety and major depressive disorders, and clinicians should consider the role of alcohol and other drugs in all patients presenting with these complaints. The authors will also outline an approach for diagnosing and managing patients with the combination of a substance use and depressive or anxiety disorder.     

Alcohol and Substance Use and Abuse in Women and Children

No abstract available for this article.     

Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors and Advances in nucleosides and nucleotides.

The American Chemical Society Symposium "Glucosidase and fucosidase inhibitors" took place on 1 April 1998 and was organized by Professors Zbigniew J Witczak (UConn, School of Pharmacy, CT, USA), Kuniaki Tatsuta (Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan) and Waldemar Priebe, MD (Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, USA). Professor Witczak provided introductory remarks including the status of existing glucosidase inhibitors, and chaired the morning session, which consisted of six lectures. The symposium was well received, and was particularly attractive for those interested in networking, as attendance was about sixty. In addition, some participants and attendees presented posters on the subject during the regular poster session organized by the Division of Carbohydrate Chemistry.