额隐窝区域解剖结构CT影像学研究

目的：通过观察额隐窝区域的CT影像学特征，对该区域重要的解剖结构进行分析和研究。方法：选择82例（164侧）患者，对头部行多排螺旋CT扫描（螺距1mm，扫描层厚5mm，层距5mm），然后在图像工作站上进行冠状位图像重建。观察影像上鼻丘气房、钩突上端附着点、额气房、眶上气房、额泡气房和额窦内间隔气房等解剖标志的出现概率。结果：鼻丘气房的出现率为87．8％。钩突前上部参与构成鼻丘气房的内壁、上壁、下壁和后壁，后上部向上可有单一附着点（89％）或2个附着点（11％）。钩突后上部的单一附着点主要位于眶纸板（54．9％），也可附着于中鼻甲（30．5％）或颅底（3．0％）。钩突后上部的2个附着点主要附着于眶纸样板和颅底（15侧，9．2％），也可附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲（4侧，2．4％）。额气房的出现率为40．3％，其中Ⅰ、Ⅱ型（30．5％）最多见，Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型（9．8％）少见，额窦间隔气房的出现率为4．3％。结论：额气房在额窦炎的发病过程中起着重要作用。     

额隐窝区域多排螺旋CT的影像学观察

目的通过观察正常额隐窝区域的cT影像学特征，加深对额隐窝区域部分重要解剖标志的认识。方法选择49例（98侧）无额窦疾病症状且额隐窝区域无病变表现的患者，对头部行16排螺旋cT扫描（螺距o．562，扫描层厚o．625mm，层距0．3mm），然后在图像工作站上进行冠状位、矢状位和水平位图像重建（层厚0．625mm，窗宽＋2000HU，窗位＋200HU）。观察cT影像上鼻丘气房、钩突上端附着点、终末隐窝、额气房、筛泡上气房、额泡气房和额窦内间隔气房等解剖标志的出现比率。结果鼻丘气房的出现率为94％（92／98）。钩突前上部参与构成鼻丘气房的内壁、上壁、下壁和后壁，后上部向上可有单一附着点（65％，64／98）或两个附着点（35％，34／98）。钩突后上端的单一附着点主要位于眶纸板（53％，52／98），也可附着于中鼻甲（9％）或颅底（3％）。钩突后上部的两个附着点主要附着于眶纸板和颅底（24％），也可附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲（10％），仅1侧（1％）附着于颅底和中鼻甲。87％（85／98）的钩突后上端在眶纸板上有附着点，与眶纸板接合部的下方形成终末隐窝。额气房的出现率为33％（32／98），其中I型最多见（23％）、Ⅱ型（2％）和Ⅲ型（7％）少见，未见Ⅳ型额气房。筛泡上气房、额泡气房和额窦间隔气房的出现率分别为31％、7％和14％。结论多排螺旋CT实现了单次扫描、多平面（多角度）、多参数重复成像，为有效地辨认额隐窝区域复杂的局部解剖特征提供了有益的帮助。     

健康人额筛气房的影像学研究

目的通过分析健康人额窦和额隐窝区域的CT影像学特征，了解额筛气房在国人中的出现率，进一步认识额窦和额隐窝区域重要解剖标志的临床意义。方法选择202人（404侧）无额窦疾病症状且额隐窝区域无病变表现的研究对象，对头部行16排螺旋CT扫描，然后在图像工作站上进行冠状位、矢状位和水平位图像重建。观察鼻丘气房、额气房、筛泡上气房、眶上筛房、额泡气房和额窦内间隔气房等额筛气房的出现比率，同时分析钩突后上端附着点的位置分布特征和终末隐窝的出现率。结果①额窦和额隐窝区域的多个气房需要依靠三维CT明确分类。②159侧（39．4％）出现额气房，其中Ⅰ型98侧（24．3％）；Ⅱ型28侧（6．9％）；Ⅲ型33侧（8．2％），未见Ⅳ型额气房。148侧出现筛泡上气房（36．6％）；22侧出现眶上筛房（5．4％）；36侧出现额泡气房（8．9％）；25人出现额窦间隔气房（12．4％）。③380侧出现鼻丘气房（94．1％）。钩突后上端可有1个或2个附着点，244侧钩突后上端有单一附着点（60．4％），其中214侧（53．0％）附着于眶纸板；21侧（5．2％）附着于中鼻甲；9侧（2．2％）附着于颅底。160侧钩突后上端有两个附着点（39．6％），其中，111侧（27．5％）附着于眶纸板和颅底；35侧（8．7％）附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲；14侧（3．5％）附着于颅底和中鼻甲。360侧（89．1％）钩突后上端在眶纸板上有附着点，附着点与眶纸板接合部的下方形成终末隐窝。结论16排螺旋CT结合三维图像重建技术可准确辨认额窦和额隐窝区域中额筛气房的解剖特征。     

鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路的额窦手术

目的改进鼻内镜下的额窦开放手术,提高额窦炎的治愈率。方法显微镜下观察10例解剖标本的钩突位置,并测量鼻丘的大小,结合39例(61侧)复发性慢性额窦炎患者鼻窦CT扫描结果进行分析,采用鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路额窦开放术式,对上述患者进行额窦开放术。结果10例(18侧)标本鼻丘气房的前后径、左右径和高度分别为(5.6±1.3)mm、(4.1±1.1)mm和(6.2±2.5)mm,所有钩突均附着于上颌骨额突及中鼻甲骨与额突的交界处,上端单纯附着于眶纸板14侧(70%),单纯附着于颅底3侧(15%),交叉附着于眶、颅底或中鼻甲3侧(15%)。CT扫描结果显示,慢性额窦炎复发与鼻丘气房未完全切除相关(P<0.001)。39例患者经改进的术式治疗后,治愈率为90.2%。结论额窦开口周围的钩突和鼻丘气房变异大,鼻丘气房清除不彻底可能是慢性额窦炎复发的主要原因,鼻内镜下经上颌骨额突-鼻丘径路额窦开放是治疗复发性慢性额窦炎的有效方法。     

多排CT多平面重组观察钩突上端附着位置

目的通过多排CT的多平面重组(multiplanar reconstruction,MPR)技术观察钩突上端的附着方式对额窦引流方式的影响。方法选择100例(200侧)临床提示为鼻及鼻窦炎患者的鼻窦螺旋CT,应用MPR技术重组出轴位、冠状位和矢状位图像,以连续的冠状位重组图像为主来观察钩突上端附着位置。结果钩突上端有3种附着位置,分别为眶内壁、前颅底和中鼻甲。①200侧中,12.5%(25/200)钩突上端仅有1个附着位置,其中以附着在眶内壁最多,占7.0%(14/200);钩突上端有2个附着位置占70.5%(141/200),其中以附着在眶内壁和中鼻甲最多,占50.5%(101/200);钩突上端有3个附着位置的占17.0%(34/200)。②88.0% (176/200)钩突上端在眶内壁有附着点时,其中88.6% (156/176)的额窦开口于中鼻道;钩突上端在眶内壁无附着点时,额窦均开口于筛漏斗。③200侧中,1.5% (3/200)额窦未发育;79.2%(156/197)额窦引流到中鼻道;20.8%(41/197)额窦引流到筛漏斗。④200侧中,89侧存在额窦炎,其中额窦引流到中鼻道者额窦炎发生率为50.0%(78/156);额窦引流到筛漏斗者额窦炎发生率为26.8%(11/41),经X~2检验,额窦引流到中鼻道者鼻窦炎发生率高于额窦引流到筛漏斗者。结论运用MPR技术可以多方位连续观察钩突上端附着位置和方式,为内镜额窦手术提供有价值的影像学信息。     

螺旋CT在额窦引流系统解剖研究中的应用

目的 探讨额窦引流系统的CT影像学解剖特征及其临床应用价值.方法 35例志愿者,应用螺旋CT作额窦引流系统的横断面容积扫描,然后经工作站进行冠状面和矢状面、曲面三维重建.结果 螺旋CT三维成像技术能清楚地显示钩突附着部位和类型.在70侧钩突中,附着于纸样板31侧（44.3%）,鼻丘后壁10侧（14.3%）,中鼻甲15侧（21.4%）,前颅底14侧（20.0%）.在69侧额隐窝气房中,鼻丘气房13侧（18.8%）,前筛气房14侧（20.3%）.69侧额窦内气房中,眶上气房24侧（34.8%）,额窦中隔气房（M气房）8侧（11.6%）.结论 额窦引流系统CT影像学解剖特征的显示,可为鼻内镜外科术前决策提供有价值的信息,具有重要的临床参考意义.     

筛骨钩突上端附着及额窦引流位置的冠状位CT观察

目的 通过冠状位CT扫描图像来观察筛骨钩突上端的附着及额窦引流与钩突间的关系。方法 选择我科因鼻窦炎等鼻部疾病住院患者50例,行64层CT扫描,去除局部结构不清者5侧,观察95侧患者筛骨钩突上端附着、额窦引流情况及规律。结果 62%的筛骨钩突上端有多个（两个或以上）附着点;94%（89/95）额窦直接引流入中鼻道;当筛骨钩突上端有多个附着点时,95%（56/59）的额窦直接引流入中鼻道。结论 鼻窦冠状位可清晰显示额隐窝周围结构,能基本满足临床手术要求;筛骨钩突上端附着方式与额窦引流关系密切,清楚认识其规律性对于鼻内窥镜下额窦手术有重要指导意义。     

正常额窦引流通道的三维CT研究

目的 研究正常额窦引流通道的三维CT影像解剖学特征.方法 对51例健康成人（102侧）,采用16排螺旋CT扫描,层距0.300 mm,层厚0.625 mm,使用三维重建技术,观察额窦引流通道毗邻气房分布、钩突附着情况、测量额窦引流通道不同径线.结果 1～4型额气房、1型额气房、眶上筛房、泡状中甲的出现率没有显著性差异（P＞0.05）.额窦中隔气房、终末隐窝的出现率有显著性差异（P＜0.05）.双侧额窦引流通道各径线,除额隐窝左-右径有统计学差异外（P＜0.05）,其余各组间差异均没有显著性（P＞0.05）.钩突顶端同时附着于眶纸板和中鼻甲（垂直板）的为82.35%,同时附着于中鼻甲（垂直板）和颅底的为17.65%.钩突的顶端与中鼻甲之间总有骨性连接,钩突与中鼻甲（垂直板）之间有第二骨性连接的达55.88%.钩突的顶端与眶纸板之间骨性连接有0～4个不等,分别占0.98%、7.84%、68.63%、21.57%、1.96%.当钩突的顶端与眶纸板之间骨性连接的个数≤1个的时候,观察不到鼻丘气房的存在.结论 以三维影像解剖为基础,构建额窦引流通道毗邻空间立体构象,正确的认识额窦引流通道,有助于个性化地选择鼻内镜下额窦开放术式,提高手术的成功率.     

额隐窝临床解剖和额窦手术径路

额窦区域手术的难度较大,在相当程度上是由于该区域解剖的复杂性导致的。本文在系统回顾额隐窝区域解剖的基础上,介绍了目前临床应用的额窦手术径路,重点是鼻内镜下额窦开放术。额窦经额窦口与前组筛窦相通,额窦内口以上的部分为额漏斗,额窦内口以下的部分渐宽形成额隐窝。额隐窝区后方为筛泡,外侧为眶内上壁,前方为鼻丘,内侧为中鼻甲。额隐窝的引流通路取决于其与毗邻结构的解剖关系,其中,鼻丘气房、额气房和眶上筛房等前筛气房的变异可引起额隐窝的形态和引流通路的改变。额窦手术的发展经历了100余年的历史,根据手术径路的不同,可将额窦手术分为鼻内径路手术、鼻外径路手术和鼻内外联合径路手术。鼻内镜外科技术和CT影像技术的发展拓展了鼻内径路额窦手术应用空间,鼻丘气房和钩突对于鼻内镜额窦手术的参考价值是晚近研究的热点问题。     

额窦引流通道的影响学检查及解决研究

目的：探讨额窦引流通道及其毗邻解剖结构的影像学表现规律和鼻内窥镜下解剖定位特征，材料和方法；选择完整成人头颅干骨标本26例（52例），行冠状位，横断位和矢状位CT扫描，骨窗，观察额窦引流通道（额鼻管）走行及其周围气房和结构的分布和毗邻规律，结果：26例（52侧）头颅骨标本中，2例未发育，占3.8%，钩突附着眶纸板23侧（46.0%)，附着中鼻甲13侧（26.0%)，钩突分叉8例（16.0%)，钩突附着颅底6例（12.0%)。额窦引流到中鼻道者占23侧（46.0%)，直接引流至筛漏斗者27例（54.0%)。影像中额鼻管投影多为半月裂或筛漏斗走行方向。结论；（1）额鼻管非真性管道，额鼻峡的命名较额鼻管更准确和合理。（2）钩突最上部的附着方式决定额窦引流方向。是影像检查和鼻内窥镜手术中可依赖的解剖参考标志。     

Anatomical and computed tomographic analysis of the interaction between the uncinate process and the agger nasi cell

CONCLUSIONS: The agger nasi cell, together with the postosuperior portion of the uncinate process, was the key that unlocked the frontal recess. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the anatomical interaction between the upper portion of the uncinate process and the agger nasi cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-one skeletal skulls (42 sides) were studied by spiral computed tomography (CT) and endoscopy, and one cadaver head (2 sides) was studied by collodion-embedded sectioning in the coronal plane. RESULTS: The endoscopic view of the entrance of the middle meatus showed the middle part of the uncinate process and the middle part of the middle turbinate fused together as the axilla of the middle meatus. The middle portion of the uncinate process attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in all of the skeletal nasal cavities, as well as the lacrimal bone in 33 sides of the skeletal nasal cavities. On CT scans, the agger nasi cell was present in 38 sides of the skeletal nasal cavities. The agger nasi cell was medially, superiorly and inferiorly bounded by the uncinate process. The superior portion of the uncinate extended into the frontal recess and may insert into the lamina papyracea (33%), skull base (10%), middle turbinate, and a combination of these (57%).     

An alternative procedure for cochlear implantation: transcanal approach

Conclusions. The agger nasi cell, together with the postosuperior portion of the uncinate process, was the key that unlocked the frontal recess. Objectives. To investigate the anatomical interaction between the upper portion of the uncinate process and the agger nasi cell. Materials and methods. Twenty-one skeletal skulls (42 sides) were studied by spiral computed tomography (CT) and endoscopy, and one cadaver head (2 sides) was studied by collodion-embedded sectioning in the coronal plane. Results. The endoscopic view of the entrance of the middle meatus showed the middle part of the uncinate process and the middle part of the middle turbinate fused together as the axilla of the middle meatus. The middle portion of the uncinate process attached to the frontal process of the maxilla in all of the skeletal nasal cavities, as well as the lacrimal bone in 33 sides of the skeletal nasal cavities. On CT scans, the agger nasi cell was present in 38 sides of the skeletal nasal cavities. The agger nasi cell was medially, superiorly and inferiorly bounded by the uncinate process. The superior portion of the uncinate extended into the frontal recess and may insert into the lamina papyracea (33%), skull base (10%), middle turbinate, and a combination of these (57%).     

鼻丘气房和额隐窝内侧壁的解剖观察与手术切除

为提高鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的手术效果，对尸头和颅骨的鼻外侧壁骨结构进行解剖观察。结果示：中鼻甲垂直部前端附着处与筛顶间有约１．５ｃｍ的距离，此间即为鼻丘气房和额隐窝的所在部位，而鼻丘气房内侧壁愉好位于中鼻甲起端附着处上方。提示手术时切除中鼻甲起端附着缘上后方骨质，就开放了鼻丘和额隐窝的内侧壁。然后小心清除其内的病变组织，就能保持鼻窦开放，引流通畅，恢复通气，减少鼻息肉复发。并经对１５例患者术后随访０．５     

鼻丘气房和额隐窝内侧壁的解剖观测与手术切除

为提高鼻窦炎、鼻息肉的手术效果，对尸头和颅骨的鼻外侧壁骨结构进行解剖观测。结果示：中鼻甲垂直部前端附着处与筛顶间有约1．5cm的距离，此间即为鼻丘气房和额隐窝的所在部位，而鼻丘气房内侧壁恰好位于中鼻甲起端附着处上方。提示手术时切除中鼻甲起端附着缘上后方骨质，就开放了鼻丘和额隐窝的内侧壁。然后小心清除其内的病变组织，就能保持鼻窦开放，引流通畅，恢复通气，减少鼻息肉复发。并经对15例患者术后随访0．5～1．5年，均获满意疗效而得到证实。     

A computer-assisted anatomical study of the nasofrontal region.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Objectives were as follows: 1) to define the variations of the uncinate process' superior attachment, 2) to study the diameter of the frontal sinus ostium, 3) to study the prevalence of the agger nasi cells, and 4) to evaluate the side-to-side variability of these structures. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective clinical study at a tertiary care center. METHODS: One hundred forty-four consecutive computed tomography scans were studied with image-guided surgery software (InstaTrak, Visualization Technology, Inc., Wilmington, MA) that provides continuous coronal, sagittal, and axial sections. We reported the superior attachment sites of the uncinate process, the diameter of the frontal sinus ostium, and prevalence of the agger nasi cells. RESULTS: The uncinate process' main superior attachment into the surrounding structures was found to have the following distribution: 52% to the lamina papyracea, 18.5% to the posteromedial wall of the agger nasi cell, 17.5% to the lamina papyracea and the junction of the middle turbinate with the cribriform plate, 7% to the junction of the middle turbinate with the cribriform plate, 3.6% to the ethmoid roof, and 1.4% to the middle turbinate. The frontal ostium anterior-posterior diameter (mean +/- SD) was 7.22 +/- 2.78 mm and its transverse diameter (mean +/- SD) was 8.92 +/- 2.95 mm. Agger nasi cells were found in 78% of the scans. CONCLUSIONS: The frontal sinus opens into the middle meatus medial to the uncinate process in 88% of the patients and lateral to the uncinate process in 12% of the patients. The naturally wide dimensions of the frontal ostium help to explain why postoperative patency can be achieved merely by exposing the ostium without the need to enlarge it. The frontal ostium dimensions in one side may differ considerably from the contralateral side. An agger nasi cell or a terminal recess, or both, are found in most cases. Image-guided surgery software is a helpful new tool for anatomical studies and for preoperative evaluation.     

鼻丘在鼻内镜下额窦开放术中的作用

目的总结鼻内镜下采用鼻丘径路开放额窦的疗效,并与以钩突为主要参考标志的鼻内镜下额窦开放术的疗效进行比较,探讨鼻丘在鼻内镜下额窦开放术中的作用。方法47例(85侧)患者接受鼻内镜下额窦开放术,其中鼻内镜下鼻丘径路额窦开放术26例(49侧),开放鼻丘前壁,经鼻丘后内上方开放额窦。以钩突为主要参考标志的鼻内镜下额窦开放术21例(36侧),通过判定钩突上端与鼻腔外侧壁附着点的位置开放额窦。结果①两组患者均平均随访9个月(6～12个月),术后所有患者主观症状均有不同程度的缓解,鼻内镜下评价两组患者的治愈率分别为84%和81%,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.139,P>0.05);②近半数鼻丘径路手术可在0°鼻内镜下完成(46%),使用30°或70°鼻内镜相对较少;而钩突标志组手术全部需要使用30°鼻内镜,多数病例(71%)需要70°鼻内镜。结论鼻丘和钩突同为鼻内镜下额窦开放术的重要参考标志,根据患者病情正确选择手术方式,可获得满意疗效。     

额隐窝的CT检查

目的:利用高速螺旋CT三维重建检查额隐窝,为鼻内镜额窦开放术提供术前参考。方法:利用16排高速螺旋CT对51例(102侧)临床资料进行额隐窝的三维重建,其中包括58侧慢性额窦炎,44侧非鼻窦炎。对钩突附着方式和鼻丘、筛泡进行辨认和统计,测量额隐窝相关参数,再分别统计和比较慢性鼻窦炎组和非鼻窦炎组的各项数据。结果:对51例(102侧)鼻窦的CT三维重建均可辨认出额窦、额窦内口及额隐窝,额隐窝的形态个人差异极大。慢性鼻窦炎组与非鼻窦炎组比较,鼻丘气房矢状位最大内径、额窦内口直径间的差异有统计学意义,而额窦内口与前鼻棘间连线的距离、连线与鼻底平面间的夹角、筛泡前壁与前鼻棘间连线距离、连线与鼻底平面间的夹角间差异无统计学意义。结论:钩突、鼻丘不同的形态和大小对额隐窝的形态产生决定性影响。鼻丘气房发生率高,位置恒定,可作为开放额隐窝的解剖标志。额窦内口位置恒定。鼻内镜手术时,以前鼻棘为起点,与鼻底平面成夹角50～60°、以半径100mm左右的扇形区域为手术的相对安全界,绝大多数患者可在此界限内找到并开放鼻丘气房、开放筛泡气房、扩大额窦内口。     

额隐窝区域解剖结构3D影像学研究

目的：通过对获得的额隐窝区域的CT影像学数据进行三维重构,力求对于该区域重要的解剖结构进行客观、真实的再现。方法：选择接受鼻窦检查的5例患者,对其头部行多排螺旋CT扫描（螺距1mm,扫描层厚2mm,层距-1mm）,然后在图像工作站上进行三维图像重建,并形成3D模型。观察该模型上鼻丘气房、额气房、眶上气房、额泡气房等解剖标志的形态、相对空间排列以及其相应的引流途径,并对额窦和鼻腔气房的几何尺寸以及两者之间的空间距离进行精确测量。结果：经过上述处理得到非常接近真实状态的鼻腔-鼻窦气房结构模型,在其额隐窝部位可以清晰地辨识出鼻丘气房、额气房等重要结构,并对所有患者额窦、鼻丘气房以及两者之间的垂直距离做了较为精确的测量。结论：借助三维重建技术可以得到鼻腔-鼻窦内气房3D结构模型;同时可对其中的重要结构进行空间定位,并对其相互之间的距离进行精确测量,为手术提供了可靠指导。     

A proposal for endonasal middle meatal antrostomy

With increase of cases with mild chronic sinusitis, especially the cases combined with nasal allergy, endonasal sinus surgery has been substituted for Caldwell-Luc or some other modified sinus surgery in recent years. The classical inferior meatal antrostomy for maxillary sinusitis is one of the treatments of choice, though this opening is easily closed and is somewhat different from normal sinus physiology. In the middle meatal antrostomy, the opening was made via the inferior turbinate or the middle meatal wall perforated with nasal forceps. Reported here is a new technique for middle meatal antrostomy which can be easily and safely performed. At the beginning, mucosal incision is made from the agger nasi to the anterior of the inferior turbinate, dividing the mucous membrane inferomedially. Then the mucous membrane of the inferior turbinate is cut along the upper margin of it and reflected downwards. With this procedure, the frontal process of the maxilla, lacrimal bone and inferior turbinate are well exposed and well oriented in the surgical field. The pars membranacea is then cut from anterior to inferior, and removed with the uncinate process, thus entering the maxillary antrum. The antrostomy opening is made at least 1 by 1.5 cm wide. Then, the intranasal ethmoidectomy is usually done and the reflected mucous membrane of the inferior turbinate returned to its normal position. This surgery was applied to 34 patients (7 children, 27 adults), (2 antrochoanal polyps, 5 optic neuritis, 3 maxillary sinusitis, 17 pansinusitis, and 7 pansinusitis associated with nasal allergy). We have not experienced surgical complications and none of them also had closure of the antrostomy opening.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)