肺复张策略对健侧肺氧合及顺应性的影响

目的 评价肺复张策略(lung recruitment maneuvers,LRM)对健侧肺氧合及顺应性的影响. 方法 ASA分级Ⅱ级择期行胸腔镜辅助下肺切除术患者40例,采用随机数字表法分为对照组(C组)和实验组(L组),每组20例.C组术中常规单肺通气(one lung ventilation,OLV),L组OLV 20 min后进行1次LRM,两组均在OLV结束关闭胸腔前进行1次肺复张.分别于患者麻醉前(T0),OLV后20 min(T1),LRM后15 min(T2)、30 min(T3)、45 min(T4)及OLV结束(T5)时,采集患者生命体征数据并采集动脉血样本进行血气分析,根据公式计算肺顺应性(dynamic compliance,Cdyn). 结果 与C组相比,L组PaO2在T2[(150±11) mmHg比(204±21) mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa]、T3[(154±12) mmHg比(176±14) mmHg]、T5[(442±20) mmHg比(473±15) mmHg]时点均升高(P＜0.05),Cdyn在T2[(21±3) ml/cmH2O比(25±3) ml/cmH2O,1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa]和T5[(26±3) ml/cmH2O比(31±5)ml/cmH2O)]时点提高(P＜0.05). 结论 LRM可以有效改善OLV期间氧合及Cdyn,单次LRM提高PaO2有效时间为30 min,在15 min左右PaO2改善最为明显.     

内皮素-1 mRNA在肝肺综合征大鼠肺组织中表达的研究

目的　研究内皮素 1(ET 1)及其mRNA在肝肺综合征 (HPS)大鼠肺组织中的表达。方法　 3 2只雄性SD大鼠随机分 4组 :肝前型门静脉高压症组 (PHPH)、肝内型门静脉高压症组(IHPH)、门腔端侧分流组 (PCS)和手术对照组 (SO) ,每组 8只。各组均行动脉血气分析 ;应用硝酸还原酶法和放射免疫法测定肺组织中NO2 -/NO3-及ET 1含量 ;应用原位杂交和图像分析 ,检测肺泡毛细血管内皮细胞、肺泡动脉内皮细胞和支气管上皮细胞中ET 1mRNA的表达强度。　结果　 ( 1)动脉血气分析 :动脉氧分压IHPH组大鼠 [( 73 85± 6 5 1)mmHg]较PHPH组 [( 97 3 9± 1 3 3 )mmHg]、PCS组 [( 95 2 3± 2 2 2 )mmHg]和SO组 [( 99 0 5± 0 75 )mmHg]显著下降 (P <0 0 5 ) ;肺泡 动脉氧压力梯度 :IHPH组大鼠 [( 3 4 5 3± 2 3 2 )mmHg]较PHPH组 [( 4 98± 1 69)mmHg]、PCS组 [( 6 5 1± 2 0 4 )mmHg]和SO组 [( 3 2 3± 0 81)mmHg]显著增大 (P <0 0 5 ) ,并伴轻度呼吸性碱中毒。 ( 2 )肺组织中NO2 -/NO3-含量 ( μmol/g蛋白 ) :IHPH组大鼠 ( 19 78± 5 3 3 ) μmol/g显著高于PHPH组 ( 13 2 1± 3 99)μmol/g、PCS组 ( 13 89± 3 16) μmol/g和SO组大鼠 ( 8 71± 1 68) μmol/g。肺组织中ET 1含量 (pg/g) :IHPH组大鼠 ( 195 1     

机械通气治疗创伤性连枷胸效果观察

对 10例创伤性连枷胸病人采用同步间隙指令通气 (SIMV)加压力支持通气 (PSV)加呼气末正压通气 (PEEP)的机械通气模式 ,观察病人机械通气时间及机械通气前后呼吸频率、PaO2 和PaCO2 的变化。结果病人机械通气时间为 96 .81～ 192 .73(12 7.6 5± 16 .15 )h ;机械通气后 ,病人的呼吸频率由平均 (46 .70± 3.5 2 )次 min降至(14 .4 2± 2 .35 )次 min ,PaO2 由 (5 9.2 3± 3.18)mmHg升高到 (10 8.6 2± 8.14 )mmHg ,PaCO2 由 (5 7.4 1± 2 .6 9)mmHg降低到 (40 .2 4± 4 .17)mmHg。提示SIMV PSV PEEP机械通气模式能纠治反常呼吸运动 ,改善缺氧状态     

胆汁胆固醇对胆囊收缩素受体表达的影响

目的　探讨胆汁胆固醇对胆囊收缩素受体 (CCK R)表达的影响。　方法　采用放射免疫分析法和受体放射配基结合法检测对照组 (n =2 5 )、高胆固醇组 (n =2 5 )、自然恢复组 (n =2 5 )及治疗组 (n =2 5 )豚鼠门静脉血CCK水平、胆囊CCK R的最大结合容量 (Bmax)和亲和力 (Kd) ,同时观察空腹胆囊体积 (FV)、胆囊胆汁量 (FB)和餐后胆囊体积 (RV)、胆囊胆汁量 (RB)及胆囊收缩率 (E)、胆汁胆固醇浓度的变化。　结果　与对照组比较 ,高胆固醇组豚鼠FV[(0 89± 0 2 6 )～ (1 34± 0 6 1)cm3 ]、FB[(0 6 8± 0 2 0 )～ (1 0 1± 0 4 3)cm3 ]、RV[(0 2 8± 0 0 8)～ (0 90± 0 5 3)cm3 ]、RB[(0 2 3± 0 0 6 )～(0 83± 0 32 )cm3 ]增大 ,E[(6 5 83± 7 32 ) %～ (47 2 2± 5 2 4 ) % ]下降 ,胆汁胆固醇浓度 [(0 4 4±0 11)～ (0 6 0± 0 13)mmol/L]升高 ,门静脉血CCK水平及CCK R的Kd无改变 ,而CCK R的Bmax[(6 0± 2 7)～ (32± 13)fmol/mg蛋白 ]下降 ;与自然恢复组比较 ,治疗组上述各项指标正常。　结论　胆汁中的高胆固醇通过下调胆囊CCK R表达而导致胆囊收缩功能障碍 ,降低胆汁高胆固醇浓度可以促进胆囊动力功能的恢复。     

心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗心脏瓣膜病变的临床观察

目的:探讨心脏瓣膜置换术联合不同射频消融方法治疗重度心脏瓣膜病变的效果.方法:选取2013年3月-2016年2月在解放军第1 53中心医院接受心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗的心功能分级(NYHA标准)≥Ⅲ级的心脏瓣膜疾病患者75例为研究对象,其中接受心脏瓣膜置换联合双极射频消融者26例(双极组),心脏瓣膜置换联合单极射频消融者25例(单极组),单用心脏瓣膜置换术治疗者24例(对照组).比较各组射频消融所用时间、术后即刻窦性心律恢复情况、辅助呼吸时间、术后住院时间、围手术期病死率、心脏功能指标和心功能分级疗效.结果:双极组、单极组的术后即刻窦性心律恢复率(92.31％和88.00％比对照组70.83％)、辅助呼吸时间[(16.75±2.68)h和(16.04±4.21)h比对照组(24.81±3.38) h]、术后住院时间[(8.41±1.84)d和(9.01±1.72)d比对照组(11.26±2.35)d]、左室舒张末内径[6个月时(47.24±5.81) mm和(46.03±6.78) mm比对照组(53.11±4.35) mm;12个月时(41.84±3.69) mm和(40.98±5.27) mm比(48.75±4.36)mm]、左室射血分数(6个月时0.483 6±0.027 9、0.495 1±0.030 2比对照组0.433 2±0.037 2:12个月时0.580 4±0.038 5、0.569 3±0.029 6比对照组0.489 1±0.038 1)、肺动脉收缩压[6个月时(39.82±3.42) mmHg和(40.21±2.01) mmHg比对照组(44.92±2.44) mmHg;12个月时(35.62±2.11) mmHg和(36.63±1.92) mmHg比对照组(39.95±2.87) mmHg]、心功能疗效总有效率(88.46％和84.00％比对照组54.17％)均显著优于对照组(P＜0.05),双极组和单极组上述指标差异并无显著性(P＞0.05),但双极组消融用时[(22.34±2.57) min]少于单极组[(29.04±3.41) min,P＜0.05].结论:心脏瓣膜置换术联合射频消融治疗有利于改善心脏瓣膜病预后效果,双极射频消融治疗在有效性、安全性方面均优于单极射频治疗.     

改良痔上黏膜环切术治疗出口梗阻型便秘 50 例

目的：探讨改良痔上黏膜环切术对出口梗阻型便秘患者肛肠动力学的影响。方法：将 100 例出口梗阻性便秘患者随机分为对照组和治疗组各 50 例，对照组予常规痔上黏膜环切术治疗，治疗组予改良痔上黏膜环切术治疗。观察两组临床疗效、手术一般情况、并发症及复发率，比较肛肠动力学 [ 肛管高压区长度 (HPZ)、静息压 (ARP)、最大收缩压 (MSP)] 的变化。结果：治疗组和对照组术中出血量、创面愈合时间、住院时间、并发症发生率差异无统计学意义（P>0.05），治疗组手术时间明显较对照组延长 [(35.72±3.95) min vs (30.24±3.56) min]（P<0.05）；治疗组和对照组术后 HPZ、ARP、MSP 明显较术前升高，治疗组术后 HPZ[(4.26±0.45) cm vs (3.68±0.38) cm]、ARP[(45.21±4.21) mmHg vs (36.72±3.69) mmHg]、MSP[(130.45±14.27) mmHg vs (116.45±12.82) mmHg] 明显高于对照组（P<0.05）；治疗组有效率 (100% vs 88%) 明显高于对照组（P<0.05）；随访 12 个月，治疗组复发率 (4% vs 8%) 明显低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论：改良 PPH 可有效改善出口梗阻型便秘患者肛肠动力学，有利于提高近远期疗效，且具有良好的安全性。     

肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病术后血流动力学观察

目的　探讨肺血减少型复杂性先天性心脏病围术期处理原则。方法　 1996年 6月至 1999年 1月 ,手术治疗肺血减少型重症复杂性先天性心脏病 2 6例 ,其中Rastelli手术 12例、Fontan手术 9例及双向Glenn手术 5例。分别于术前、脱离体外循环机后即刻、术后 2、4、8、16、2 4、36、4 8、72h监测血流动力学变化。结果　手术死亡率 11 5 %。Rastelli手术后早期静脉压低 [(12 36± 0 6 9)mmHg(1mmHg =0 133kPa) ]、肺动脉压高 [(18 36± 1 6 0 )mmHg]、胸液量少 [每小时 (0 96± 0 94 )ml kg];Fontan手术后早期静脉压高 [(16 77± 1 11)mmHg]、肺动脉压低 [(14 37± 2 0 6 )mmHg]、胸液量较多 [每小时 (1 0 8±0 38)ml kg];双向Glenn手术后早期上腔静脉压 [(17 2 6± 2 4 3)mmHg]高于下腔静脉压 [(12 6 9± 3 5 8)mmHg],双向Glenn术后有肺动脉搏动性血流的病儿动脉血氧饱和度 (0 90± 0 0 1)高于无肺动脉搏动性血流的双向Glenn术后病儿 (0 81± 0 0 4 )。结论　双心室均发育的复杂先天性心脏病 ,实施解剖性矫治的Rastelli手术 ,术后早期血流动力学效果明显优于生理性矫治手术。对只有一个功能心室且肺血管发育较好、肺动脉压不高的多种复杂先心病 ,实施Fontan类手术可挽救病儿生命 ,提高其生存质     

开颅术中过度通气对哌库溴铵时效的影响

目的 :研究过度通气对哌库溴铵时效的影响。方法 :选择无神经肌肉疾患 ,ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级择期神经外科手术患者 2 4例 ,随机分成对照组 (A组 ,n =12 )和过度通气组 (B组 ,n =12 ) ,术中控制呼吸 ,维持PaCO2 分别大于或小于 35mmHg。用加速度仪监测拇内收肌收缩反应。观察两组哌库溴铵 0 1mg/kg时效差异。结果 :A、B组起效时间分别为 3 2 1± 0 49分钟和 3 0 8± 0 2 3分钟 ,无显著性差异 ;临床时效分别为 10 4 6 7± 7 33分钟和 87 0 8± 5 45分钟 ,P <0 0 5 ;恢复指数分别为 2 6 2 5± 2 85分钟和 2 3 75± 2 73分钟 ,无显著性差异。结论 :过度通气可使哌库溴铵临床时效缩短 ,但起效时间和恢复指数无明显差异     

门静脉高压症大鼠肺组织结构变化与低氧血症的关系

目的研究门静脉高压症大鼠肺组织结构变化与低氧血症的关系.方法雄性SD大鼠被随机分为4组肝前型门静脉高压症(PHPH)、肝内型门静脉高压症(IHPH)、门腔端侧分流(PCS)和手术对照组(SO).分4个时间点观察IHPH大鼠.各组均行动脉血气分析以及肺组织病理学检查.结果1.所有大鼠的肺泡细胞无变性坏死,肺泡壁无塌陷,无炎性细胞浸润、水肿、纤维增生和透明膜形成.2.动脉血氧分压IHPH组为(73.9±6.5)mmHg,较PHPH组[(97.4±1.3)mmHg]、PCS组[(95.2±2.2)mmHg]和SO组[(99.1±0.8)mmHg]显著降低.肺泡-动脉氧压力梯度IHPH组为(33.0±6.6)mmHg,较PHPH组[(5.0±1.7)mmHg]、PCS组[(6.5±2.0)mmHg]和SO组[(3.2±0.8)mmHg]显著增大.3.与其他组相比,IHPH组肺泡毛细血管扩大、微血管密度增高、肺泡间隔增宽、肺泡容量减小.结论CCl4诱导的IHPH大鼠具有肝肺综合征特征性的动脉血气变化和肺组织结构改变,是研究肝肺综合征理想的动物模型.     

标准化急救护理程序在多发伤病人护理中的应用

为了探讨标准化急救护理程序在多发伤病人抢救中的应用效果 ,将 5 0例多发伤病人随机分为观察组和对照组 (各 2 5例 ) ,对照组按常规护理程序护理 ,观察组实施标准化急救护理程序。结果观察组有效抢救时间为(4 8.6 6± 17.32 ) min,对照组为 (70 .6 6± 15 .5 5 ) m in,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性意义 (P<0 .0 0 1)。提示采用标准化护理程序可提高多发伤病人的抢救效率 ,为进一步处置创造良好的条件。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.