经胸超声心动图对室间隔缺损封堵术的选择标准和方法学研究

目的 :探讨室间隔缺损 (VSD)封堵术的选择标准和超声的方法学。方法 :室缺患者 90例 ,其中膜部 (膜周 ) 86例 ,嵴内及肌型各 2例。采用非标准左室长轴、大血管短轴及五腔心切面 ,术前测量 VSD的大小、离主动脉瓣、三尖瓣的距离以及彩色分流的宽度 ,术中指导释放封堵器。结果 :左室长轴、大血管短轴及五腔心切面二维超声测量室缺大小分别为 :(5 .2± 2 .3) mm、 (7.0± 2 .9) mm、 (7.0± 3.2 ) mm;彩色多普勒在上述切面测量的室缺分流宽度分别为 :(5 .3± 2 .0 ) mm、 (7.1± 3.4 ) mm和 (6 .3± 2 .7) mm,相同切面二维与彩色测值无显著性差异。二维超声心动图测量室间隔缺损距主动脉瓣为 :左室长轴 (2 .3± 0 .7) mm,五腔心切面 (3.0± 1.0 ) mm;大血管短轴切面所测室缺与三尖瓣的距离为 (3.3± 1.3) mm (1.5～ 7mm)。左室造影测室缺为 (7.4± 2 .9) mm ,与二维和彩色超声最大测量值无显著性差异。结论 :经胸超声心动图可用于选择室缺封堵术适应征、指导封堵器的释放及术中评价封堵疗效。封堵术选择标准为 :1.左室面室缺大小 2 .5～ 15 mm;右室侧为多孔时 ,右室侧最大缺损口应≥2 mm;2 .距主动脉瓣距离≥ 1mm,并无主动脉瓣脱垂 ;3.距三尖瓣距离≥ 1.5 mm,无明显的三尖瓣发育异常及中度以上的三尖瓣返流     

超声心动图在室间隔膜周部缺损经导管封堵术中筛选病例的作用

目的　探讨超声心动图为经导管封堵术筛选室间隔膜周部缺损 (VSD)病例的作用。方法2 6例室间隔膜周部缺损患者实施经导管封堵术。封堵器为国产镍钛合金制成的双盘片结构封堵器。经胸壁超声心动图获取图像。结果　 2 4例成功放置封堵器。VSD的大小平均为 6.4mm ,最大为 10mm ,最小为 4mm。放置封堵器的型号较相应VSD大 2mm ,最大为 12mm。VSD具体分型包括单纯膜部 5例 ,嵴下型 6例 ,隔瓣后型 13例 ,其中嵴下型缺损上缘距主动脉瓣环下缘最小距离为 2mm ;隔瓣后型缺损下缘距三尖瓣隔瓣最小距离为 3mm。单纯膜部缺损易于封堵。 2 1例患者封堵术后即刻观察 ,穿隔血流消失 ,术后 1周超声复查 ,封堵器位置良好、稳定、无残余分流。 3例隔瓣后VSD在封堵术后即刻存在少量分流。术后 1月超声复查 ,封堵器位置良好、稳定 ,1例残余分流消失 ,2例残余分流减少。 2例VSD封堵术中因为引起主动脉反流而放弃封堵。结论　超声心动图选择合适的病例是保证VSD封堵术成功的前提     

超声心动图与心血管造影在室缺封堵术中的互补价值

目的探讨超声心动图及心血管造影在室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术中的应用价值。方法VSD封堵术成功患者221例,其中单纯膜部或膜周型209例,嵴内型9例,肌型3例。超声心动图及心血管造影于封堵术前确定VSD类型、大小,缺损残端距瓣膜距离、彩色分流宽度。术后测定封堵器腰大小。结果(1)VSD大小不同切面超声测定VSD大小及彩宽可有差别,心血管造影可测量膜部型VSD大小,对嵴内VSD显示欠佳;(2)VSD残端与瓣膜间距离超声所测VSD残端距主动脉瓣距离与心血管造影测值比较,五腔心切面(5CV)差异无显著性意义(P>0.05);(3)VSD大小与封堵器型号大小及封堵器腰关系超声不同切面VSD大小、彩宽及心血管造影测值与封堵器型号大小比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);大血管短轴切面(AOS)、5CV及心血管造影各测值与封堵器腰之间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。结论X-线透视及心血管造影不能取代超声心动图在封堵介入治疗中的作用;同时,超声心动图尚不能完全替代X-线透视及心血管造影的作用,两者在封堵介入治疗中的作用是相互弥补。     

膜部室间隔缺损形态、大小与封堵器的选择

目的探讨膜部型室间隔缺损(VSD)各种形态的超声心动图特征,缺损形态、大小与封堵器选择的关系.方法 VSD封堵成功的209例膜部型VSD患者.超声心动图术前测量VSD大小、观察缺损口形态及判断缺损右室侧粘连情况.结果 209例VSD中有184例缺损口呈局限性向右室侧突出,形成不同形态,其中不规则形66例,漏斗形56例,瘤形38例,管形24例.不同形态的VSD大小不同,以管形较小,不规则形较大,差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).184例中有140例呈多孔,平均最大孔径(3.6±1.1)mm.结论超声心动图在术前准确的测量VSD的大小,观察缺损口形态、缺损右室侧分流口多少及周缘粘连的牢固性等,以筛选VSD封堵术的适应证及合适封堵器大小,保证VSD封堵术的远期疗效.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图在膜周部室间隔缺损介入治疗中的应用

目的评估彩色超声心动图在膜周部室间隔缺损(VSD)介入治疗中的应用价值.方法在经胸彩色多普勒超声心动图引导下,对158例膜周部VSD患者实施经导管封堵术,封堵器为国产镍钛合金双盘片封堵器,并行超声随访治疗效果.结果153例患者成功实施了VSD封堵术,成功率为96.8%.未成功的5例中,3例因导管未能通过缺损处,2例因封堵器放置后影响主动脉瓣关闭而放弃封堵术.153例封堵成功的VSD超声定位准确,包括膜部VSD 35例,嵴下型VSD 72例,隔瓣后型VSD 46例.其中嵴下型VSD的缺损上缘距主动脉瓣瓣环下缘最小距离为1.5 mm,隔瓣后型VSD缺损下缘距三尖瓣隔瓣最小距离为3 mm.121例患者封堵术后即刻观察,穿隔血流消失,术后1周超声复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定,无残余分流.32例封堵术后即刻观察存在少量分流,术后1个月超声复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定,28例残余分流消失,4例残余分流明显减少.4例术前存在三尖瓣口中量反流的患者,封堵术后2例反流消失,2例反流明显减少.结论彩色多普勒超声心动图在膜周部VSD介入治疗中对病例选择及术后随访具有重要辅助作用.     

经胸超声心动图在国产双盘伞封堵室间隔缺损的应用价值

目的　探讨经胸超声心动图在国产双盘伞封堵室间隔缺损 (VSD)中的应用价值及封堵术后近期疗效。方法　 VSD患者 4 4例 ,男性 18例 ,女性 2 6例。超声心动图术前观测 VSD类型、大小、形态 ;术中监测封堵器释放 ;术后观察封堵术疗效。结果　 1.VSD大小 2 .5～ 15 mm ,平均 (8.9± 5 .3) mm;4 4例 VSD中 30例缺损右室侧呈不同形态 ,其中漏斗形 13例 ,瘤形 8例 ,不规则 6例 ,管形 3例 ;缺损口距主动脉瓣距离 >2 mm,距三尖瓣距离≥ 1mm,选择封堵器型号 5～ 16 mm,平均 (9.3± 3.6 ) mm;2 .4 4例 VSD均成功封堵 ,其中 8例封堵器未释放前存在微量或微量至少量残余分流 ,释放后 4例消失 ,4例有改善。三尖瓣和主动脉瓣少量返流 (TR、 AR)各 1例 ;3.术后 2 4 h及 72 h超声心动图检查 ,4例残余分流消失 ,TR、 AR较术中无加重 ;1例术中无并发症者 ,于术后 2 4 h封堵器后上缘及腰部出现残余分流 ,同时伴有溶血 ,1个月后残余分流量明显减少 ,2个月残留分流完全消失 ;1例于术后 3d出现间歇性 °房室传导阻滞 ,治疗 1周后消失。结论　经胸超声心动图可准确观测 VSD大小、形态及与周边结构的关系 ,指导选择国产双盘伞封堵器的大小及术中释放 ,评价封堵术后疗效。     

超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在室间隔缺损(VSD)封堵术前筛选、术中监视引导及术后随访的应用价值.方法采用超声心动图对11例VSD,1例心肌梗死室间隔肌部穿孔患者,术前测量VSD形状与大小,术中监测封堵过程,术后随诊封堵效果.结果 VSD膜周部5例、隔瓣后型3例、膜周嵴下型2例、嵴内漏斗部1例、心肌梗死室间隔肌部穿孔1例,共安置13个封堵器,其中1例患者有两个相距较远的缺损,安置了2个封堵器,被封堵的VSD直径为3～8 mm,平均(5.2±0.8)mm,选用封堵器直径应比VSD测值大2 mm,最大封堵器直径为10 mm.10例患者封堵术后即刻观察,穿隔分流消失,术后1周复查,封堵器位置良好、稳定,无经封堵器残余分流;1例有微量残余分流,术后24 h超声心动图复查分流消失;1例少量残余分流,术后即刻复查最大分流速度为1.2 m/s(低于险值2 m/s),于6个月后复查仅见微量残余分流.结论超声心动图在VSD封堵术适应证的筛选,封堵器释放时间的确定,释放时即刻疗效的评价及术后随访中具有重要价值.     

超声监测AmPlatzer封堵器经导管治疗室间隔缺损

目的探讨超声心动图在室间隔缺损(VSD)经导管治疗中的应用价值及评价Amplatzer装置的治疗效果。方法28例VSD患者应用经胸超声心动图(TTE)检查确定VSD部位,测量缺损口长径及其边缘至主动脉瓣和三尖瓣的距离。术中依据超声测值选择封堵器型号,观察封堵器位置及有无残余分流和瓣膜反流,其中1例应用心腔内超声心动图(ICE)监测。术前和术后分别测量左心室舒张期末内径(LVDd)、每搏指数(SVI)和心脏指数(CI)。结果TTE检查确定1例为肌部缺损,另27例为膜周部缺损。VSD与主动脉瓣和三尖瓣的距离均>3mm。缺损口直径为4～13mm,平均(6.81±2.65)mm,封堵器型号为4～16mm,平均(8.71±3.58)mm。28例全部封堵成功,24例无残余分流,4例伴膜部瘤者有少量残余分流,无瓣膜反流。术前和术后LVDd、SVI及CI比较差异有显著性意义。结论超声心动图在VSD介入治疗的术前诊断、术中监测和术后疗效评价中均有重要价值。     

经胸超声心动图在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用研究

目的 :探讨室间隔缺损 (VSD)的形态 ,封堵器大小的选择原则和经胸超声心动图 (TTE)在室缺封堵术 (VSDO)中的应用价值。方法 :室缺患者 90例 ,单纯膜部或膜周型 86例 ,嵴内及肌型各 2例。超声心动图于非标准胸骨旁左室长轴、大血管短轴及五腔心切面观察 VSD的大小、形态和类型 ,并与封堵器的大小相比较。结果 :90例 VSD有 67例突向右室 ,漏斗形 2 9例、瘤形 2 0例、不规则形 12例、管形 (隧道形 ) 6例 ,其中右室面多孔 18例 ,左室面缺口分隔 2例。 2 DE测舒张期 VSD大小 2 .5～ 15mm ,平均 (8.0± 5.4) mm。封堵器大小 5～ 16mm,平均 (9.5± 3 .3 ) mm。结论 :经胸超声心动图可用于观测 VSD的形态 ,指导选择封堵器并于术中释放。 VSD分为四种形态 :1.漏斗形 ;2 .瘤形 ;3 .不规则形 ;4.管道形 (隧道形 )。 VSD最大径 (U)与封堵器大小 (D)的关系为 D=1.0 2 U + 1.75。     

彩色超声心动图评价非对称型封堵器在室间隔缺损封堵术中的应用价值

目的 采用彩色超声心动图评价非对称型封堵器在室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵术中的应用价值。方法 采用彩色超声心动图对58例拟行经导管VSD封堵术的患者，术前取胸骨旁五腔心切面、左心室长轴切面、主动脉短轴切面和心尖四腔心切面行超声扫查，确定VSD部位及周围毗邻关系，并测量VSD边缘距主动脉瓣瓣环的最小距离，测量VSD下缘距三尖瓣隔瓣距离；术后采用彩色超声心动图观察封堵器在心腔内的形状及封堵效果，并随访3～12个月。结果 58例VSD患者选择使用非对称型封堵器，封堵术均获成功，其中嵴下型18例（缺损边缘距主动脉瓣最小距离为0．5mm）、膜部13例、肌部3例、嵴内型3例、隔瓣后型21例（缺损边缘距三尖瓣最小距离为1．5mm）。术后超声显示非对称型封堵器图像清晰，封堵器在心脏内呈现超声图像与体外形态相一致。其中3例囊袋形VSD在放置对称型封堵器后因残余分流多而改用非对称型封堵器，效果良好。术后即刻观察9例存在室间隔少量残余分流，24h后完全消失。57例三尖瓣、主动脉瓣均未出现因封堵引起的明显反流，1例术后出现主动脉瓣反流，瞬时反流量约0．5ml，随访3个月，反流无明显增多。结论 根据VSD部位及形态选择非对称型封堵器能进一步扩大封堵术应用范围及提高其安全性；彩色超声心动图在筛选病例、观察疗效及远期随访中起重要辅助作用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.