甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损与修复

目的总结甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管的气管缺损修复经验,提高术中气管缺损修复的治疗效果。方法收集2011年8月—2019年2月诊治的32例甲状腺癌侵犯颈段气管患者资料,其中6例术中采用锐性削除受侵气管外壁,8例气管袖式切除+端端吻合,6例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣,8例胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣联合生物膜,2例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植,2例气管造瘘+Ⅱ期修复。结果6例锐性削除气管外壁患者中,有1例患者术后第6天出现气管瘘,予以换药后出院;余26例患者中,24例于术后6个月内恢复正常呼吸功能,1例前臂皮瓣+自体软骨移植患者术后出现局部气管狭窄,黏痰堵塞,带管生存,1例带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣+生物膜患者术后气管局部塌陷伴双侧声带麻痹,带管生存。结论对于侵犯气管的甲状腺癌患者,根据不同的侵犯范围,选取合适的气管切除和缺损气管的修复方式,才能取得较高的手术成功率和较好的治疗效果。     

累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌一期手术整复

目的：探讨晚期甲状腺癌累及喉、气管时的一期手术整复方法。方法：对18例存在喉气管受累的晚期甲状腺癌患者进行一期肿瘤全切及喉气管整复，其中7例喉受累患者全喉切除3例，喉部分切除4例；18例颈段气管受累患者中，8例直接切除肿瘤，10例切除受累气管壁后，修复方法包括：拉扰缝合1例，端端吻合3例、带蒂胸锁乳突肌骨膜瓣2例、岛状胸大肌肌皮瓣3例和颈部皮瓣1例。结果：住院期间肿瘤复发死亡1例。除3例全喉切除患者外，14例成功保留喉功能，其中拔除气管套管8例，堵管2例，继续带管4例。结论：对于累及喉气管的晚期甲状腺癌采用一期手术切除并整复不仅切实可行，而且可以提高此类患者的治愈机会，改善生活质量。     

有周围侵袭的高分化甲状腺癌的外科治疗

目的分析有周围侵犯的高分化甲状腺癌的外科治疗,总结其临床经验.方法回顾性分析1984-2000年在辽宁省肿瘤医院进行手术治疗,周围有侵犯的高分化甲状腺癌患者201例的临床资料.生存统计采用Kaplan-Meier法,组间比较采用Log-Rank检验,多因素分析采用Cox模型.结果喉全切和颈段部分气管切除3例,气管部分切除6例,喉、气管表面剔除67例,喉返神经切除9例,喉返神经表面剔除26例,包括带状肌、胸锁乳突肌、颈内静脉、迷走神经等周围软组织切除90例.201例中合并食管受累肌层切除19例,局部拉拢缝合,其中4例用胸锁乳突肌、2例用胸大肌瓣局部加固修补.甲状腺一侧叶及峡部切除189例,一侧腺叶及对侧次全切除5例,甲状腺全切除7例.颈清扫术129例（双颈清扫5例）,共134侧,其中经典性颈清扫75侧,改良性颈清扫59侧.5年生存率为85.6%,10年生存率为77.3%,15年生存率为69.4%.经Cox模型分析显示年龄、肿瘤侵犯部位是影响预后的独立因素.结论有周围侵袭的高分化甲状腺癌经过恰当的外科治疗,可以取得较好的疗效.     

原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗

目的　探讨原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗途径与经验。方法　 1997年 1月～ 1999年 4月手术治疗 6例原发性颈段气管癌 ,手术切除肿瘤后 ,采用气管端端吻合、颈前肌皮瓣 +胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣修复气管缺损。病理类型 :腺样囊性癌 3例 ,鳞状细胞癌 2例 ,腺癌 1例。 2例鳞状细胞癌患者术后放射治疗剂量为 6 0Gy。结果　 6例患者分别在术后2 3d～ 3个月拔除气管套管 ,无术后并发症。随访 3年以上 ,除 1例鳞状细胞癌患者术后 2年死于肺转移 ,其余 5例患者呼吸、发音良好 ,纤维支气管镜检查未见复发 ,气管管腔黏膜光滑。结论　手术治疗颈段气管癌可以一期切除肿瘤 ,根据缺损不同采用气管端端吻合或自体组织移植如颈前肌皮瓣 +胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建气管。     

累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌临床治疗分析

目的 探讨累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌的临床治疗经验。 方法 回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年12月山东大学齐鲁医院耳鼻咽喉科收治的87例累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌患者的基本资料,统计分析其采用的肿瘤切除方式、气管修补方法、术后拔管率及3年和5年生存率。 结果 87例患者均进行了手术治疗,肿瘤切除方式包括:气管壁肿瘤锐性剃除(60例),气管壁楔形切除(15例),气管袖状切除(3例),喉部分切除(1例),全喉切除(4例),姑息切除(4例)。气道重建方法包括:拉拢缝合(5例),胸大肌肌皮瓣修补(1例),胸锁乳突肌锁骨骨膜瓣修补(1例),端端吻合(3例),喉成型术(1例),气管造瘘术(12例)。随访时间为4-122个月,随访到79例,其中15例行气管切开,气管切开术后拔管率66.7%(10/15),3年生存率为100%,5年生存率为93.0%。 结论 对于累及喉、气管的甲状腺乳头状癌,通过准确的术前评估和合理的手术治疗,可以显著改善患者生活质量,获得良好的生存期。     

原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗

目的 探讨原发性颈段气管癌的手术治疗途径与经验。方法 1997年1月～1999年4月手术治疗6例原发性颈段气管癌，手术切除肿瘤后，采用气管端端吻合、颈前肌皮瓣 胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣修复气管缺损。病理类型：腺样囊性癌3例，鳞状细胞癌2例，腺癌1例。2例鳞状细胞癌患者术后放射治疗剂量为60Gy。结果 6例患者分别在术后23d～3个月拔除气管套管，无术后并发症。随访3年以上，除1例鳞状细胞癌患者术后2年死于肺转移，其余5例患者呼吸、发音良好，纤维支气管镜检查未见复发，气管管腔黏膜光滑。结论 手术治疗颈段气管癌可以一期切除肿瘤，根据缺损不同采用气管端端吻合或自体组织移植如颈前肌皮瓣 胸舌骨肌筋膜瓣、带蒂胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣及胸大肌肌皮瓣重建气管。     

侵犯气管的分化型甲状腺癌气管袖状切除术

目的 寻找侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗的方法,探讨包括气管及喉部分切除在内的根治性手术可行性和有效性。 方法 3例均为女性,2例为甲状腺乳头状癌,1例滤泡状癌,均侵入气管。一例采取右侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及声门下喉部分切除术,术后因喉切缘肿瘤残留补充放疗总量55 Gy;另一例采取左侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及左改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术;第三例采取全甲状腺切除、气管袖状和喉部分切除术、双侧改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和上纵隔淋巴结清扫术。 结果术后均无声音嘶哑,呼吸平稳,无需气管切开,均无吻合口漏。随访近2年均未见吻合口狭窄和肿瘤复发。 结论对侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌患者进行包括气管袖状切除术在内的根治性手术治疗是可行和有效的。     

侵犯气管的分化型甲状腺癌气管袖状切除术

目的 寻找侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌手术治疗的方法，探讨包括气管及喉部分切除在内的根治性手术可行性和有效性。方法 3例均为女性，2例为甲状腺乳头状癌，1例滤泡状癌，均侵入气管。一例采取右侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及声门下喉部分切除术，术后因喉切缘肿瘤残留补充放疗总量55Gy；另一例采取左侧甲状腺腺叶切除术、气管袖状切除术及左改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术；第三例采取全甲状腺切除、气管袖状和喉部分切除术、双侧改良根治性颈淋巴结清扫术和上纵隔淋巴结清扫术。结果 术后均无声音嘶哑，呼吸平稳，无需气管切开，均无吻合口漏。随访近2年均未见吻合口狭窄和肿瘤复发。结论 对侵入气管及喉的分化型甲状腺癌患者进行包括气管袖状切除术在内的根治性手术治疗是可行和有效的。     

改良血管蒂胸锁乳突肌岛状瓣修复下咽部缺损

目的 探讨应用改良血管蒂胸锁乳突肌岛状瓣修复下咽癌切除术后缺损的效果.方法 2003年12月至2010年9月应用以甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支为血管蒂,以中下段胸锁乳突肌胸骨头为主的改良胸锁乳突肌肌皮瓣一期修复12例梨状窝鳞癌术后缺损患者,年龄47 ～ 72岁,中位年龄59岁,均未接受过术前放疗;肿瘤分期参照2002年UICC分期:T2NOM0 5例,T3N1 M0 5例,T4N1M0 2例.结果 2例原发T4期患者肿瘤侵犯甲状软骨板及患侧甲状腺,未保留喉功能;2例T3期患者侵犯梨状窝前壁,患侧声带固定,1例侵及杓区,均未保留喉功能;3例T3和5例T2期患者保留喉功能.12例肌皮瓣全部成活.随访7 ～88个月,中位数30个月.4例患者术后15～ 32个月死于肿瘤复发和远处转移,8例生存至今,其中4例已生存5年以上.结论 利用显微外科精细解剖血管化蒂部的岛状胸锁乳突肌皮瓣具有成活率高且制作容易,创伤小等优点,是修复下咽部缺损的良好修复方式之一.     

腺外浸润的甲状腺癌受侵气管壁的修复

晚期甲状腺癌病人 ,尤其是有腺外浸润者 ,常因肿瘤侵犯气管壁 ,而不能切除干净 ,或因此放弃手术。其主要原因是气管壁缺损后缺乏合适的方法修复。我们自 1 990年以来收治此类病人 5例 ,3例病人术中切除部分受侵气管壁后用同侧胸锁乳突肌肌骨膜瓣修复 ,2例病人因切除肿瘤后气管全周缺损采用端端吻合修复气管 ,5例病人均取得满意效果 ,报告如下。1　临床资料1 990年 3月～ 1 998年 5月 ,共 5例病人术中证实为甲状腺癌侵犯气管 ,其中男 1例 ,女 4例 ,年龄 1 9～ 6 3岁 ,平均 38.7岁 ,病程为 6个月～ 1 2年 ,病理类型 :乳头状癌3例 ,滤泡状癌 1…     

Conservative surgical management of invasive differentiated thyroid cancer

The majority of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma are tumours of low grade malignancy. Laryngotracheal invasion by well differentiated thyroid carcinoma is an uncommon occurrence. The surgical management of patients with thyroid cancer invading the upper airway has primarily been by total laryngectomy. Other surgeons recommend in selected cases partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. A total of 122 patients with thyroid carcinoma were treated in our department between 1967 and 1982. Only seven patients with well differentiated tumours had airway invasion. In these seven patients we used a partial laryngeal and/or tracheal resection. In three of the patients with tracheal invasion a myoperichondrial flap was used for closing the tracheal defect. A partial resection of the larynx and trachea, and end to end anastomosis between the trachea and the remaining part of the larynx was performed in another four patients. The techniques used and a long-term follow-up are presented (Table I).     

颈段气管肿瘤的诊治经验

目的 总结原发性颈段气管肿瘤的诊治经验，提高治疗效果。方法 回顾性分析1981年1月—2002年12月在中国医学科学院肿瘤医院头颈外科治疗的38例原发性颈段气管肿瘤患者的临床资料。手术治疗26例，单纯放疗12例。气管袖状切除11例；气管壁部分切除13例，其中Ⅰ期气管修复6例；全喉、部分气管和甲状腺腺叶切除2例。结果 恶性肿瘤34例，其中腺样囊性癌19例，鳞状细胞癌10例，非霍奇金淋巴瘤2例，低分化癌1例，中分化腺癌1例，小细胞未分化癌1例。颈段气管腺样囊性癌患者3年和5年生存率分别为79．80％和48．36％，鳞状细胞癌分别为80．00％和20．00％。良性肿瘤患者均无瘤生存。治疗后并发症的发生率为18．4％（7／38），其中气管狭窄的发生率11．5％（3／26）。结论 原发性气管肿瘤多数为恶性，其中以腺样囊性癌和鳞状细胞癌居多。手术治疗为气管肿瘤首选治疗措施，气管袖状切除为手术方式之一。     

喉气管腺样囊性癌10例临床分析

目的 探讨喉气管腺样囊性癌的临床特点、治疗方法及预后。方法 回顾性分析10例行喉气管腺样囊性癌的临床资料,根据UICC　2002年TNM分期标准,喉腺样囊性癌T1N0M0 1例,T2N0M0 1例,T3N0M0 3例;根据Bhattacharwa分期,气管腺样囊性癌T1N0M0 1例,T2N0M0 3例,T3N0M0 1例。10例患者临床上以喉痛、声嘶、咳嗽及进行性呼吸困难伴喘鸣等为主要表现形式,采取手术加术后辅助放疗的治疗模式。喉腺样囊性癌以喉全切除术和喉部分切除术为主,气管腺样囊性癌以气管袖状切除加端端吻合术为主。术后辅助放疗,采用调强放疗方式,总剂量 60～70Gy。结果 10例患者术后愈合好,无并发症,随访时间为2个月～7年不等,所有病例均未见局部复发及远处转移。结论 喉气管腺样囊性癌临床上以进行性呼吸困难伴喘鸣、咳嗽及声嘶为主,纤维喉镜检查有利于早期发现。该病颈淋巴转移率低,预后较好。根治性切除加术后辅助放疗是治疗喉气管腺样囊性癌的最佳方法。     

Modified spiral tracheoplasty after extensive window resection of trachea for advanced thyroid cancer

Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) occasionally invades tracheal cartilages. We adapted a reconstructive procedure “modified spiral tracheoplasty” to extensive tracheal defect after resection of locally advanced thyroid cancer. Extensive window resection of tracheal wall was performed in a 72-year-old woman and a 48-year-old man with PTC invading intraluminal trachea. Remaining stumps of trachea were separated from the esophageal wall and were rotated by 90 degrees in opposite directions. Posterior and lateral walls were anastomosed and tracheocutaneous fistula was created to prevent postoperative airway obstruction. Postoperative course was uneventful in both cases. Tracheocutaneous fistula was successfully closed 3 to 4 months after the initial surgery. Modified spiral tracheoplasty is a safe and useful method to recreate a framework of trachea after extensive window resection for advanced thyroid cancer.     

Clinical manifestation and management of primary malignant tumors of the cervical trachea

To explore clinical manifestation and therapies of primary malignant tumors of the cervical trachea, we retrospectively reviewed 31 patients with primary cervical tracheal malignant tumors diagnosed in the last 15 years by means of clinical manifestation, fiberoptic endoscopy, CT scanning and histopathological examinations. All of them were hospitalized and treated at the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University. Of them, 4 underwent emergent tracheotomy under local anesthesia, 9 were inserted with a laryngeal mask airway, 18 underwent tumorectomy under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation, and of them 11 had tracheotomy during surgery. Of those 31 patients, tracheal malignant tumors in 9 cases were resected via laryngeal and retrograde tracheal incisions under endoscope; the tumors in 13 cases were excised via sleeve trachea resection and end-to-end anastomosis; those in 8 were removed by tracheofissure, and the tumor in 1 case was not excised surgically. Among the 30 resected patients, 20 patients received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy; 6 received radiotherapy only, and 4 did not receive any adjuvant therapies. During follow-up between 2 and 11 years, among 31 patients, there was no recurrence in 24 cases. Among the 7 deceased patients, 1 displayed multiple tracheal chondrosarcoma, 4 displayed adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 2 displayed squamous cell carcinoma. Emergency lower tracheotomy is necessary only when patients with tracheal, malignant tumors are in a critical condition. Sleeve trachea resection is the optimal therapy for tracheal malignant tumors. However, in the treatment of tracheal malignant tumors adjacent to the larynx or the involved trachea is over 6 cm in length, other surgeries shall be performed. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy can achieve the same therapeutic effect as sleeve trachea resection.     

Surgical treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with tracheal invasion

Thirty patients with tracheal invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer underwent partial resection of the tracheal wall between 1978 and 1996 at National Cancer Center Hospital. In most cases, the defect in the tracheal wall was reconstructed secondarily using a local flap. This method was easy in comparison with end-to-end anastomosis of the trachea following circumferential resection of the wall. Partial resection of the tracheal wall proved to be a effective treatment for thyroid cancer invasion of the tracheal, because of low incidence of local recurrence. When the defect of the tracheal wall was too large to be reconstructed using a local flap, hydroxylapatite was employed and good results were obtained.     

Window resection of the trachea and secondary reconstruction for invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma

Objective

In cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, the presence or absence of invasion into the circumferential organs is an important prognostic factor. Surgical procedures include circular resection of the trachea with end-to-end anastomosis and window resection with secondary closure. We have used window resection with secondary closure since 1993, and herein retrospectively analyze the treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure in order to determine the indications for procedure selection.

Methods

Subjects comprised 41 cases of invasion by differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea, for which surgery was performed at the Department of Head and Neck Surgery of the National Cancer Center Hospital East from 1993 to 2007. The mean age was 65.7 ± 7.9 years, and the median length of the observation period was 43 months. There were 17 cases (41.4%) cases of secondary relapse.

Results

The 5-year and 10-year overall survival rates for this surgical procedure were 78.9% and 74.5%, respectively, while the 5-year and 10-year local control rates were 92.4% and 73.4%, respectively. The pathological resection stump was positive in 27 cases (65.8%), but no significant differences in treatment outcome were observed between the stump-positive group and the stump-negative group. There were 26 cases in which closure of the tracheal fistula was performed by the time of observation. When the tracheal defect had a diameter equivalent to 7 rings of the trachea or less and a circumference half that of the tracheal cartilage or smaller, including partial cricoid cartilage, it was possible to perform closure with only a local flap. For larger defects, reconstruction was performed using hard tissues or materials, such as hydroxyapatite, titanium mesh, and costal cartilage. There were 2 cases that required re-window because of dyspnea after closure.

Conclusion

The treatment outcomes for this surgical procedure for invasive cases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma into the trachea resulted in a low rate of local recurrence and similar survival rates as described in other reports. Even for cases of resection exceeding half the circumference of the trachea, closure of the tracheal fistula can be performed using hard tissues or materials; however, in such cases, we believe that closure should be attempted progressively in a two-stage reconstruction.