某公司工业炸药生产区整体搬迁改造项目职业病危害预评价

目的针对某公司工业炸药生产区整体搬迁改造项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,探讨防护对策和管理措施。方法按照《建设项目职业病危害评价规范》要求,采用类比调查法对该项目的职业病危害进行预评价。结果该项目的总体布局、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施设计等符合国家相关规定;生产过程中可能产生粉尘、毒物、噪声等职业病危害因素．其中粉尘的TWA检测结果在0．47～0．64mg／m^3之间,STEL检测结果在2．57～2．97mg／m^3之间,TNT的TWA检测结果在0.05～0．08mg/m^3之间,STEL检测结果在0．06—0．34mg／m^3之间,均符合国家卫生接触限值的要求;噪声共检测12个点,检测结果在61.3～96.8dB（A）之间,超标率为25％。该项目为职业病危害严重的建设项目。结论该项目生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害是可以预防的,从职业卫生角度分析该项目是可行的。     

某港口散粮装卸系统扩建工程职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素,为卫生行政部门审批提供技术依据。方法选择与该项目类似的工程进行类比调查,采用类比法、经验法和检查表法相结合的原则进行定性和定量评价。结果该拟建项目选址、总体布局、职业病危害防护措施、卫生辅助用室、个体防护措施、职业卫生管理和应急救援措施等内容基本符合卫生学要求。主要的危害因素为粉尘、噪声和高温。类比检测结果粉尘TWA最大值1．2mg／m^3,STEL最大值3．8mg／m^3;噪声54．7—84．2dB（A）;高温15．4～29．3℃。结论该项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目,项目运转过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素可以预防和控制。     

某轮胎制造业扩建项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、评价某轮胎制造企业建设项目可能产生的职业病危害因素，探讨防护对策和管理措施。方法按照《建设项目职业病危害评价规范》要求，采用类比法对该项目的职业病危害进行预评价。结果该建设项目的选址与总体布局、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施设计、卫生辅助用室设置等符合国家有关规定；生产过程中可能产生粉尘、毒物、X射线、噪声、高温等主要职业病危害因素，其中粉尘TWA检测结果在0．14—0．5mg／m^3之间，STEL检测结果在0．4—0．9mg/m^3之间，X射线检测结果在3．38×10^-6 -6．77×10^-6mGy／h之间，均符合国家卫生接触限值的要求；噪声共检测9个点，检测结果在73—88dB（A）之间，超标率为22．2％，该项目属于职业病危害严重的建设项目。结论该项目生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害是可以预防的，从职业卫生角度分析该项目是可行的。     

某炼厂成品油外输管道建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、分析与评价拟建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素。方法采用类比法和检查表法。结果该拟建项目选址、总体布局、职业病危害防护措施、卫生辅助用室、个体防护措施、职业卫生管理和应急救援措施等内容基本符合卫生学要求。该项目运转过程中存在的职业病危害因素浓度（强度）符合国家卫生标准要求。粉尘STEL为1．3—2．7ms／m^3，汽油、苯、甲苯、二甲苯，CO、CO2、Mn STEL为0—230，0—1．49，0～0．34，〈0．10，〈0．009，0．067，0．07～0．15ms／m^3，噪声、工频电场低于国家卫生限值。该项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目。结论该项目运转过程中可能存在的职业病危害因素可以预防和控制，项目建设可行。     

某胶状乳化炸药生产线职业病危害预评价

目的分析某胶状乳化炸药生产线建设项目可能产生的职业病危害因素及危害程度,对劳动者健康的影响、防护措施等进行预评价。方法采用类比法对本项目可能产生的职业病危害因素种类和强度进行定性、定量分析。结果类比项目存在的职业病危害因素苯、甲苯、二甲苯未检出,氨STEL和TWA分别是0.43～13.98mg/m^3、0.75～10.10mg/m^3,氮氧化物、噪声、高温、粉尘均符合国家职业接触限值。结论该项目属于严重职业病危害项目,项目建成后只要认真落实拟采取的职业病危害防护措施和补充措施则可以满足职业卫生要求。     

某电子制造企业扩建项目职业病危害预评价

目的针对某电子制造企业扩建项目可能产生的职业病危害因素，探讨防护对策和管理措施。方法按照《建设项目职业病危害评价规范》要求，采用类比调查法对该项目的职业病危害进行预评价。结果该项目的总体布局、生产设备布局、职业病防护设施设计等符合国家相关规定；对相似企业生产过程中产生毒物、噪声等职业病危害因素检测发现，异丙醇的TWA浓度在61．5～134．5mg／m^3之间，STEL浓度在80．4～92．5mg／m^3之间，乙醇浓度均小于14mg／m^3，丙酮的TWA浓度在2．7-115．2mg／m^3之间，STEL浓度在8．1～276．4mg／m^3之间，甲基环己烷的浓度均小于1．3mg／m^3，均符合国家卫生接触限值的要求；噪声共检测11个点，检测结果在62．1～82．4dB（A）之间，无超标。该项目为职业病危害一般的建设项目。结论该项目生产过程中可能产生的职业病危害是可以预防的，从职业卫生角度分析该项目是可行的：     

冰晶石生产项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别某企业冰晶石生产项目的职业病危害因素,检测其危害程度,并对其职业病防护设施和职业卫生管理措施进行评价。方法采用职业卫生现场调査、职业卫生检测和综合分析法进行评价。结果本项目存在的职业病危害因素有粉尘、化学毒物和噪声,检测结果均低于职业接触限值。其中粉尘CTWA<0.1~3.0 mg/m^3,氟化氢CMC<0.02~0.50 mg/m^3,氟化物CTWA0.025 mg/m^3,氢氧化钠CMC0.1-0.2 mg/m^3,氧化钙CTWA0.025 mg/m^3,噪声LEX.W81.1~81.8 dB(A)。结论冰晶石生产项目为危害严重的建设项目,生产企业应重点关注氟化氢的防控问题,做好职业卫生防护措施和管理措施,职业病危害基本可控。     

某煤炭企业建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别、分析与评价某煤炭企业建设项目存在的职业病危害因素及其防护措施控制效果,为企业进一步完善职业病危害防护措施。方法根据建设项目职业病危害特点以及职业病危害评价目的等,本次评价采用职业卫生现场调查、职业卫生检测、职业健康检查等方法对建设项目职业病危害进行综合性分析评价。结果该项目存在的主要职业病有害因素是粉尘、噪声、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮、二氧化硫和硫化氢,经检测粉尘合格率78.6%,噪声合格率80.0%,化学毒物合格率100.0%。结论该项目为职业病危害严重的建设项目,该项目基本符合相关国家法律及职业卫生标准规定的要求。     

某化工企业功能涂料建设项目职业病危害控制效果评价

目的识别功能涂料生产过程中产生的职业病危害因素，并确定其对劳动者的危害程度，评价相应的防护措施效果。方法通过职业卫生现场调查及检测，采用检查表法及定量分级法进行综合评价。结果该建设项目存在的主要职业病危害因素是丙酮、异丙醇、乙酸乙酯、丙烯酸甲酯、甲苯、甲醇、粉尘及噪声，其短时间接触浓度（STEL）最高值分别为51．7、22．6、61．3、9．3、78．8、21．4mg／m^3、粉尘3．64倍及噪声73．6dB（A）；其中调色、混合搅拌工作岗位的粉尘总尘浓度超过国家标准，其余职业病危害因素检测结果均符合国家标准。结论该建设项目职业病危害因素为一般危害，其中职业病防护措施需改善。     

某化工企业高品质氟橡胶建设项目职业病危害预评价

目的识别、评价和分析某化工企业高品质氟橡胶技改项目可能产生的职业病危害因素及程度，提供可行的职业病危害防护措施和管理措施，保障劳动者健康。方法采用类比法、检查表法和定量分级法进行评价。结果本项目的选址、总体布局、建筑卫生学、辅助用室符合国家有关规定，拟采取的职业病危害防护措施基本有效，具备完善的职业病管理措施。项目可能产生氟化氢、磷化氢、硫化氢、氯、一氧化碳、砷化氢高毒物质，属于职业病危害严重的建设项目。对类比项目的检测中噪声最高值为83．24dB（A）；氟化氢、三氧化硫、硫化氢、盐酸、氯气、六氟丙烯的短时间接触浓度（STEL）最高值分别为0．053、0．117、〈0．53、0．69、0．71mg／m^3；其时间加权平均容许浓度（TWA）最高值分别为0．048、0．14、〈0．53、0．61、0．62mg／m^3；粉尘STEL最高值为1．50mg／m^3，TWA为0．80mg／m^3；所有检测的职业病危害因素浓（强）度均符合国家职业卫生要求。结论本项目拟采取的职业病危害防护措施预期效果较好，从职业卫生角度分析可行。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.