乙肝大三阳患者肝细胞损伤与6项免疫指标相关性探讨

目的探讨乙型肝炎大三阳患者肝细胞损伤与血清IgM、IgG、IgA、C3、C4及C反应蛋白(CRP)变化的关系。方法选择乙肝大三阳患者80例,根据丙氨酸氨基转移酶(ALT)值(ALT>200IU/L和<40IU/L)分为甲、乙两组,各40例,采用速率散射比浊法测定血清IgM、IgG、IgA、C3、C4及CRP。结果甲组血清IgA、IgG、CRP均高于乙组,两组差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);血清IgM、C3、C4两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论血清IgA、IgG、CRP有助于评估肝细胞损伤程度。     

126例儿童白癜风患者血清免疫球蛋白和补体检测结果分析

目的探讨免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM,补体C3、C4在儿童白癜风疾病中的变化。方法采用免疫透射比浊法检测126例儿童白癜风患者血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM以及补体C3、C4水平,同时以50例健康儿童作为对照组。结果寻常型儿童白癜风患者血清IgG、IgA、IgM含量均高于正常对照组（P〈0．01）,补体C3、C4含量低于正常对照组（P〈0．05）;节段型儿童白癜风患者血清IgG、IgA、IgM、补体C3、C4含量,与对照组比较差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。寻常型儿童白癜风患者进展期IgG、IgA、IgM含量高于稳定期患者,而C3、C4含量低于稳定期患者。节段型儿童白癜风患者进展期IgG、IgA、IgM、C3、C4含量与稳定期患者比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论体液免疫在部分寻常型儿童白癜风病情活动中发挥一定的作用。     

强直性脊柱炎铁蛋白的变化及相关性研究

目的观察强直性脊柱炎（ankylosingsp ondyiltis,AS）患者的铁蛋白的变化及其与病情活动指标的相关性。方法检测40例活动期AS患者铁蛋白、各活动性指标（ESR、CRP）及免疫球蛋白（IgA、IgG、IgM）,另设正常对照组30例并检测上述指标;分析40例活动期AS患者铁蛋白与活动性指标的相关性。结果①与正常对照组相比,活动期AS患者铁蛋白、ESR、CRP、IgG、IgA明显增高（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,而IgM无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;②铁蛋白与ESR、CRP明显正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）,与IgA、IgG、IgM无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。结论活动期AS患者出现了铁蛋白、IgA、IgG的升高,且铁蛋白的升高与ESR、CRP具有相关性,IgA、IgG的升高提示活动期AS患者存在免疫紊乱,提示铁蛋白可以作为反应AS疾病活动性的一项客观指标,其升高机制可能是由于炎症因子的释放导致的免疫紊乱。     

腹部重症脓毒症老年患者术后免疫球蛋白及补体的变化

目的术创伤、脓毒症均可通过多种途径影响机体的免疫功能，本文通过对腹部重症脓毒症患者机体免疫指标（免疫球蛋白及补体IgA、IgG、IgM、C3、C4，为重症脓毒症患者免疫治疗及各免疫指标的变化对严重脓毒症患者预后的影响提供参考。方法将20例腹部无明显感染的患者、15例腹部脓毒症患者不伴器官功能障碍、12例腹部严重脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者分为A、B、C组，A、B、C组术后第1、3、7天，各抽取外周静脉血5ml于普通试管，测定免疫球蛋白及补体（IgA、IgG、IgM、C3、CA）。同时记录生命体征的变化和预后转归。结果A组与术前比较，免疫球蛋白在第1天IgA、IgM、IgG，C3、C4均下降，IgA、IgM与术前比较，差异有显著性（P〈0．05），而补体C3在第1天明显下降，与术前、术后第7天相比差异均具有显著性（P〈0．05），C4下降不明显，无统计学意义（P〉0．05），A、B两组术后第1、3、7天IgA、IgG、IgM、C3、CA均无显著统计学差异（P〉0．05），第1、3、7天C组IgA、IgM、IgG、C3、CA均低，与A、B两组相比较明显降低，具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论手术创伤对免疫球蛋白影响不大。对于术后重症脓毒症及脓毒性休克患者IgA、IgM、IgG，C3、CA明显降低，且随病情恶化，持续在较低水平。     

胰岛素强化治疗对创伤患者免疫球蛋白、补体及单核细胞噬菌能力的影响

目的探讨胰岛素强化治疗对严重创伤患者血清免疫球蛋白与补体水平的变化以及外周血单核细胞大肠杆菌颗粒吞噬能力的影响。方法采用随机配对原则将外科重症加强治疗病房（ICU）收治的创伤严重度评分（ISS）〉20分的严重创伤患者分为胰岛素强化治疗组（目标血糖值4～6mmol／L）和常规治疗组（目标血糖值〈11．1mmol／L）。分别在入院时及入院后2、4、6和8d留取外周静脉血，检测血清免疫球蛋白（IgA、IgG、IgM）与补体（C3、C4）水平的动态变化，全血细胞与用异硫氰酸荧光素（FITC）标记的大肠杆菌共孵育后检测单核细胞噬菌能力。结果两组严重创伤患者血清IgA、IgG、IgM和C3、C4水平在入院时均较低，入院治疗后均开始升高，并在治疗6～8d达到或接近正常范围。胰岛素强化治疗后C3、C4水平明显低于常规治疗组（P均〈0．05），并呈现恢复延迟的特点，而血清IgA、IgG、IgM水平两组比较差异均无显著性（P均〉0．05）。强化治疗组患者治疗4d和6d单核细胞大肠杆菌吞噬能力比入院时显著增强，且2、4和6d的大肠杆菌FITC阳性率均显著高于常规治疗组（P均〈0．05）。结论胰岛素强化治疗能明显改善严重创伤后免疫功能，增强单核细胞噬菌能力，是提高患者机体抵抗力的有效方法之一。     

血清IgA及IgA／C3比值用于IgA肾病的诊断价值——附180例报告

目的：探讨血清IgA、IgA／C3比值用于IgA肾病的诊断价值及其诊断界值。方法：468例经肾脏活组织检查确诊的肾小球肾炎患者,根据确诊结果分为IgA肾病组180例及非IgA肾病组288例,散射免疫比浊法检测患者血清IgA及C3水平,采用国际IFCC／CRM470标准化血清免疫球蛋白水平,计算IgA/C3比值,比较两组患者的上述3项指标,绘制受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线,分析血清IgA及IgA／C3比值在IgA肾病诊断中的作用,确定其诊断界值。结果：IgA肾病患者血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值均明显高于非IgA肾病组（P〈0．01）。IgA肾病患者与微小病变型肾病、系膜增生性肾小球肾炎、膜性肾病患者比较,血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值均明显升高（P〈0．05或0．01）。各组患者血清C3水平比较差异无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。不同病理分级IgA肾病患者血清IgA、C3水平及IgA／C3比值比较差异均无统计学意义（P均〉0．05）。血清IgA水平及IgA／C3比值诊断IgA肾病的ROC曲线下面积分别为0．786及0．797（P均〈0．01）;两者的ROC曲线下面积比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。根据最佳敏感度、特异度选取工作点,确定血清IgA及IgA／C3比值的诊断界值分别为257g／L及2．4。结论：血清IgA及IgA／C3比值可作为鉴别IgA肾病与非IgA肾病的参考指标;血清IgA≥257g／L或IgA／C3比值≥2．4为IgA肾病的最佳诊断界值。     

肾病综合征患者血清免疫球蛋白及补体检测的意义研究

目的检测肾病综合征患者的血清免疫球蛋白以及补体,探讨肾病综合征患者的免疫功能改变,为其临床诊断提供参考。方法选取2010年2月至2012年4月在该院住院治疗的40例肾病综合征患者作为研究对象,设为观察组,同时随机选取40例健康者作为对照组。分别使用散射免疫比浊法和酶联免疫吸附法（EL1SA）对观察组和健康对照组的血清免疫球蛋白G（IgG）、免疫球蛋白M（IgM）、免疫球蛋白A（IgA）和免疫球蛋白E（IgE）以及补体成分3（C3）进行测定。结果对照组、观察组的IgG水平分别为（13．23±3．56）g／L、（5．27±2．71）g／L,IgM水平分别为（1．42±0．77）g／L、（2．15±0．71）g／L,IgA水平分别为（2．12±0．81）g／L、（2．02±1．67）g／L,IgE水平分别为（150．9±93．1）μg／mL、（240．2±200．7）μg／mL,补体C3水平分别为（1．52士0．51）g／L、（1．06土0．46）g／L。观察组IgM和IgE水平高于对照组,IgG水平明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈O．01）;观察组的IgA水平与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;观察组补体C3水平低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论肾病综合征能够导致患者一些血清免疫球蛋白和补低水平的改变。临床上检测患者的免疫球蛋白以及补体,对于肾病综合征的诊断具有重要的临床意义。     

乙肝病毒前C基因区1896位点变异的实验研究

目的探讨慢性乙肝病人血清HBV DNA前c基因区nt1896的变异情况及其与HBV DNA水平及转氨酶（ALT）关系。方法将172例慢性乙肝患者分为两组：大三阳组（106例）和小三组（66例）。检测ALT、HBV DNA及前C区nt1896的变异情况。结果大三阳组与小三阳组HBV DNA阳性率有显著差异（P〈0．05）,nt1896变异率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。小三阳患者中ALT升高组（〉40U／L）HBV DNA（＋）患者nt1896变异率100％,而ALT正常组HBV DNA（＋）患者nt1896变异率30％（3／10）（P〈0．05）。结论大三阳和小三阳慢性乙型肝炎病人都存在较高的前C区nt1896变异率（P〉0．05）。前C区nt1896变异可能是影响HBV DNA复制的一个因素。     

闽东畲族自然人群体液免疫球蛋白和补体C3、C4水平调查

目的对闽东地区畲族自然人群体液免疫指标水平进行调查,并比较畲族人群与汉族人群免疫指标水平的差别。方法采用免疫比浊法分别对279例闽东地区畲族自然人群和104例汉族自然人群血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM和补体C3、C4水平进行检测。分析不同性别、年龄的畲族自然人群间体液免疫指标水平的差异,并与汉族人群进行比较。结果畲族自然人群血清IgG水平女性[（14.55±3.06）g/L]高于男性[（13.49±2.84）g/L]（P〈0.05）,IgA、IgM和C3、C4的水平与性别无关（P〉0.05）;IgG、IgA、IgM的水平与年龄无关（P〉0.05）,而C3、C4随年龄的增长水平升高（P〈0.05）。畲族人群的免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA、IgM水平在各年龄段均高于汉族人群（P〈0.05）,畲族人群的C3、C4水平与汉族人群无明显差异（P〉0.05）。结论畲族人群的体液免疫指标中IgG、IgA、IgM水平高于汉族人群。     

手足口病患儿体液免疫检测分析

目的观察和分析手足口病患儿体液免疫状况。方法测定25例手足口病患儿血清免疫球蛋白（IgG、IgA、IgM）及补体C3水平,以同期34例健康儿童为对照组,比较两组IgG、IgA、IgM及补体C3水平。结果与对照组相比,手足口病患儿血清IgG、IgA水平降低（P〈0．001）;IgM明显升高（P〈0．001）;但两者补体C3水平无显著差异（P〉0．5）。结论手足口病患儿感染病毒后,体液免疫功能受到影响,导致血清免疫球蛋白IgG、IgA降低,而IgM明显升高,但对补体C3影响不大。     

Functional impact of CYP2C95, CYP2C96, CYP2C98, and CYP2C911 in vivo among black Africans

Background and aim Previous data indicate that the urinary losartan/E-3174 ratio is a marker for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 activity in vivo. The functional impact of CYP2C9*5, *6, *8, and *11 polymorphisms in vivo has not been investigated previously in humans. METHODS: A single oral dose of losartan (25 mg) was given to 19 Beninese subjects with CYP2C9*1/*1 (n = 9), *1/*5 (n = 1), *1/*6 (n = 1), *1/*8 (n = 2), *1/*11 (n = 3), *5/*6 (n = 1), *5/*8 (n = 1), and *8/*11 (n = 1) genotypes. Concentrations of losartan and its active metabolite E-3174 were determined in urine from 0 to 8 hours by HPLC. The losartan/E-3174 metabolic ratio was used as a measure of losartan oxidation in vivo. RESULTS: The urinary losartan/E-3174 ratio in the various genotypes was as follows: 1.85 +/- 2.4 (mean +/- SD) for CYP2C9*1/*1, 14.6 for CYP2C9*1/*5, 4.2 for CYP2C9*1/*6, 188 for CYP2C9*5/*6, 11.6 for CYP2C9*5/*8, 0.44 +/- 0.13 (mean +/- SD) for CYP2C9*1/*8, 2.2 for CYP2C9*8/*11, and 5.72 +/- 4.5 (mean +/- SD) for CYP2C9*1/*11. Compared with the CYP2C9*1/*1 genotypes, the losartan/E-3174 ratio was significantly different in the CYP2C9*5 allele carriers (CYP2C9*1/*5, CYP2C9*5/*8, and CYP2C9*5/*6 genotypes) (P =.01, Mann-Whitney) but was not different in CYP2C9*1/*8 (P =.16) and CYP2C9*1/*11 (P =.11) carriers. The urinary losartan/E-3174 ratio of the single CYP2C9*1/*6 subject was higher than the 95% confidence interval of the mean of the CYP2C9*1/*1 group (0.0-3.7), whereas the metabolic ratio of the CYP2C9*8/*11 carrier was inside the 95% confidence interval of the means of the CYP2C9*1/*1 and CYP2C9*1/*11 groups (0.0-18). CONCLUSIONS: The CYP2C9*5 and *6 alleles are associated with decreased enzyme activity in vivo compared with the wild-type variant, whereas the CYP2C9*8 and *11 variants did not appear to have large in vivo effects.     

C1q抗体、白细胞介素18和补体C3、C4联合检测在狼疮肾炎中的价值

目的 探讨联合检测Clq抗体、白细胞介素8(IL-18)和补体C3、C4在狼疮肾炎(LN)的价值.方法 采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)组61例,包括LN组39例,非LN组22例血清中的Clq抗体、IL-18的水平,同时检测补体C3、C4的水平,并与SLE患者的临床表现、疾病活动度进行相关性分析.结果 LN组的Clq抗体和IL-18明显高于非LN组,分别为(116±99)kU/L VS(17±9)kU/L和(425±198)ng/L vs(268±111)ng/L(P<0.05).C3、C4在LN组与非LN组比较差异无统计学意义,分别为(0.45±0.25)g/L VS(0.56±0.07)g/L,(0.15±0.09)g/L vs(0.19±0.08)g/L(均P>0.05).Clq抗体、IL-18与SLE疾病活动指数(SLEDAI)呈正相关(r=0.468、0.527,P<0.05).结论 在LN中存在Clq抗体、IL-18的高表达及补体的降低;血清C1q抗体、IL-18可能参与了狼疮肾炎的免疫发病机制;联合检测对LN疾病活动判定有重要价值.     

Maturation of the Human Complement System. I. ONSET TIME AND SITES OF FETAL C1q, C4, C3, AND C5 SYNTHESIS

The onset times and sites of human C1q, C4, C3, and C5 synthesis were determined by culturing tissues from 23 fetuses, 8-25 wk old, in the presence of [(14)C]lysine and isoleucine. In parallel, IgG and IgM production was followed. Liver, spleen, placenta, peritoneal and bone marrow cells, thymus, and colon were cultured for 48 h and the concentrated media studied by immunoelectrophoresis and subsequent autoradiography using adult human serum as carrier and specific antisera. The quantitative synthesis was approximated by scoring the intensity of the labeled precipitin lines using uniform conditions. C5 production was detected earliest at 8 wk gestation and by 11 wk and thereafter, C3, C4, and C5 synthesis was uniformly present in multiple tissues. C1q synthesis, however, was limited almost exclusively to the spleen, began at 14 wk, and was not uniformly present. In contrast IgG and IgM production did not occur in three fetuses synthesizing complement and while detected as early as 11 wk. was inconstant, occurred predominantly in the spleen, and was quantitatively much less compared to C3, C4, and C5. These findings suggest that developmentally the complement system is a more primative biological defense mechanism than antibody.     

Real-time TaqMan polymerase chain reaction-based genus-identification and pyrosequencing-based species identification of Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, and C. fetus directly on stool samples

A new method was developed for Campylobacter identification and applied directly on 599 stool samples from diarrhoeagenic patients. Here, the gyrase B gene of Campylobacter was targeted in a 2-step process: first, TaqMan polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based identification of C. jejuni, C. coli, C. upsaliensis, C. lari, and C. fetus at the genus level, and, second, pyrosequencing-based identification at the species level. The TaqMan PCR method was compared to culturing and identified 87 Campylobacter-positive samples of which 64 were culture positive. Among the discrepant 23 samples, 18 were confirmed positive by conventional PCR, underlining a significant increase in diagnostic yield by use of this molecular and culture-independent method. For species identification, the pyrosequencing method was compared to conventional PCR and among the 87 TaqMan PCR-positive samples, 74 Campylobacter species were identified by both methods, 10 samples gave discrepant results, and 3 samples were negative by both methods.     

Anidulafungin Is Fungicidal and Exerts a Variety of Postantifungal Effects against Candida albicans,C. glabrata,C. parapsilosis,and C. krusei isolates

Anidulafungin targets the cell walls of Candida species by inhibiting β-1,3-glucan synthase, thereby killing isolates and exerting prolonged postantifungal effects (PAFEs). We performed time-kill and PAFE experiments on Candida albicans (n = 4), C. glabrata (n = 3), C. parapsilosis (n = 3), and C. krusei (n = 2) isolates and characterized the PAFEs in greater detail. MICs were 0.008 to 0.125 μg/ml against C. albicans, C. glabrata, and C. krusei and 1.0 to 2.0 μg/ml against C. parapsilosis. During time-kill experiments, anidulafungin caused significant kills at 16× MIC (range, log 2.68 to 3.89) and 4× MIC (log 1.87 to 3.19), achieving fungicidal levels (≥log 3) against nine isolates. A 1-hour drug exposure during PAFE experiments resulted in kills ranging from log 1.55 to 3.47 and log 1.18 to 2.89 (16× and 4× MIC, respectively), achieving fungicidal levels against four isolates. Regrowth of all 12 isolates was inhibited for ≥12 h after drug washout. Isolates of each species collected 8 h after a 1-hour exposure to anidulafungin (16× and 4× MIC) were hypersusceptible to sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.01 to 0.04%) and calcofluor white (40 μg/ml). Moreover, PAFEs were associated with major cell wall disturbances, as evident in electron micrographs of viable cells, and significant reductions in adherence to buccal epithelial cells (P ≤ 0.01). Finally, three of four PAFE isolates tested were hypersusceptible to killing by J774 macrophages (P ≤ 0.007). Our data suggest that the efficacy of anidulafungin in the treatment of candidiasis might stem from both direct fungicidal activity and indirect PAFEs that lessen the ability of Candida cells to establish invasive disease and to persist within infected hosts.Anidulafungin is an echinocandin agent that disrupts the cell walls of Candida species by inhibiting β-1,3-d-glucan synthase. In recent studies of treatment of invasive candidiasis, the agent was shown to be at least as effective as the frontline azole agent fluconazole (12, 22). Additional clinical trial data demonstrating the efficacy of caspofungin and micafungin in the treatment of diverse types of candidiasis make it clear that the echinocandins are significant additions to the antifungal armamentarium (13, 17).In general, MIC₉₀s of anidulafungin are low against the common pathogens Candida albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei (0.06 to 0.12 μg/ml), including isolates that are resistant to azole agents (20, 21). MIC₉₀s against C. parapsilosis and C. guilliermondii isolates are higher (2 μg/ml), as also noted for other echinocandins (20, 21). Diminished susceptibility to anidulafungin might reflect changes in the glucan synthase subunit Fks1p (2, 18). Regardless of the mechanism, the clinical significance of elevated anidulafungin MICs remains unclear (22). To date, only a few studies have assessed the anticandidal activity of anidulafungin by time-kill or postantifungal effect (PAFE) methods. Similar to other echinocandins, anidulafungin exhibited concentration-dependent fungicidal activity against C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei isolates during time-kill experiments at concentrations of 4× and 16× MIC (10, 23). In PAFE experiments, a 1-hour exposure to anidulafungin at 4× MIC resulted in prolonged growth inhibition of C. albicans (9). To our knowledge, time-kill or PAFE data have not been published for anidulafungin against C. parapsilosis. Caspofungin, however, is fungicidal and causes prolonged PAFE growth inhibition of C. parapsilosis at concentrations of ≥4× MIC (7).We hypothesized that anidulafungin would demonstrate significant PAFEs against Candida isolates of diverse species, as measured by growth inhibition following brief drug exposure in vitro. In addition, we hypothesized that anidulafungin''s PAFEs would cause changes to the candidal cell wall that would result in decreased cell integrity and adherence to host cells and in increased susceptibility to killing by phagocytes. In this study, we assessed the fungicidal activity of anidulafungin against 12 Candida isolates (4 C. albicans, 3 C. glabrata, 3 C. parapsilosis, and 2 C. krusei isolates) by time-kill and PAFE methods. We then tested PAFE-inhibited cells for susceptibility to cell wall-active drugs and visualized cell walls by electron microscopy. Finally, we assessed adherence to human epithelial cells and killing by macrophages.