Adrenal hemorrhage after orthotopic liver transplantation: MR appearance

The purpose of this paper is to describe the MR imaging findings of right adrenal hemorrhage after orthotopic liver transplantation. Twenty-seven orthotopic liver transplantation patients underwent MR studies of the liver and/or biliary system. Patients were referred to MR examination because of suspected biliary complications ( n=22) or for evaluation of mass lesions ( n=5). The standard MR protocol included T1-weighted spin-echo (SE) or gradient-recalled echo (GRE) images and T2-weighted turbo SE (TSE) images with fat suppression. In addition, cholangiography pulse sequences and/or contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images were obtained according to specific indications. In 2 patients a right adrenal mass was detected at MR imaging. Three to 4 weeks after transplantation, the lesions were markedly hyperintense on T2-weighted images and showed a hypointense capsule. Follow-up MR examinations revealed a slight decrease in size and a change in morphology. Computed tomography examinations of these 2 patients, obtained 10 weeks after transplantation, showed resolution of the hemorrhage and transformation into a cystic lesion in one case and a complete resolution of the hemorrhage and a normal right adrenal gland in the other case. Adrenal hemorrhage after liver transplantation shows typical MR features and should not be mistaken for an adrenal tumor or a postoperative abscess.     

Adrenal hemorrhage after liver transplantation

During orthotopic liver transplantation, ligation and division of the right adrenal vein during recipient hepatectomy may lead to hemorrhagic infarction and/or hematoma formation in the right adrenal gland. Findings in seven liver transplant recipients included initially echogenic or anechoic suprarenal masses on ultrasound scans and inhomogeneous but predominantly hypoattenuating masses on computed tomographic scans. In patients who survived for 4 months or longer, hematomas resolved as early as 20 days and persisted as long as 11 weeks. There was autopsy proof of adrenal hemorrhage in three cases. The adrenal hematomas in this series produced no massive hemorrhages, adrenal insufficiency, or other clinical manifestations. Adrenal hemorrhage after liver transplantation should be recognized and specifically documented, but a hematoma that remains stable in size can be left alone.     

介入治疗肝移植术后肝动脉并发症的初步经验

目的总结采用介入方法治疗肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄及血栓形成的初步经验。方法对4例肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄或血栓形成的患者行球囊扩张、经动脉溶栓、内支架置入术。结果1例肝动脉狭窄的患者经球囊扩张后临床症状缓解;3例肝动脉血栓形成患者经动脉溶栓后即刻肝动脉血流得到恢复;1例患者溶栓后3d发生吻合口出血,置入带膜支架,症状缓解,1d后肝动脉再次闭塞,2周后行第2次肝移植。结论采用介入方法对肝移植术后并发肝动脉狭窄或血栓形成的患者进行治疗是可行的,但必须谨慎实施,以避免发生出血等并发症。     

肾移植受者伴肝炎病毒感染的术前筛选:肝组织学检查的意义

目的　评价肝组织学检查对慢性肝炎病毒感染的肾移植受者的临床意义。方法　对 1999年 1月～ 2 0 0 2年 8月所有慢性乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)和丙型肝炎病毒 (HCV)感染的肾移植候选病人(n=74 )均行肝穿刺活检 (实验组 ) ,以半定量积分法评价肝组织炎症(G)和纤维化 (S)程度。肝脏组织病理诊断为G0 2 S0 2 的病人 (n =31)接受肾移植。以 1995年 1月～ 1998年 12月慢性HBV和HCV感染的肾移植受者(n=6 0 )作为历史对照 ,该期间以血清酶学检查正常作为可接受肾移植的条件 ,比较两组病人肾移植术后围手术期肝功能异常的发生率。结果　实验组接受肾移植的病人术后肝功能异常的发生率 (3 2 % )明显低于历史对照组 (2 3 8% ) (P <0 0 1) ,接受肝活检的病人穿刺后出血率为 12 2 %。结论　根据肝组织病理学检查结果对伴肝炎病毒感染的肾移植受者进行术前筛选 ,可明显降低术后肝功能异常的发生率     

Right adrenal gland hemorrhage as a complication of liver transplantation: CT appearance

Three patients presented with right adrenal gland hemorrhage as a complication of orthotopic liver transplantation. The CT appearance, possible pathophysiologic mechanism, and significance of this finding are discussed.     

MDCT imaging of post interventional liver: a pictorial essay

In this pictorial essay, we consider the post operative MDCT findings after liver resection, transplantation, surgical managed major trauma and radiofrequency ablation of focal lesions. Common complications such as fluid collections, hemorrhage, biloma, vascular disease, hematoma, abscesses will be also considered.     

Acute Liver Failure After a Late TIPSS Revision

We report a rare case of late transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) occlusion due to progressive stent protrusion into the periportal liver parenchyma, which was a result of delayed liver shrinkage 2 years after TIPSS. The initial TIPSS procedure had been carried out in a 52-year-old man as a bridge for liver transplantation because of post-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. We describe the applied TIPSS recanalization and revision technique. Immediately after TIPSS revision acute liver failure developed, which required emergency liver transplantation.     

肝移植术后腹腔间室综合征8例分析

目的总结肝移植(OLT)并发腹腔间室综合征(ACS)的诊断和处理经验。方法对我院2002年9月—2007年12月8例OLT并发ACS的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组8例ACS患者,7例发生在OLT早期(3 d内),1例发生在OLT术后胆瘘感染(7 d)。8例发生ACS病人均行床边左、右下腹部小切口引流术,1例行短时血液滤过,2例行开腹减压术;8例均治愈。结论ACS是OLT的严重并发症。早期、及时的诊断与根据不同情况采取的个体化综合治疗是改善OLT并发ACS预后的关键。     

肝移植术后凝血功能动态观察及临床意义

 目的 动态观察原位肝移植(OLT)术前、后 5项凝血指标的变化,探讨其临床意义.方法 检测41例终末期肝病患者OLT术前和术后1～7 d的凝血酶原(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(Fbg)、凝血酶(T T)、抗凝血酶(AT-Ⅲ).结果 肝移植患者普遍术前凝血机制差,术后1～3 d ,PT、APTT延长,Fbg、ATⅢ减低,3 d后凝血功能逐渐恢复.各种术后并发症可影响凝血功能恢复,尤其是出血或血栓发生.结论 肝移植患者术后凝血功能恢复与多种因素有关,包括术前仔细评估肝脏凝血功能并进行纠正,术中肝动脉重建的外科技术 ,术后根据病情调整凝血紊乱,积极防止血栓和出血的发生.     

肝移植术后不同部位出血的原因分析和预防

目的:探讨肝移植术后不同器官出血的原因和有效的防治措施。方法:回顾性分析本院近6年来原位肝移植术(OLT)后24例出血患者的临床资料。结果:OLT出血并发症的发生率为13.2%(24/181),其中颅内出血4例(2.2%),切口和腹腔出血11例(6.1%),消化道出血9例(5.0%);因出血死亡占出血病人的20.8%(5/24)。结论:OLT术后可出现颅内、腹腔和消化道等不同部位的出血,死亡率高。密切监测术后的凝血功能,合理应用免疫抑制剂,控制腹腔感染可有效的预防肝移植术后的出血。     

急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血

目的 探讨急诊肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌破裂出血.方法 对23例肝癌破裂出血患者采用急诊肝动脉栓塞止血.结果 22例患者均得以有效止血;1例患者因供血血管发育走行异常,导管不能达靶血管,转入外科治疗.22例患者均无复发出血及急性肝功能衰竭,9例患者经栓塞术后,再根据病情行多次介入治疗,肿瘤均有不同程度的缩小和坏死.结论 急诊肝动脉栓塞是治疗肝癌破裂出血的有效方法,可达到立即止血的目的,同时可为肝癌后续血管内治疗提供途径.     

Role of TIPS as a bridge to hepatic transplantation in Budd-Chiari syndrome.

PURPOSE: To investigate the role of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as a bridge to transplantation for patients with Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eight patients (five women, three men) with a mean age of 49.8 years (range, 20-61 years) were diagnosed with BCS by means of computed tomography, hepatic venography, and liver biopsy. One patient had acute liver failure, with subacute or chronic failure in seven. TIPS placement was attempted in all eight patients. Clinical follow-up and portograms were obtained in all patients until death or transplantation. RESULTS: TIPS placement was completed in seven of eight patients (87.5%). During the follow-up period, TIPS occlusion occurred in four patients. TIPS revision in this patient, although successful, was complicated by hemorrhage and multiorgan failure, and the patient died. Assisted patency rate, excluding the technical failure, was 100%. Mean follow-up in the six survivors with TIPS was 342 days (range, 19-660 days). All six survivors had complete resolution of their ascites. Albumin levels improved an average of 0.43 g/dL (range, 0.3-1.4 g/dL). Bilirubin levels improved in five of six patients (83%), decreasing by an average of 5.6 mg/dL (range, 3.0-15.2 mg/dL). Of the six survivors, three underwent elective liver transplantation, one is awaiting transplantation, and one has been removed from the transplantation list because of clinical improvement. One patient was a candidate for transplantation but declined to be put on the list. CONCLUSION: Hepatic synthetic dysfunction improves markedly after TIPS placement in patients with BCS. Significant improvement in ascites can also occur. TIPS can be an effective bridge to transplantation for patients with BCS.     

肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后移植肝再发肝癌的治疗对策——一例长期存活病例报道并相关文献复习

目的总结原发性肝癌切除术后复发患者行肝移植后新肝再发肝癌的治疗经验。方法 2003年11月14日空军总医院肝胆外科为1例肝癌切除术后复发患者施行了同种异体原位肝移植。肝移植术后（以下简称术后）3个月时曾返院化疗。术后19个月时发现移植肝首次出现肝癌复发,随后依次施行经皮肝穿刺射频消融、肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中射频消融及肝左内叶肿瘤切除术等序贯综合治疗。术后32个月时发现移植肝再次复发肝癌,依次给予经肝动脉化疗栓塞、术中肝右前叶肿瘤射频治疗及肝右后叶肿瘤切除等综合治疗。术后5年时发现门静脉血栓,出现肝功能异常,经保肝、抗凝、补充白蛋白等治疗后肝功能逐渐恢复。患者肝移植围手术期及术后接受常规抗乙肝病毒治疗。术后常规服用抗排异药物。结果该患者肝移植手术及术后恢复较为顺利。肝移植术后2次肝癌复发均成功治愈,第2次复发治愈后无肿瘤复发。乙肝病毒脱氧核糖核酸定量均小于103copies/ml,患者至今仍然健康生存,肝功能基本正常。结论对原发性肝癌切除术后肝癌复发的病例,只要复发肝癌符合中国杭州标准,仍应积极进行肝移植。对于肝移植术后新肝复发肝癌的患者,积极的序贯综合治疗及手术切除仍可能获得治愈。     

肝脏移植围麻醉期凝血功能的监测与调控

目的　探讨同种异体原位肝脏移植围麻醉期凝血功能的变化规律和检验治疗效果。方法　对 10名患者围麻醉期不同阶段的凝血酶原时间 (PT)、凝血酶时间(TT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原 (FIB)、血小板 (PLT)、血红蛋白(Hb)、凝血和血小板功能进行动态观察。结果　围麻醉期在充分补充新鲜冰冻血浆的基础上 ,根据检测结果有选择性地应用凝血酶原复合物、纤维蛋白原、血小板、止血剂 ,至手术结束时患者的凝血状况得到了明显改善 ,与术前相比差异显著 (P <0 0 1) ,但仍在正常低限 ,全部患者无一例因出血和血栓再次手术。结论　手术中应对凝血功能进行适时监测与调控 ,围麻醉期要处理好新肝吻合口局部的高凝与全身低凝的关系 ,预防术后出血、肝动脉和 (或)门静脉血栓。     

Sinus arrest during adenosine stress testing in liver transplant recipients with graft failure: Three case reports and a review of the literature

BACKGROUND: Nuclear stress imaging is used frequently to evaluate patients with end-stage liver disease who are being considered for orthotopic liver transplantation. METHODS AND RESULTS: We present three patients who, following graft failure, developed sinus arrest during adenosine stress testing performed in anticipation of repeat liver transplantation. All had undergone uneventful adenosine stress imaging prior to initial transplantation. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of adenosine are reviewed, and possible reasons for this phenomenon are discussed. Finally, cautions regarding the use of adenosine and treatment of adenosine-induced sinoatrial and atrioventricular block are reviewed. CONCLUSION: Adenosine should be used with caution in patients following orthotopic liver transplantation due to an increased risk of sinus arrest. Should sinus arrest or atrioventricular block occur, it appears to respond readily to cessation of adenosine infusion and intravenous aminophylline with no significant sequelae.     

Imaging of nontraumatic hemorrhagic hepatic lesions.

Spontaneous hepatic bleeding is a rare condition. In the absence of trauma or anticoagulant therapy, hepatic hemorrhage may be due to underlying liver disease. The most common causes of nontraumatic hepatic hemorrhage are hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatic adenoma. Such hemorrhage can also occur in patients with other liver tumors, such as focal nodular hyperplasia, hemangiomas, and metastases. Other conditions associated with this entity include HELLP syndrome, amyloidosis, and miscellaneous causes. Imaging plays a significant role in the diagnosis and management of this potentially lethal entity. In the appropriate clinical setting, the diagnosis of a hemorrhagic liver lesion is suggested when a hyperechoic mass or a mass with hyperechoic areas is seen at ultrasonography, a hyperattenuating mass is seen at computed tomography (CT), or a mass with high-signal-intensity areas is seen at T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. The signal intensity of blood can be increased or decreased on MR images depending on when the hemorrhage is imaged. The presence and extent of commonly associated subcapsular hematomas and hemoperitoneum can be easily ascertained with CT. During the first 24-72 hours, acute hematomas are hyperattenuating on nonenhanced CT scans; later, they decrease in attenuation and sometimes develop a pseudocapsule.     

Recurrent cholangiocarcinoma in the biliary tree after liver transplantation

Four liver transplant recipients with recurrent cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) within the allograft biliary tree are described. One patient received a transplant for known CCA and three received transplants for end-stage primary sclerosing cholangitis, in which CCA was found within the hepatectomy specimen. All four developed biliary obstruction due to malignant stricture at the bile duct anastomosis 9-15 months after transplantation. Diagnosis of recurrent CCA was made by means of transhepatic brush biopsy in two patients. Recognition that the biliary tract, especially the anastomosis, is a site of recurrence of CCA should facilitate prompt diagnosis by means of transhepatic brush biopsy in patients with biliary obstruction due to stricture. In addition, because of an association between CCA and primary sclerosing cholangitis, preoperative bile duct biopsy should be considered for liver transplantation candidates with the latter condition. Positive biopsy findings may preclude transplantation.     

经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血

目的 探讨经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血的疗效、适应证、并发症等.方法 回顾性分析我院从1996年5月到2006年5月收治肝脏外伤出血患者33例,其中24例行肝动脉造影证实为肝动脉假性动脉瘤形成,再超选择插管至病变部位,根据载瘤动脉受损情况,予明胶海绵和(或)弹簧圈栓塞.结果 24例28枚假性动脉瘤栓塞技术上均一次成功.2例分别在栓塞后48 h、72 h再次出血.再次栓塞后1例康复,1例在第2次栓塞后1周因再出血和严重腹腔感染死亡.发热9例,均与栓塞无直接相关.结论 经导管栓塞治疗肝脏外伤出血安全、迅速、有效.     

Bile leakage after living donor liver transplantation demonstrated with hepatobiliary scan using<Superscript>99</Superscript>Tc-PMT

Although it is recognized that hepatobiliary scan is of value in assessing postoperative complications of biliary surgery or cadaveric whole liver transplantation, there have been few reports regarding its usefulness following living donor liver transplantation. We performed living donor liver transplantation in a patient with biliary cirrhosis due to hepatolithiasis, using a right lobe graft from her sister. On the 15th postoperative day, bile discharge appeared from the operative wound. The leakage point could not be identified by computed tomography and cholangiography from the biliary drainage catheter. Hepatobiliary scan with Tc-99m Sn-N-pyridoxyl-5-methyltryptophan (99mTc-PMT) demonstrated biliary extravasation from the left side of the anastomosis of the hepatico-jejunostomy, indicating biliary leakage from the anastomosis. Conservative therapy was continued because the radioisotope flowed smoothly into the reconstructed jejunum and the biliary drainage catheter, and the leakage was stopped on the 63th postoperative day. Hepatobiliary scan is useful in determining the therapeutic plan as well as detection of bile leakage and identification of leakage points after living donor liver transplantation.     

Lung uptake of technetium-99m phosphate compounds after liver transplantation

Pulmonary calcification can be detected easily using Tc-99m phosphate compounds. Lung uptake of Tc-99m bone imaging agents was observed in two patients after liver transplantation. Transient hypercalcemia due to calcium infusion during hepatic transplantation may be responsible for the pulmonary calcification.