中国成人跟骨的测量

本文就112例(共201侧,其中左侧100块,右侧101块。)成年干燥跟骨进行了系统的测量,结果为:最大长:总平均值为77.41±0.35毫米。最小宽:总平均值为27.40±0.20毫米。最小高:总平均值为38.65±0.22毫米。长高指数:男性平均值为49.97±0.27毫米,女性平均值为49.96±0.44毫米。长宽指数:男性平均值为35.27±0.25毫米,女性平均值为35.81±0.51毫米。宽高指数:男性平均值为70.62±0.39毫米,女性平均值为71.74±0.82毫米。国人跟骨最大长,最小宽和最小高经统计学处理,最大长和最小高显示其性差非常显著,最小宽显示其性差显著,而左右侧别差异无意义。对部分项目进行了讨论,结果为:跟骨的平均值,有着明显的性差。中国人跟骨的特点是跟骨高径较高,比日本人跟骨各径都大。     

颈椎椎间孔与脊神经的形态观察

对30例成年男性颈椎颈2到胸1间的348个椎间孔和相应神经根形态位置进行了观察,对其径线进行了测量。测量结果:椎间孔平均值:前后径5.17±0.81mm,上下径为7.58±1.15mm。神经根平均值:前后径为4.01±0.65mm,上下径为5.60±0.93mm。颈4到颈7间榷间孔与相应神经根之间的间隙较小。本文结合临床和有关文献进行了讨论。     

收肌管压迫综合征的解剖学研究

目的 :为收肌管压迫综合征的临床诊断和手术治疗提供相关的解剖学依据。方法 :使用游标卡尺 ,对 6 0侧福尔马林固定下肢标本的收肌管及其血管鞘的相关形态结构进行观测。结果 :收肌管长为 (6 7.2 9± 9.33)mm ,收肌管大收肌腱板厚、长和上口处宽径分别为 (1.2 3± 0 .4 5 )mm、(5 7.6 1± 7.0 1)mm、(13.11± 2 .6 6 )mm ,血管鞘在收肌管上口处的前后径和左右径分别为 (13.5 5± 3.4 5 )mm、(9.84± 2 .70 )mm ,下口处的前后径和左右径分别为 (8.4 6±2 .36 )mm、(18.17± 5 .4 0 )mm ;收肌管上口的横断面为三角形 ,可分为前壁、后壁和外侧壁 ,三者宽度分别为 (16 .15±2 .4 9)mm、(17.11± 3.16 )mm、(17.33± 3.5 9)mm ;下口 (收肌腱裂孔 )的横断面为近椭圆形 ,左右径和前后径分别为(30 .10± 5 .77)mm、(11.73± 2 .19)mm。结论 :收肌管相关结构测量结果可为收肌管压迫综合征的病因诊断及手术治疗提供参考。     

内窥镜下第三脑室手术的应用解剖

目的 :为神经内窥镜下进行第三脑室手术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对 2 1例成人尸头固定标本进行第三脑室的解剖观察和测量 ,对 9具新鲜尸头进行经室间孔入路神经内窥镜下第三脑室的解剖学观察。结果 :室间孔长径、宽径为 (5 .4± 1.2 )mm、(2 .7± 0 .9)mm ,中间块长径、宽径为 (6.8± 2 .3 )mm、(3 .8± 1.0 )mm ,前后联合间距 (2 1.8± 2 .1)mm ,前、后联合到中间块为 (6.3± 0 .8)mm、(8.8± 1.3 )mm ,前后联合中点处第三脑室高度 (13 .8± 1.4)mm ,室间孔下、后联合前及中间块上、下第三脑室宽度分别为 (6.3±2 .2 )mm、(4 .9± 1.8)mm、(3 .4± 1.6)mm和 (4 .3± 1.8)mm ,中间块上、下最小高度为 (4 .4± 1.3 )mm和(4 .3± 1.3 )mm。内窥镜可较清晰显示第三脑室内结构 ,但中间块可影响显露。结论 :内窥镜下经室间孔入路进行第三脑室手术有一个理想的操作空间。     

改良式张力带法胸锁关节固定术的解剖学基础

目的:探讨胸锁关节的形态特点,用改良式张力带法设计胸锁关节复位后内固定术式,为临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法:在30例男性成尸标本上进行解剖观测,测量了胸锁关节胸骨及锁骨关节面的前后径、左右径,并模拟手术设计,确定穿针点,测量了钢针与经穿针点的矢状轴之间的夹角。结果:胸锁关节胸骨关节面前后径、左右径分别为16.7±1.3mm,23.3±2.4mm,锁骨关节面前后径、左右径分别为22.3±2.1mm,23.7±2.6mm;两根钢针与经穿针点的矢状轴之间的夹角分别为69.7±9.8°,75.7±8.2°。结论:胸锁关节的形态特点决定以前脱位多见,且复位后不易保持稳定;张力带钢丝法是保持胸锁关节稳定的一种简单有效的手术方法。     

肩胛骨关节盂长短径解剖测量及临床意义

目的　通过测量肩关节盂长短径形态数据,分析数据之间相关性,指导关节盂骨缺损的预估。 方法　选取青岛大学解剖室完整成对肩胛骨标本共50对（100例）,进行编号后根据左右侧进行分组,分别测量关节盂长径,关节盂短径,并进行统计学分析处理。 结果　100例肩胛骨标本中,各项数据平均值分别为：关节盂长径（35.46±3.29）mm,关节盂短径（26.11±3.20）mm。左右侧分组平均值：左侧关节盂长径（35.28±3.81）mm,右侧关节盂长径（35.24±3.31）mm,左侧关节盂短径（25.83±3.18）mm,右侧关节盂短径（26.38±3.23）mm,左右侧关节盂短径存在相关性（P<0.05,r=0.882,R2=0.777）,线性关系式为：y（右侧关节盂短径）=2.907+0.869x（左侧关节盂短径）。关节盂长径与短径存在相关性(P<0.05, r=0.810,R2=0.657),线性关系式为：y（关节盂短径）=-1.816+0.787x（关节盂长径）。 结论　左、右侧关节盂短径间以及同侧关节盂长、短径间存在正相关性;该相关性可修正人工测量关节盂最佳拟合圆直径的误差,指导临床术前预估关节盂骨缺损范围。     

耳大神经的应用解剖

观察了25具(男15,女10)成人尸体的耳大神经(50侧).耳大神经的浅段、深段、无损伤分离段和全长分别为46.34±1.62mm、13.95±0.86mm、9.28±0.28mm和68.71±2.27mm.浅段中点处宽度和厚度平均值分别为 2.77±0.08mm和0.75±0.03mm;深段中点处的宽度和厚度平均值分别为2.06±0.08mm和0.94±0.04mm.     

下腰椎骶椎相关结构的测量与单枚斜向椎间融合器的应用研究

目的 :探讨下腰椎骶椎相关结构的解剖特点 ,为单枚斜向椎间融合器的研制及应用提供理论依据。方法 :对 39具中国成人腰骶椎骨标本进行形态学测量及分析。结果 :L3 至L5椎板峡部宽分别为 14 .2 7± 1.6 2mm、16 .6 7± 2 .34mm和 2 0 .5 6± 2 .2 1mm ,下关节突最外侧缘至后正中矢状面距离分别为 16 .72± 2 .31mm、19.88± 2 .82mm和 2 4 .17± 2 .79mm。L3 ～L4、L4～L5和L5～S145°斜径分别为 39.74± 3.2 8mm、39.35± 3.11mm和 36 .36± 2 .76mm ,30°斜径分别为 36 .2 4± 2 .88mm、35 .6 4± 2 .87mm和 32 .5 4± 2 .2 4mm。结论 :解剖测量表明 30°斜径适合单枚斜向椎间融合器置入 ,单枚斜向椎间融合器比后路双枚椎间融合器可保留较多的关节突关节和椎板 ,减少术后对脊柱稳定性的破坏     

气管旁入法与高位侧入法行星状神经节阻滞的解剖学比较

目的为气管旁入法与高位侧入法行星状神经节阻滞提供解剖学依据。方法选取10具成人头颈胸尸体标本,在舌骨下区和颈外侧区以及胸锁乳突肌区由浅入深解剖至星状神经节处,观察星状神经节及其毗邻结构的关系,用游标卡尺测量相关数据,进行两种入路的比较。结果星状神经节位于第7颈椎基部前方和第1肋骨颈之间,其上缘与颈中神经节中点的距离,男性为(18.10±1.07)mm,女性为(16.71±1.10)mm;从第6颈椎横突前结节的前面观测,星状神经节上下径和左右径分别为(10.25±0.13mm和(14.02±0.58)mm,从侧面观测,其上下径和前后径分别为(9.22±0.14)mm和(2.12±0.52)mm。结论星状神经节阻滞选择气管旁入路法比高位侧入法更为安全且易掌握。     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的解剖学基础

目的 :为阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的诊断、手术治疗提供解剖学参考资料。方法 :选用经福尔马林固定的成尸头颈部正中矢状切面 (30例 ) 6 0侧咽标本 ,用游标卡尺测量咽腔相关解剖结构。结果 :腭帆后缘中点的厚度为 (1.2± 0 .6 )mm ,下鼻道底至腭垂尖的高度为 (31.7± 5 .9)mm ,腭垂根部的前后径、左右径、上下径分别为(6 .1± 1.5 )mm、(5 .2± 2 .2 )mm、(7.5± 2 .0 )mm ,腭垂两侧腭帆根部的厚度为 (11.3± 1.8)mm ,舌根、腭垂尖、会厌尖分别至咽后壁之间的直线距离分别为 (16 .7± 4 .8)mm、(10 .6± 4 .9)mm、(12 .7± 4 .2 )mm。结论 :咽腔的异常结构在引发阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征的过程中具有重要的意义     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.