转Endostatin基因角朊细胞移植对烧伤深Ⅱ°创面愈合及瘢痕增生的影响

目的探讨转内皮生长抑制素(ES)基因角朊细胞移植对烧伤深Ⅱ°创面愈合及瘢痕增生的影响。方法将人体皮肤移植于裸鼠并造成深Ⅱ°烧伤创面。实验分为对照组(11只)、单纯角朊细胞移植组及转ES基因角朊细胞移植组(各10只)。对照组不行细胞移植,创面自行愈合;单纯角朊细胞移植组创面移植培养人角朊细胞;转基因移植组移植转ES基因角朊细胞。观察各组裸鼠创面愈合特点、瘢痕增生情况,并对愈合区组织进行病理切片检查、检测愈合区皮肤组织ES 蛋白表达、I、Ⅲ型前胶原含量。结果转基因移植组裸鼠创面愈合时间(13±5)d与单纯移植组 (14±5)d差异无统计学意义(P>0．05),但明显短于对照组[(25±7)d,P<0．01]。对照组裸鼠创面愈合后瘢痕增生明显,伤后100 d厚度≥0．22 cm,单纯移植组瘢痕增生厚度≥0．17 cm,转基因移植组仅有轻度瘢痕增生,愈合区皮肤组织ES蛋白检测阳性。单纯移植组、转基因移植组愈合区组织前胶原I含量(65．3±8．5)μg／g,(61．4±7．0)μg／g、前胶原I／前胶原Ⅲ比例(0．66±0．15,0．57± 0．13)明显低于对照组(1．51±0．37,P<0．01),而前胶原Ⅲ含量显著高于对照组(P<0．01)。结论转ES基因移植既可加速创面封闭,又能抑制愈合后瘢痕形成。     

自体微粒口腔黏膜移植阴道成形术的效果分析

目的:探讨自体微粒口腔黏膜移植在先天性无阴道成形术中的疗效。方法:对12例术前确诊为先天性无阴道患者,岛状切取口腔黏膜约16cm2,将其剪碎成直径约0.3~0.5mm的微粒;直肠与尿道之间造穴,平均长约10cm,直径约4.2cm,腔穴中置入支架,将微粒黏膜移植于再造阴道腔穴顶部和四周。术后放置模具6月,并每日抽动扩张至瘢痕软化。结果:手术时间为50~80min,口腔创面无疼痛,2天创面愈合,口腔无畸形及功能异常。均获随访4~12个月,再造阴道深7.5~9.8cm,平均8.5cm,直径3.2~4.3cm,平均3.8cm。黏膜光滑红润,弹性好,近阴道外口处阴道壁可见皱襞,病理检查示复层鳞状上皮。外阴外观正常,无瘢痕。术后5例已婚,性交时均未出现疼痛,1例出血;其余患者无性生活,使用仿真模具,均未出现疼痛、出血。结论:微粒口腔黏膜移植阴道成形术,创伤小,恢复快、疗效可靠,阴道黏膜逼真,口腔及外阴形态无破坏,但术后需要依赖模具支撑,远期效果需长期随访观察。     

组织工程人口腔黏膜的制备及异体移植的临床应用

目的观察自行制备的复层组织工程人口腔黏膜移植后生长情况.方法取3月龄患儿唇裂术中切取的多余口腔黏膜组织,分离成纤维细胞与上皮细胞,分别接种于聚乳酸/聚羟基乙酸共聚物(polylactic/glycolic acid copolymer,PLGA)胶原复合膜上培养,后将其移至气液面进行复合,制成复层组织工程口腔黏膜.7例行口腔内良性肿瘤切除后遗留黏膜缺损的患者,缺损范围为1.8 cm×1.6 cm～3.2 cm×2.6 cm.采用组织工程口腔黏膜修复,术后观察其生长情况.1例志愿者在移植术后18和30 d分别取移植部位黏膜行组织学观察.结果制备的组织工程口腔黏膜生长良好,具有上皮层和上皮下层双层结构,之间为PLGA膜;上皮层5～6层细胞,角蛋白染色阳性,上皮下层3～7层细胞,角蛋白染色阴性.7例患者移植修复术后10 d,组织工程口腔黏膜与创面生长良好,颜色较正常黏膜深;18 d后仍可辨出移植区与正常黏膜;30 d后无法区别界限,创面均Ⅰ期愈合,无明显瘢痕组织.组织学观察:18 d创面上皮层及下方肉芽组织生长良好,毛细血管增生有上皮钉突形成,成纤维细胞卵圆形;30 d胶原化更明显,移植区结构与周边正常组织相似.结论应用组织工程口腔黏膜异体移植修复后,黏膜生长良好,但愈合组织上皮的来源还需进一步研究.     

自异体微粒皮昆合移植的优化比例研究

目的观察不同比例自异体微粒皮混合移植后创面愈合的效果. 方法以雄性Wistar大鼠为供体,在雌性SD大鼠背部建立全层皮肤缺损创面模型.将SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组10只(1)异体皮组,移植面积扩张比为103的异体微粒皮.(2)自体皮组,移植面积扩张比为101的自体微粒皮.(3)混合1组,自异体微粒皮移植面积扩张比各为101.(4)混合2组,自异体微粒皮移植面积扩张比分别为101和103.于移植术后2、3、4周对各组大鼠创面进行外观和组织学观察,数码相机照相后运用图像分析软件测定创面愈合率和创面收缩率,并进行各组间的比较.结果(1)异体皮组大鼠创面随着排斥反应发生,除创缘有新生表皮向内爬行外均为肉芽创面;自体皮组因微粒皮数量偏少,术后2周仍有部分为肉芽创面;两个混合移植组术后2周创面基本上皮化.(2)移植后各组创面真皮内有不同程度的血管扩张和单个核细胞浸润,在异体皮组和混合2组中更加明显,自体皮组及混合1、2组大鼠创面的表皮层明显增厚.(3)异体皮组移植后2～4周,随着排斥反应的发生,其创面愈合率明显下降.移植后3周,自体皮组创面愈合率为(55±26)%,明显低于混合1、2组的(88±6)%和(76±10)%(P《0.05或0.01).(4)移植后3周,混合2组创面收缩率为(69±7)%,高于异体皮组[(58±11)%],其余各组之间比较差异无统计学意义(P》0.05).结论适当比例的自异体微粒皮混合移植,可以促进创面愈合;当两者移植面积扩张比均为101时,具有较好的促创面愈合效果.     

嵌合体大鼠诱导异种皮肤移植免疫耐受的初步研究

目的 探讨嵌合体大鼠诱导异种皮肤移植免疫耐受的可行性。方法 采集兔骨髓干细胞，经行宫内胎鼠移植以及对新生子鼠行肝内注射，制作兔骨髓干细胞嵌合体大鼠模型。6周后将15只嵌合体大鼠分为A组（8只）、B组（7只）。将A组大鼠皮肤移植给供髓兔，将7只非嵌合体大鼠皮肤移植给非供髓兔作A组对照；将B组大鼠、7只非嵌合体大鼠（B组对照）皮肤同时移植给供髓兔。记录移植后皮片成活时间、创面愈合时间。结果A组对照移植皮片成活（9．3±1．8）d，创面于（20．9±2．1）d愈合；A组移植皮片成活（15．1±2．6）d，创面于（18．5±1．3）d愈合。B组及其对照移植皮片的成活时间、创面愈合时间与A组相似。与各自对照皮肤移植相比，A、B组皮片成活时间延长（P〈0．01），创面愈合时间缩短（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）。结论 嵌合体大鼠行异种皮肤移植后能诱导移植皮片免疫耐受．使其成活时间明显延长．创面愈合时间缩短。     

口腔黏膜管及阴囊皮瓣分期修复成年人严重型尿道下裂

目的 总结口腔黏膜卷管游离移植及阴囊皮瓣修复成年人严重型尿道下裂的疗效.方法 应用口腔黏膜卷管游离移植预制远段尿道,二期进行吻接,同时应用以阴囊动脉为蒂的阴囊中隔皮瓣或阴囊筋膜皮瓣修复创面,皮瓣最宽3 cm,最长6.5 cm.结果 2002年1月至2007年12月,治疗成年人严重型尿道下裂患者76例,除4例并发感染、2例出现阴囊皮瓣远端血运障碍而形成尿漏,术后2～4周内自行愈合外,其余患者均一期愈合.结论 应用口腔黏膜卷管游离移植预制远段尿道,二期尿道吻接、应用阴囊皮瓣修复阴茎创面,是治疗成年人严重型尿道下裂的较好方法.     

气管内黏膜移植治疗早期吸入性损伤的初步观察

吸入性损伤死亡高，是临床治疗的难题。笔从切（削）痂 植皮手术进行创面修复中得到启示。试图采用清创 黏膜移植的方式修复早期气道 创面，并通过动物实验探讨吸入性损伤黏膜移植的可行性，黏膜来源，手术方式及效果，旨在为吸入性损伤的治疗寻找新方法。     

自体浓缩生长因子膜用于口腔黏膜组织缺损对疼痛度及瘢痕的影响

目的:观察自体浓缩生长因子膜用于口腔黏膜组织缺损对疼痛度及瘢痕的影响。方法:选取笔者医院口腔科2016年1月-2018年12月收治的264例口腔黏膜组织缺损患者,按随机数表法分为观察组与对照组,每组132例。对照组:切除病变后创面不贴敷任何物质,黏膜边缘直接缝线不剪断,用碘仿纱条反包扎固定牢固;观察组:切除病变后将CGF膜贴敷于创面上,将CGF膜边缘与创缘无张力间断对角缝合,缝线保留不剪断,创面用碘仿纱条反包扎敷料固定牢固。比较两组术后拆除碘仿纱条时间、创面愈合时间、术后2周、术后3周及术后4周的缺损面积愈合率及疼痛程度、术后3个月的术区瘢痕。结果:观察组拆除碘仿纱条时间与创面愈合时间分别为(7.25±1.65)d、(1.10±0.32)个月,显著短于对照组(12.16±2.01)d、(1.79±0.45)个月(P0.05);观察组术后2周、3周、4周的缺损面积愈合率均显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组术后2周、3周、4周的VAS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后3个月的VSS评分显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论:CGF膜用于口腔黏膜组织缺损修复可加速创面愈合进展、减轻术后疼痛并抑制瘢痕形成,可尽快恢复患者口腔正常功能,适合推广。     

富血小板血浆促进口腔黏膜微粒移植再造阴道创面愈合的临床研究

目的 探讨富血小板血浆(PRP)对口腔黏膜微粒移植再造阴道创面愈合的促进作用.方法 自2011年3月至2011年9月,将7例先天性无阴道患者列入试验组,制作PRP均匀喷洒于再造阴道后的口腔黏膜微粒层之上.对照组7例选用回顾性研究,即已出院的仅进行口腔黏膜微粒游离移植阴道再造术.对两组共14例患者术后不良反应、伤口愈合情况等进行比较.结果 14例患者术后均随访3～12个月.PRP组比对照组创面完全愈合天数平均缩短1.57d,并且在抗摩擦出血上好于对照组,易出血点明显减少.结论 PRP能加快创面的愈合,没有增加患者创面的不良反应,缩短了创面完全痊愈的天数,并且明显减少阴道摩擦出血点.     

硬腭黏膜游离移植在全层眼睑缺损修复中的应用

目的 探讨硬腭黏膜游离移植在修复中、重度全层眼睑缺损中的应用效果.方法 首先根据睑板的缺损范围切取硬腭黏膜,行游离移植修复眼睑后层(睑板结膜层),再依据眼睑软组织的缺损部位和范围设计皮瓣,并转移皮瓣修复.结果 本组共198例患者(198只眼).其中上睑58例,下睑131例,上下睑联合缺损9例;硬腭移植面积最小10 mm×5 mm,最大35 mm×20 mm.术后随访3～24个月,硬腭黏膜均成活良好,无明显回缩,眼球未见损伤,眼睑外观及功能改善满意.1例眼轮匝肌蒂皮瓣远端2/3坏死,术后2周采用局部皮瓣修复,1个月后随访发现硬腭黏膜完全成活.结论 对中、重度全层眼睑缺损的衬里修复采用硬腭黏膜游离移植,手术操作简便,易成活,远期效果肯定.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.