补阳还五汤对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎单核巨噬细胞的免疫调控作用

目的:探讨补阳还五汤(BYHWD)治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的有效性及对单核巨噬细胞免疫调控的作用及机制。方法:雌性C57BL/6小鼠用小鼠髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55肽段(MOG_(35-55))免疫制作慢性EAE模型,随机分为生理盐水处理组和BYHWD组。在免疫后第3天开始分别予以生理盐水和BYHWD灌胃,500μL/d,持续观察临床症状和体质量变化。免疫后17 d各组统一处死部分动物,HE染色观察炎性细胞浸润情况,髓鞘染色观察脊髓髓鞘脱失比例,流式细胞术检测脾细胞M1型和M2型巨噬细胞表型;免疫荧光组织化学染色和Western blotting检测脊髓巨噬细胞iNOS、TNF-α、arginase及IL-10的表达。结果:BYHWD推迟EAE起病,减轻EAE症状,抑制中枢神经系统脊髓的炎性浸润和髓鞘脱失,促进脊髓及脾组织中M1型巨噬细胞转化为M2型。结论:BYHWD干预可缓解EAE行为学和病理学的改变,其作用机制可能与其诱导巨噬细胞极性转化相关。     

新型Rho激酶抑制剂FSD-C11对EAE的免疫调节作用

目的探讨Rho激酶抑制剂Fasudil衍生物FSD-C11治疗实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)的免疫调节机制。方法采用MOG35-55多肽建立C57BL/6小鼠EAE模型,随机分为FSD-C11组和Saline组,于免疫后第3天起腹腔注射FSD-C11化合物和Saline。免疫后28 d处死小鼠,FACS法检测脾组织CD4+T细胞亚群,ELISA法检测外周免疫系统中细胞因子的分泌情况,Western blot法测定脊髓ROCKⅡ、i NOS、Arg-1、TLR-2和TLR-4的蛋白表达。结果 FSD-C11干预EAE能够抑制脊髓中ROCKⅡ表达,减少外周CD4+IFN-γ+T细胞,增加CD4+IL-10+和CD4+CD25+T细胞(P0.05),减少外周免疫系统炎性细胞因子IFN-γ、IL-17、IL-6、IL-1β和TNF-α的含量(P0.05),而增加IL-10的含量(P0.05),抑制脊髓组织中巨噬细胞标志蛋白i NOS表达、增加Arg-1的表达(P0.05)。抑制脊髓组织中TLR-2和TLR-4蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论 FSD-C11可调节外周免疫细胞活化和增殖,抑制外周免疫系统分泌炎性因子,增加保护性的细胞因子,改善炎性微环境,促进M1型巨噬细胞向M2型转化,控制CNS的炎性细胞侵润,从而达到减轻或改善EAE的临床症状。     

可溶性髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠免疫耐受的机制

目的探讨可溶性髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG)诱导实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠免疫耐受的机制。方法将EAE小鼠随机分为MOG肽治疗组、卵清蛋白(OVA)处理组和对照组,分别于EAE诱导的第6～16天腹腔注射MOG肽、OVA肽和同等剂量的PBS,通过比较各组小鼠临床评分,脾脏(SP)大小,脾脏和中枢神经系统(CNS)的脑和脊髓浸润淋巴细胞数,流式细胞术分析T细胞表型及其功能,探讨T细胞迁移在可溶性MOG肽诱导的EAE免疫耐受中的作用;流式细胞术分析脾脏、CNS浸润CD11b+抗原提呈细胞(APC)的成熟,免疫荧光技术分析成熟APC与效应性CD4+T细胞的相互作用,研究成熟APC在T细胞迁移中的作用。结果腹腔注射可溶性MOG肽可抑制脾脏内的效应性T细胞向CNS迁移,并诱导脾脏APC成熟,抑制CNS浸润APC成熟;MOG肽诱导的成熟APC可与MOG反应性CD4+T细胞相互作用并聚集在一起,进而抑制效应性T细胞的迁移。结论可溶性MOG肽通过诱导脾脏APC成熟,成熟APC与MOG-T细胞相互作用,抑制脾脏MOG-T细胞向CNS迁移,诱导EAE免疫耐受。     

M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型的比较分析

通过对M1和M2型巨噬细胞表型相关指标的比较分析,评价各鉴定巨噬细胞类型的表型指标及其意义。按常规方法以IFN-γ及LPS将骨髓来源巨噬细胞诱导成M1型巨噬细胞,以IL-4诱导出M2型巨噬细胞。分别以RT-PCR和酶活性定量方法检测精氨酸代谢相关酶的表达和活性;以ELISA检测IL-12和IL-10的分泌;以FACS检测巨噬细胞膜分子的表达。结果显示:M1型巨噬细胞诱导性一氧化氮合酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)表达和活性水平较未刺激组明显升高,IL-12产生显著增加,CD16/32表达上调;而M2型巨噬细胞I型精氨酸酶(arginase 1,Arg-1)的表达水平和酶活性较未刺激巨噬细胞显著提高,IL-10分泌轻度增加,并且表达高水平的CD206和DECTIN-1。表型比较分析结果表明,iN-OS表达和活性、IL-12的分泌和膜蛋白CD16/32可用于鉴定M1型巨噬细胞,而Arg-1、CD206和DECTIN-1是鉴定M2型巨噬细胞较为理想的表型指标。     

补阳还五汤对EAE 小鼠免疫调节的作用

目的:探讨补阳还五汤对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的抗炎治疗效果和免疫调节机制。方法:雌性C57BL/6小鼠采用MOG35-55 多肽诱导建立EAE 模型后,随机分为生理盐水组、补阳还五汤组,每组13 只。造模的第3 天给药,生理盐水组给予生理盐水25 ml/ kg 灌胃,补阳还五汤组给予补阳还五汤生药量50 g/ kg 灌胃,共治疗25 d。每天记录临床症状评分和体重变化。HE 染色检测脊髓组织炎细胞浸润,髓鞘染色观察髓鞘脱失情况,免疫荧光技术检测脾脏ROCK 表达。流式细胞术检测脾脏CD4+ T 细胞亚群变化。Western blot 法检测脊髓TLR4、Myd88、NF-B、COX-2、ROCK 和脑ROCK 的表达。结果:与生理盐水组比较,补阳还五汤治疗后明显降低EAE 小鼠神经功能评分(P<0.001),抑制中枢神经系统炎细胞浸润(P<0.05),减轻髓鞘脱失(P<0.05),增加CD25+(P<0.05)、IL-10+(P<0.05)、TGF-β+(P<0.01)、IFN-β+(P<0.05)CD4+ T 细胞的比例;抑制外周和中枢ROCK域的表达(P<0.05);减少脊髓TLR4、Myd88、NF-B、COX-2 的表达(P<0.05)。结论:补阳还五汤可以通过抑制ROCK / TLR4/ NF鄄资B 炎性通路和调节外周T 细胞亚群比例发挥其抗炎和免疫调节作用。     

盐酸法舒地尔对EAE小鼠脑中ROCK-Ⅱ表达的影响

目的:探讨盐酸法舒地尔(Fasudil hydrochloride)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脑中Rho激酶-Ⅱ(ROCK-Ⅱ)表达的影响。方法:雌性C57BL/6小鼠,分为EAE组、治疗组和佐剂组。用MOG35-55多肽诱导EAE模型。治疗组于d6p.i.开始腹腔注射盐酸法舒地尔液,连续14天。观察和比较各组临床表现,于d18-20p.i.取脊髓和脑,行HE染色、Westernblot法检测各组ROCK-II的表达。结果:盐酸法舒地尔能够显著改善EAE的症状,减轻中枢神经系统(CNS)炎性浸润等病理变化。各组小鼠脑中均有ROCK-Ⅱ的表达,EAE组ROCK-Ⅱ表达量较佐剂组要高(P<0.05),治疗组与EAE组相比显著减低(P<0.05)。结论:盐酸法舒地尔可以有效抑制小鼠EAE,这种抑制可能与其抑制ROCK-II的活化有关。     

口服烟酰胺核糖抑制实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎的初步研究

目的：探讨口服烟酰胺核糖(nicotinamide riboside, NR)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, EAE)的治疗效果和作用机制。方法：采用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55, MOG35-55)免疫C57BL/6雌性小鼠制备EAE模型,随机分为EAE组和NR组。从免疫后第3天开始,EAE组小鼠灌胃给予生理盐水,NR组小鼠灌胃给予NR,每天1次至免疫后第27天。免疫当天至免疫后第28天,观察并记录各组小鼠临床评分和体重。免疫后第28天处死小鼠,制备脾细胞悬液和脊髓组织冰冻切片。HE染色和髓鞘染色分别检测脊髓炎性细胞浸润和髓鞘脱失,Western blot和免疫荧光染色分别检测脊髓组织中ROCK-II、TLR4、p-NF-κB、iNOS表达及相应的阳性细胞数量,ELISA检测脾细胞培养液中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6的含量。结果：口服NR可推迟EAE发病时间,减轻EAE临床症状,缓解小鼠体重丢失,减少外周炎性细胞...     

CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白活化的巨噬细胞功能的影响

目的 研究CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白(oxLDL)激活的巨噬细胞功能的影响及其机制.方法 磁性细胞分离器(MACS)分离CD4+CD25+T细胞及CD4+CD25-T细胞,在oxLDL作用下,将巨噬细胞分别与CD4+CD25+T细胞、CD4+CD25-T细胞共培养48 h.采用流式细胞术检测巨噬细胞HLA-DR、CD86的表达;ELISA检测上清液MCP-1、MMP-9、TNF-α、TGF-β和IL-10细胞因子的表达;采用Griess反应测定NO生成量,RT-PCR测定iNOS表达.结果 与对照组比较,CD4+CD25+T细胞可显著抑制oxLDL激活的巨噬细胞HLA-DR及CD86的表达、减少NO生成、抑制iNOS mRNA表达和促炎细胞因子生成.结论 调节性T细胞可促使oxLDL激活的巨噬细胞由具有促炎表型的M1型向具有抗炎表型的M2型转化.     

黄芪糖蛋白对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠的免疫调节作用

目的探讨黄芪糖蛋白(HQGP)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠的治疗效果及可能机制。方法用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白35-55(MOG35-55)诱导C57BL/6雌性小鼠建立EAE模型。分为黄芪糖蛋白治疗组和EAE对照组,隔天记录小鼠临床评分和体质量变化。HE染色和免疫荧光技术检测脊髓组织炎细胞浸润;MTT法检测细胞活性;Griess法检测一氧化氮(NO)释放;ELISA测定肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)分泌,γ干扰素(IFN-γ)释放;流式细胞术检测CD4+T细胞亚群变化。结果 HQGP处理可减轻EAE症状,抑制中枢神经系统炎细胞浸润。抑制脾淋巴单核细胞活性、NO和TNF-α、IL-6分泌,促进IFN-γ的分泌。增加CD4+CD25+、CD4+IL-10+、CD4+IFN-γ+T细胞亚群的比例。结论 HQGP通过调节T细胞亚群比例,抑制炎症细胞因子释放,减轻EAE炎症反应。     

髓鞘碱性蛋白(MBP)特异的Wistar大鼠T细胞系的建立

目的：建立特异的大鼠T细胞系，为T细胞疫苗的研制打下基础。方法：采用足垫皮内注射豚鼠全脊髓匀浆（GPSCH）－福氏完全佐剂（CFA) 合乳剂和百日咳疫苗，诱导Wistar大鼠EAE模型。腹股沟淋巴结细胞经豚鼠髓鞘碱性蛋白（GPMBP）反复刺激，^3H-TdR掺入法筛选针对GPMBP特异增殖的T细胞。FACS检测T细胞表型。RT－PCR测定T细胞的细胞因子格局。结果：一次性足垫皮内注射GPSCH－CFA混合乳剂可诱导Wistar大鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）模型，并证实了同时注射百日咳疫苗能提高发病率和发病程度。EAE大鼠脑、脊髓组织HE染色见大量淋巴细胞浸润，在血管周围形成淋巴鞘、但未见脱髓鞘改变。T细胞对GPMBP呈特异性增殖，为CD4^ 表型。RT－PCR结果显示T细胞IL－2和IFN－γmRNA表达水平较高，TNF-α亦低水平表达。结论：Wistar大鼠可用于制备EAE动物模型。GPMBP特异性T细胞系为CD4^ 表型，呈TH1类细胞因子格局。     

Fasudil mediates cell therapy of EAE by immunomodulating encephalomyelitic T cells and macrophages

Although Fasudil has shown therapeutic potential in EAE mice, the mechanism of action are still not fully understood. Here, we examined the immunomodulatory effect of Fasudil on encephalitogenic mononuclear cells (MNCs), and tested the therapeutic potential of Fasudil‐treated MNCs in active EAE. Fasudil inhibited expression of CCL20 on T cells and migration of T cells, decreased CD4⁺IFN‐γ⁺ and CD4⁺IL‐17⁺ T cells, but increased CD4⁺IL‐10⁺ and CD4⁺TGF‐β⁺ T cells. Fasudil reduced expression of CD16/32 and IL‐12, while elevating expression of CD206, CD23, and IL‐10. Fasudil also decreased levels of iNOS/NO, enhanced levels of Arg‐1, and inhibited the TLR‐4/NF‐κB signaling and TNF‐α, shifting M1 macrophage to M2 phenotype. These modulatory effects of Fasudil on T cells and macrophages were not altered by adding autoantigen MOG_35–55 to the culture, i.e., autoantigen‐independent. Further, we observed that, in vitro, Fasudil inhibited the capacity of encephalitogenic MNCs to adoptively transfer EAE and reduced TLR‐4/p‐NF‐κB/p65 and inflammatory cytokines in spinal cords. Importantly, Fasudil‐treated encephalitogenic MNCs exhibited therapeutic potential when injected into actively induced EAE mice. Together, our results not only provide evidence that Fasudil mediates the polarization of macrophages and the regulation of T cells, but also reveal a novel strategy for cell therapy in MS.     

Aminoguanidine-induced amelioration of autoimmune encephalomyelitis is mediated by reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in the spinal cord

ABSTRACT:

To elucidate whether an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, aminoguanidine (AMG), affects the expression of iNOS in the spinal cords of rats with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we induced EAE in Lewis rats, and treated EAE rats with AMG. AMG (200mg/kg administered intraperitoneally from day 0 to day 7 post-immunization) significantly reduced the clinical severity of EAE paralysis. AMG, however did not prevent the occurrence of EAE. Western blot analysis showed that iNOS expression was significantly reduced in the spinal cords of rats with EAE treated with AMG compared with rats treated with the vehicle. This rinding supports the conclusion that the production of nitric oxide by iNOS plays an important role in the induction of EAE. The corollary is that the amelioration of EAE paralysis by the treatment with AMG is associated with the suppression of iNOS expression in the target organ i.e. the spinal cord.     

IL-33 attenuates EAE by suppressing IL-17 and IFN-γ production and inducing alternatively activated macrophages

Interleukin (IL)-33, a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is an important modulator of the immune system associated with several immune-mediated disorders. High levels of IL-33 are expressed by the central nervous system (CNS) suggesting a potential role of IL-33 in autoimmune CNS diseases. We have investigated the expression and function of IL-33 in the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice. We report here that IL-33 and its receptor ST2 (IL-33Rα) are highly expressed in spinal cord tissue, and ST2 expression is markedly increased in the spinal cords of mice with EAE. Furthermore, ST2-deficient (ST2(-/-) ) mice developed exacerbated EAE compared with wild-type (WT) mice while WT, but not ST2(-/-) EAE mice treated with IL-33 developed significantly attenuated disease. IL-33-treated mice had reduced levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ but produced increased amounts of IL-5 and IL-13. Lymph node and splenic macrophages of IL-33-treated mice showed polarization toward an alternatively activated macrophage (M2) phenotype with significantly increased frequency of MR(+) PD-L2(+) cells. Importantly, adoptive transfer of these IL-33-treated macrophages attenuated EAE development. Our data therefore demonstrate that IL-33 plays a therapeutic role in autoimmune CNS disease by switching a predominantly pathogenic Th17/Th1 response to Th2 activity, and by polarization of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages.     

Therapeutic potential of IFN-gamma-modified dendritic cells in acute and chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis

Dendritic cells (DC) are antigen-presenting cells specialized to regulate immune responses. DC not only control immunity, but also maintain tolerance to self-antigens-two complementary functions that would ensure the integrity of the organism in an environment full of pathogens. Here we report that splenic DC that had been exposed in vitro to IFN-gamma (IFN-gamma-DC) exhibit therapeutic potential on acute experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Lewis rats, and on chronic-relapsing EAE in B6 and SJL/J mice. During incipient EAE [day 5 post-immunization (p.i.) in rats, day 7 p.i. in mice], IFN-gamma-DC were injected s.c. Severity of clinical signs of EAE was dramatically inhibited in animals injected with IFN-gamma-DC, showing normal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the spinal cord and brain. In contrast, the EAE rats receiving PBS or naive DC had severe clinical signs with multiple and extensive MRI lesions in the spinal cord and brain. IFN-gamma-DC triggered an antigen-specific IFN-gamma production, and induced apoptosis of CD4(+) T cells possibly through DC expressing indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase and/or an IFN-gamma-dependent pathway. As a result, infiltration of macrophages and CD4(+) T cells within the spinal cords was dramatically reduced in animals injected with IFN-gamma-DC as compared to animals injected with PBS or naive DC. This approach may represent a novel possibility of individualized immunotherapy using autologous, in vitro modified DC as a complement to conventional therapy in multiple sclerosis and other diseases with an autoimmune background.     

地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠髓鞘保护作用的研究

目的:分析地塞米松对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠炎症反应、髓鞘脱失及髓鞘再生的影响,探讨地塞米松治疗多发性硬化的新作用。方法:应用MOG35-55免疫C57BL/6小鼠建立EAE模型。小鼠随机分为正常对照组、EAE组及地塞米松组,观察各组临床症状;采用HE染色、LFB染色、透射电镜扫描及免疫组化染色方法,检测免疫后第13、20、30 d各组小鼠脊髓组织炎症反应、髓鞘脱失及髓鞘再生情况。结果:地塞米松显著降低EAE小鼠发病率、延缓起病时间、减轻疾病严重程度。各个时间点地塞米松组脊髓组织炎性细胞浸润、髓鞘脱失及轴索变性程度较EAE组明显减轻。免疫后第20、30 d,EAE组Olig2阳性细胞数较正常对照组明显增加;免疫后各时间点,地塞米松组Olig2阳性细胞数较正常对照组均明显增加,第13、20 d较EAE组明显增加。结论:地塞米松可增加脊髓组织Olig2表达、促进髓鞘再生,这可能为地塞米松治疗EAE及多发性硬化的效应途径。     

FTY720, sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibition of T cell infiltration

FTY720, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, induces a marked decrease in the number of peripheral blood lymphocytes and exerts immunomodulating activity in various experimental allograft and autoimmune disease models. In this study, we evaluated the effect of FTY720 and its active metabolite, （S）-enantiomer of FTY720-phosphate [（S）-FTY720-P] on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis （EAE） in rats and mice. Prophylactic administration of FTY720 at 0.1 to 1 mg/kg almost completely prevented the development of EAE, and therapeutic treatment with FTY720 significantly inhibited the progression of EAE and EAE-associated histological change in the spinal cords of LEW rats induced by immunization with myelin basic protein. Consistent with rat EAE, the development of proteolipid protein-induced EAE in SJL/J mice was almost completely prevented and infiltration of CD4^＋ T cells into spinal cord was decreased by prophylactic treatment with FTY720 and （S）-FTY720-P. When FTY720 or （S）-FTY720-P was given after establishment of EAE in SJL/J mice, the relapse of EAE was markedly inhibited as compared with interferon-β, and the area of demyelination and the infiltration of CD4^＋ T cells were decreased in spinal cords of EAE mice. Similar therapeutic effect by FTY720 was obtained in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced EAE in C57BL/6 mice. These results indicate that FTY720 exhibits not only a prophylactic but also a therapeutic effect on EAE in rats and mice, and that the effect of FTY720 on EAE appears to be due to a reduction of the infiltration of myelin antigen-specific CD4^＋ T cells into the inflammation site. Cellular ＆ Molecular Immunology. 2005;2（6）：439-448.     

RhoA和Rock-Ⅱ在Lewis大鼠EAE模型中的表达

目的研究RhoA和Rock-Ⅱ在Lewis大鼠实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎（EAE）模型中的表达,探索其在EAE模型中的作用。方法把36只Lewis大鼠随机分为两组：A组（空白对照组）,B组（EAE模型组）。以豚鼠全脊髓为抗原混合福氏完全佐剂（CFA）,诱导Lewis大鼠EAE模型,观察实验动物神经功能损害的情况;采用免疫组织化学染色法观察实验动物各组脑、脊髓组织中RhoA、Rock-Ⅱ的表达。结果成功建立Lewis大鼠EAE模型,RhoA和Rock-Ⅱ在EAE模型组的表达较空白对照组明显增加,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论 RhoA和Rock-Ⅱ在EAE模型中过量表达,可能在EAE模型的发病过程中起关键作用。     

A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CD45RLOW CD4+ T CELLS IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE OF LEWIS RATS WITH AUTOIMMUNE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS

In order to quantify encephalitogenic effector T cells in the subarachnoid space (SAS) and spinal cord afflicted with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we immunized Lewis rats using myelin basic protein and complete Freund's adjuvants and analyzed the inflammatory cells by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) and immunohistochemistry. At the induction stage of EAE, the majority of observed inflammatory cells were determined by immunohistochemistry to be either CD4+ T cells or OX42+ macrophages. Among CD4+ T cells, both CD45R high (OX22+) and CD45R low (OX22?) T cells were found in the SAS, while in the neighboring subpial spinal cord parenchyma, CD45R low (OX22-negative)/CD4+ T cells predominated. FACS analysis showed that CD45RC low/CD4+ T cells was 83% of total CD4+ T cells in the SAS, while 94% of cells with the same phenotype were found in the parenchyma of rat spinal cords afflicted with EAE. This finding suggests that during the induction stage of EAE, effector T cells preferentially migrate into the subpial parenchyma from the SAS. Thereafter, suppressor T cells follow, which may lead to the spontaneous recovery from EAE paralysis.