2009～2011年钦州市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的分析2009～2011年钦州市手足口病流行病学特征,为预防控制手足口病提供参考依据。方法对2009～2011年钦州市疾病监测信息报告系统上报的手足口病病例进行描述流行病学分析。结果 2009～2011年钦州市共报告手足口病病例9580例,重症病例63例,无死亡病例。年发病率在39.47/10万～204.19/10万之间,呈现上升趋势,男性发病高于女性,以散居儿童和幼托儿童为主,集中于0～5岁组,报告病例中<3岁的占82.66%,病原学检测手足口病标本334份,阳性115份,阳性率为34.43%,病例集中在4～6月份。结论 2009～2011年钦州市手足口病整体高发呈点多、面广、局部有暴发的流行特征。发病有明显的年龄、性别、职业和季节差异。做好5岁以下儿童手足口病防控工作是手足口病防控工作的重中之重。     

2007～2009年济南市手足口病疫情分析

目的了解2007~2009年济南市手足口病发病特征及流行趋势,为制订防治策略提供科学依据。方法应用描述流行病学方法对济南市2007~2009年手足口病疫情资料进行分析。结果 2007~2009年济南市手足口病报告发病数为17 314例,年均发病率94.10/10万。市区年均发病率142.72/10万,郊县年均发病率67.08/10万,市区发病率显著高于郊县,且城乡结合部发病较为集中;4~8月为高发高峰,占全年发病的88.47%;男女发病数之比为1.56∶1,男、女性发病率分别为113.21/10万和74.45/10万,男性高于女性;5岁以下幼儿发病15 792例,占91.21%;以散居儿童和幼托儿童发病较多,分别占54.82%和40.29%;84.83%的病例于发病3 d内就诊。2008和2009年济南市手足口病流行优势毒株为EV71。结论济南市手足口病的防控应强化医疗救治,持续加强疫情监测和宣传教育,防止暴发流行。     

2008-2011年南充市高坪区手足口病流行病学分析

目的 了解南充市高坪区2008-2011年手足口病的流行病学特征,探索预防和控制手足口病的方法和措施.方法 采用描述性流行病学的方法对疫情进行分析.结果 2008-2011年南充市高坪区共报告手足口病318例,年均报告发病率为14.84/10万,重症2例,无死亡病例;发病高发时段为4-7月,占发病总数的62.58％;年龄分布在10岁以下人群,5岁以下最多,占发病总数的96.23％;男女性别比为2.06∶1;职业构成以散居儿童为主,占发病总数的69.18％.实验室确诊7例,EV71阳性1例.结论 2008-2011年南充市高坪区手足口病有明显的季节性,发病年主要集中在5岁以下人群,男性多于女性,防控重点为散居儿童和托幼儿童,加强健康教育,普及全民健康知识是预防和控制疫情的关键.     

2011-2015年广州市手足口病流行特征及EV71感染情况分析

目的对2011-2015年广州市手足口病流行特征和EV71的感染情况进行分析,为制定防控措施提供依据。方法利用中国疾病预防控制信息系统的"传染病报告信息管理系统"的手足口病病例资料及人口统计学资料,分析广州市2011-2015年手足口病病例以及其中EV71病毒感染病例流行特征。结果 2011-2015年广州市总共报告手足口病病例317 944例,3 890例为EV71感染。重症病例56例,死亡病例13例,死亡病例均为EV71感染病例;发病高峰是4-7月,部分年份9-10月还会出现一个小高峰,从地区分布来看,花都、白云发病率高,从人群特征来看,男性、1~4岁组以及散居儿童发病率高,EV71病例的时间、地区、人群分布情况与手足口病总体情况基本一致。结论广州市手足口病的发病有明显的季节性和地区差异,5岁及以下、男童和散居儿童是重点防控特征,感染EV71病毒导致重症和死亡的可能性大。     

2011—2020年泉州市洛江区手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的 分析泉州市洛江区手足口病流行病学特征,为探讨和制定洛江区手足口病防控措施提供科学依据。方法 根据“中国疾病预防控制信息系统”传染病报告数据,收集2011年1月1日—2020年12月31日洛江区手足口病资料,应用描述性统计方法分析病例的时间、地区、人群等流行分布特征。结果 2011—2020年洛江区报告手足口病病例7 319例,重症病例1例,无死亡病例,发病率为25.00/10万~493.27/10万,年均发病率为324.14/10万,发病率呈现逐年降低趋势(χ^(2)_(趋势)=118.98,P<0.05);病例高峰主要出现在春夏季,秋季次之。各街道(乡镇)均有病例报告,其中万安街道(26.55%,1 943/7 319)、马甲镇(25.55%,1 870/7 319)、双阳街道(18.66%,1 366/7 319)病例分布较多,占总病例数的70.76%。男性病例4 721例,女性2 598例,性别比为1.82∶1;发病人群主要为散居儿童(69.95%,5 210/7 319),其次是幼托儿童(27.18%,1 989/7 319);5岁以下年龄组报告病例较多,占总病例数的91.57%。结论 洛江区手足口病疫情具有周期性、季节性变化特征,5岁以下儿童为高发人群,要加强对儿童手足口病防控力度。     

新疆沙湾县手足口病流行特征分析

目的了解2008─2015年新疆沙湾县手足口病的流行特征,为做好防控工作提供科学依据。方法采用描述流行病学方法分析2008─2015年沙湾县手足口病疫情资料。结果 2008─2015年沙湾县共报告手足口病1 478例,年平均发病率60.71/10万;临床诊断病例1 282例、占发病总数的86.74%,实验室诊断病例196例、占发病总数的13.26%;重症5例,无死亡病例;散居儿童(762例)和托幼儿童(579例)为主要发病人群,分别占51.56%和39.17%;男性895例、女性583例,男、女性别比为1.54∶1,差异有统计学意义(χ2=18.748,P0.05);全县均有病例报告,各地发病率差异有统计学意义(χ2=228.12,P0.05);发病有明显的季节性,集中在5─10月、占病例总数的88.84%;病原构成主要为Cox A16和EV71,分别占55.10%和33.67%。结论沙湾县手足口病发病具有明显的年龄、性别、地区和季节性差异,应加强对散居儿童和托幼机构手足口病疫情的监测力度,加大手足口病防治知识的宣传和普及工作,做到早发现、早报告、早诊断和早治疗,避免该病的扩散。     

2008-2011年高要市手足口病流行病学特征分析

目的 为掌握2008-2011年高要市手足口病流行特征,为制定手足口病防治措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对高要市2008-2011年手足口病疫情报告信息资料进行分析.结果 2008-2011年该市共报告手足口病病例6 078例,年报告病例数分别为485例、533例、1 535例和3 525例;发病有明显季节性,2008-2009年主要集中在4～6月份,2010-2011年主要集中在4～8月份,高峰期共发病4 084例,占总病例数的67.19％;年龄以5岁以下儿童为主,占94.13％,其中3岁以下幼儿占报病总数的83.15％;病例以散居儿童为主,占77.64％;男女性别比为2.03∶1.结论 高要市2008-2011年手足口病的发生有明显的性别、年龄、环境、季节差异,5岁以下儿童尤其是散居儿童是该市手足口病防治工作的重点人群.     

2008～2011年安徽歙县手足口病流行病学特征

目的 掌握歙县手足口病流行病学特征,为制订预防控制措施提供科学依据.方法 采用描述性流行病学方法对2008年5月至2011年4月歙县手足口病流行病学个案调查资料和监测资料进行分析.结果 临床诊断手足口病715例,发病率48.3/10万(35.5/10万～63.6/10万).无重症和死亡病例;发病范围广,占乡镇的96.4％;发病季节性明显,主要集中在3～6月;病例以5岁以下儿童为主占89.0％;男性发病显著高于女性,性别比1:0.74;病原为CoxA16和EV71等肠道病毒.结论5岁以下儿童是手足口病的重点防控人群,应加强实验室检测,积极开展健康促进工作.     

2018—2022年新疆维吾尔自治区手足口病流行特征分析

目的 分析新疆手足口病流行特征,为当地手足口病防控提供科学依据。方法 通过中国疾病预防控制信息系统收集2018—2022年新疆手足口病相关资料,从各地（市、州）疾病预防控制中心获取病原学资料,使用描述流行病学方法对新疆手足口病的三间分布和病原学特征进行分析。结果 2018—2022年新疆累计报告手足口病22 817例,其中重症11例,无死亡病例;平均发病率为18.69/10万,历年报告发病率为1.52/10万～42.90/10万。2018、2019和2021年发病呈双峰分布,分别为5—7月和9—11月两个高峰;2020年全年未出现发病高峰;2022年仅有4—7月一个发病高峰。男性报告病例数和平均发病率（13 587例,22.64/10万）均高于女性（9 230例,15.48/10万）;5岁及以下儿童是发病的主要人群（18 736例,占82.11%）;不同职业中托幼儿童报告病例数最多（10 386例,占45.52%）,其后为散居儿童（9 703例,占42.53%）和学生（2 379例,占10.43%）。克拉玛依市、博尔塔拉蒙古自治州和塔城地区的发病率居全区前3位。报告的4 350例实验室...     

2010年东平县手足口病流行病学特征分析

2010年东平县共报告手足口病病例1 327例,其中男性812例,女性515例,男女性别比为1.58∶1;报告病例中以5岁以下儿童为主,占88.24%(1 171例);以散居儿童为最多,占病例总数的67.37%(894),幼托儿童及学生占32.40%(430例),成人3例。发病高峰为夏季的6、7月份。东平县所辖14个乡镇(街道)均有病例发生,主要以散发为主。实验室确诊病例113例,以柯萨奇A16感染为主,占46.02%(52例),EV71感染者占19.47%(22例)。     

Neutropenia, fever, and infection

With the advances in the management of various neoplastic diseases and subsequent improvement in "disease-free" states, complications of therapy--particularly, infectious complications--have evolved as stumbling blocks to survival. Among neutropenic (absolute neutrophil count below 1,000/mm3) patients with cancer, infection is the major autopsy-determined cause of death. With expected "cure rates" of childhood leukemia approaching 60 to 70 percent, it seems unreasonable to lose such patients to an infectious cause of death, yet this, indeed, happens. The purpose of this review is to (1) define the magnitude of the problem; (2) describe the various agents responsible for infections in neutropenic patients; (3) attempt to more sharply define degrees of neutropenia and mechanical defenses; and (4) consider various approaches to studying and treating these infections.     

Probiotics,infection and immunity

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Taking live bacteria by mouth to improve health (probiotics) is not intuitively rational yet it is a practice with a long history. As interest in the effects on health of the intestinal flora has developed, along with major advances in the technology for studying it, so has come a new interest in establishing the true benefits of probiotic therapy. This review summarizes the most recent contributions to this rapidly developing area. RECENT FINDINGS: Probiotic bacteria, mainly bifidobacteria and lactobacilli for historical reasons, can prevent or ameliorate some diseases. Many empirical studies have been done, but work to develop the ideal characteristics of probiotics lags behind. Current literature covers survival of probiotics in the gut, mucosal adherence, antibacterial/pathogen mechanisms, effects on immune function and clinical studies. SUMMARY: Probiotic bacteria are effective in preventing and reducing the severity of acute diarrhoea in children. They are also useful in antibiotic associated diarrhoea but not for elimination of Helicobacter pylori. In inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis, probiotics offer a safe alternative to current therapy. Probiotics have been used to prevent urogenital tract infection with benefit and, perhaps more intriguingly, to reduce atopy in children. Probiotics do not invariably work and study of mechanisms is urgently needed.     

Parvovirus B19 infection, hepatitis C virus infection, and mixed cryoglobulinaemia

BACKGROUND—Infection with human parvovirus B19 (B19) has been reported in a few patients with various vasculitis syndromes. Mixed cryoglobulinaemia (MC), a model of small vessel size vasculitis, may result from numerous infectious diseases, particularly hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
AIM—To assess the prevalence of seric B19 infection markers in a large series of patients with MC, with or without HCV infection.
PATIENTS AND METHODS—Sixty four patients were studied: essential MC (EMC, n = 19), MC associated with non-infectious diseases (non-essential MC, n = 9), and patients with HCV infection with (HCV-MC, n = 18) or without MC (HCV-no-MC, n = 18). Patients were considered to have MC if two successive determinations of their serum cryoglobulin concentration were above 0.05 g/l. Serum samples were analysed for specific IgG and IgM antibodies to B19 by enzyme immunoassay. B19 DNA detection was performed by polymerase chain reaction using a set of primers located in the VP1 gene, separately in serum and in cryoprecipitates to investigate a possible capture of B19 DNA in cryoprecipitate. The study also looked for a possible enrichment for of IgG antibodies to B19 in MC.
RESULTS—The presence of specific IgG antibodies to B19 was found in 68% EMC, 56% non-essential MC, 78% HCV-MC, and 78% HCV-no-MC. No patient of either group had specific IgM antibodies to B19, or B19 DNA in serum or in cryoprecipitate. Overall, IgG antibodies to B19 were found in 46 of 64 (72%) serum samples, a prevalence quite similar to the prevalence in general adult population (> 60 %). A specific enrichment of IgG antibodies to B19 in the MC was not found.
CONCLUSION—These results suggest that B19 infection is neither an aetiological factor of EMC, nor a cofactor that may lead to MC production in patients with chronic HCV infection.

Keywords: mixed cryoglobulinaemia; parvovirus B19; hepatitis C virus     

Diagnosis,differentiating colonization,infection, and disease

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are found commonly in respiratory specimens. In many clinical laboratories, the majority of mycobacteria recovered from respiratory samples are NTM. Perhaps this is because NTM are common in the environment. The water that we drink or shower in often contains NTM; consequently, we often find NTM in respiratory secretions. The term colonization has been used when NTM are recovered more than once even though a specific disease cannot be demonstrated. Under these circumstances, it is never quite clear whether a low-grade infection exists or if secretions are simply contaminated by environmental organisms; however, colonization can be discerned from infection by focusing on the elements of making the diagnosis of an NTM-related disease, rather than simply finding the organism in respiratory samples.