Independent predictors of isolated clinic ('white-coat') hypertension

BACKGROUND: Hypertension guidelines recommend 24 h ambulatory blood pressure (ABP) monitoring in hypertensive subjects with suspected isolated clinic hypertension (ICH). However, the pre-test probability of ICH based on the distribution of its independent predictors has not yet been estimated in hypertensive subjects with mildly elevated blood pressure. OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the independent predictors of ICH in mildly hypertensive subjects. METHODS: In the setting of the HARVEST-PIUMA collaboration, we studied 1564 subjects with hypertension stage I. At entry, all subjects were untreated and all underwent ABP monitoring and echocardiography. Diabetes, hypertension grade > I, renal failure or previous cardiovascular morbid events were exclusion criteria. Clinic BP was 143/92 mmHg (SD 9/5) and 24 h ABP was 128/81 mmHg (SD 10/8). RESULTS: Prevalence of ICH (daytime ABP < 130 mmHg systolic and 80 mmHg diastolic) was 10.4%. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, sex (P = 0.002), smoking (P = 0.038) and clinic diastolic BP (P = 0.0002) were the sole independent predictors of ICH according to the following equation: Y = 2.6438 + 0.5128 x sex (0 = men; 1 = women) + 0.4543 x current smoking (0 = yes; 1 = no) - 0.0531 x clinic diastolic BP (mmHg) and P (probability of ICH) = exp(Y)/[1 + (exp(Y)]. Left ventricular (LV) mass at echocardiography was a further independent predictor (P = 0.002) of ICH according to the following equation: Y= 3.4343 + 0.4603 x sex + 0.5989 x current smoking - 0.0482 x clinic diastolic BP - 0.0312 x LV mass [g/height (m)2.7]. LV mass was greater (P < 0.01) in the group with ambulatory hypertension [42.3 g/height (m)2.7] than in that with ICH [39.2 g/height (m)2.7] and not dissimilar between the ICH group and a control group of 370 healthy normotensive subjects [38.1 g/height (m)2.7]. CONCLUSIONS: In untreated subjects with stage I hypertension, ICH is most frequent among women, nonsmokers and subjects with low clinic BP and smaller LV mass. These findings allow identification of subjects with indication to ABP monitoring because of suspected ICH.     

Clinical trials in isolated systolic hypertension

Isolated systolic hypertension affects 8% to 15% of all people older than 60 years of age. In the elderly, systolic hypertension is the major modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. Three placebo-controlled outcome trials on antihypertensive drug treatment of this disorder have been published. This article briefly reviews the main findings of each of these three trials and presents pooled estimates of the benefit of antihypertensive drug treatment for elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension. A total of 11,825 patients were enrolled in the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP, n =4736), the Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur, n =4695), and the Systolic Hypertension in China (Syst-China, n =2394) trials. The outcome results of these trials were pooled by calculating the common odds ratio for active versus placebo treatment. The pooled results of the outcome trials in older patients with isolated systolic hypertension prove that antihypertensive drug treatment must be prescribed if, on repeated measurement, systolic blood pressure is 160 mm Hg or higher.     

Orienting-defense responses and psychophysiological reactivity in isolated clinic versus sustained hypertension

This study sought to determine whether patients with white-coat or isolated clinic hypertension (ICH) show, in comparison to patients with sustained hypertension (SH), a defense response pattern to novel stimuli and an enhanced psychophysiological reactivity to stress. Forty-three patients with essential hypertension were divided into two groups after 16 days of self-monitoring blood pressure (BP): ICH (24 men; self-measured BP < 135/85 mmHg) and SH (19 men; self-measured BP >or= 135/85 mmHg). Defense responses were measured as the cardiac changes to phasic non-aversive auditory stimuli. Psychophysiological reactivity (heart and breath rate, blood volume pulse, electromyography, and skin conductance) was measured during mental arithmetic and video game tasks. The standard deviation of self-measured BPs and the difference between mean BPs at work and at home were used as indicators of cardiovascular reactivity to daily stress. No significant differences were seen in defense responses or psychophysiological reactivity to laboratory or naturally occurring stressors. These results do not support the hypothesis that ICH can be explained in terms of a generalized hyperreactivity to novel or stressful stimuli.     

Clinical characteristics of idiopathic portal hypertension

Idiopathic portal hypertension is one of the interesting causes of portal hypertension. Even in very developed medical centers, this disorder is still one of the most important misdiagnoses of clinical practice. To inexperienced physicians, presenting esophageal varices and upper gastrointestinal bleeding usually prompt an unfortunate diagnosis of cirrhosis. A heterogenous clinical presentation and progression of this disorder should be recognized by physicians, and management should be directed towards some specific problems confined to this disorder. Although a genetic basis and other factors are implicated in its pathogenesis, exact underlying mechanism（s） is （are） unknown. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of idiopathic portal hypertension, its etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation and management issues. With the expectation of an excellent prognosis, a practicing gastroenterologist should be aware that ＂not all varices mean cirrhosis＂.     

白大衣高血压与被掩盖的高血压的分布特征

目的 观察白大衣高血压与被掩盖的高血压分布特征。方法 2011年1月~2014年6月在我院拟诊为高血压病患者300例,根据诊室血压和24小时动态血压,分为白大衣高血压组、被掩盖的高血压组与持续性高血压组。对比3组患者的患病构成比及收缩期高血压、舒张期高血压和双期高血压特征。结果 白大衣高血压(占16.0%)与被掩盖的高血压病（12.3%）占比类似,持续性高血压组占71.7%。白大衣高血压患者女性、年轻和单纯收缩期高血压占比较高。被掩盖的高血压患者的患病年龄较大,体质量指数大。结论 白大衣高血压与被掩盖的高血压占比相近,各约占七分之一。每种类型的高血压各有一定的分布特征。     

Assessment of self-monitoring of blood pressure in the diagnosis of isolated clinic hypertension

BACKGROUND: There are no studies assessing cardiovascular morbidity, morality in patients with isolated clinical hypertension (ICH) with self-blood pressure monitoring (SBPM). OBJECTIVES: To determine the value of SBPM in the diagnosis of ICH. METHODS: Cohort study. New hypertensive and normotensive patients 15-75 years, without cardiovascular events history. VARIABLES: Oriented anamnesis hypertension; blood pressure measurements (BP): clinical BP, SBPM and ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM); evaluation of target organ damage (TOD); electrocardiogram; retinography and microalbuminuria (MA). RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-five patients, 95 hypertensive (62.1% males; mean age 59.08+/-16.8 years), 40 normotensive (37.5% males; mean are 56.32+/-10.22 years). BP measurements (mmHG) in normotensives vs hypertensives: clinical BP, 125.36/76.74 vs 149.81/87.86 mmHg (p<0.0001) and SPPM, 114.90/69.96 vs 142.06/86.31 (p<0.0001). Twenty-four-hour ABPM: 135.41/81/81.74. Prevalence of TOD in hypertensive: 23.10% left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), sustained hypertension (SH): clinic BP, 149.88/86.34 vs 152.51/89.55 (p>0.10); SBPM: 147.895/88.95 vs 128.17/79 (p<0.0001) and ABPM, 141.72/88.22 vs 131.66/80 (p=0.053 for systolic). TOD in SH vs ICH: LVH, 24.6% vs 19.2% (p=0.814); exudates or haemorrhages, 7.7% vs 9.8% (p=0.580). The risk of an occurrence of any TOD in ICH patients is lower for 125/80 (OR=2.5). CONCLUSIONS: VAMPAHICA will provide information about value SBPM in the diagnosis of ICH. Advanced retinopathy is relative frequent in ICH patients. If TOD is accepted as a surrogate endpoint, the diagnostic values of ICH will be probably decreased.     

胰源性与特发性门脉高压症的临床特点分析

目的探讨PPH与IPH的临床特点,加深对二者的认识,提高临床医师的诊治水平。方法对18例PPH与36例IPH患者的临床资料作一回顾分析。结果二者的肝脏形态、功能正常,病毒学指标阴性,超声检查脾静脉迂曲扩张,脾肿大;PPH患者超声检查门静脉正常,胰腺可见炎症、肿瘤、囊肿等表现;IPH患者门静脉及肠系膜上静脉迂曲扩张,但胰腺方面无异常。IPH患者汇管区纤维组织增生和炎性细胞浸润但无肝硬化改变而PPH患者肝脏组织学正常。结论临床中发现肝脏形态、功能正常,病毒学指标阴性,以门脉高压为主要表现而无肝硬化改变的患者,应考虑IPH与PPH的可能。进一步行超声检查门脉系统及胰腺情况,可进一步区分二者。     

Haemodynamic characteristics in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension

Systemic arterial compliance, baroreflex sensitivity index and cardiac function were studied in elderly patients with isolated systolic hypertension (ISH, n = 12) comparing values with those of essential hypertensive patients (EHT, n = 12) and normotensive subjects (NT, n = 7) in the same age range. Systemic arterial compliance of the ISH group was markedly decreased. Baroreflex sensitivity indices of ISH and EHT were similarly decreased. Pre-ejection period index (PEPI) of ISH was normal, whereas PEPI of EHT was significantly longer than that of NT. These results demonstrate that of the haemodynamic characteristics of ISH, the predominant features are a decrease in compliance of large arteries with a disturbance of baroreflex sensitivity and normal cardiac function.     

The virtual hypertension clinic

Despite increasing financial and human resources invested, the disappointing rate of hypertension (HT) control continues to pose a challenge to health care providers in the civilized world. Low HT control is associated with the poor patient compliance. Nowadays, SBPM is an accepted method to improve the patient compliance as well as HT control. However SBPM has several limitations such as:By using telemedicine in the SBPM, a virtual HT clinic can be built up. In our developed system (TensioPhone/TensionCare) we remind the patient the BP measurement and pill intake, and SBP data are automatically transferred to the center for analysis. The analysed and structured data are then sent to the physician and the patient as a printed report. Regular communication between the health care team and the patient can contribute to make the virtual hypertension clinic become a reality and to substantially improve HT control rates.     

Prevalence and determinants of isolated clinic hypertension in the Finnish population: the Finn-HOME study

BACKGROUND: Previous studies performed in selected hypertensive subjects have reported several possible determinants of isolated clinic hypertension (ICH). The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of ICH in a randomly selected nationwide population. METHODS: We studied a representative sample of the general adult population (1440 45-74-year-old subjects) in Finland not treated for hypertension. The subjects were drawn from the participants of a multidisciplinary epidemiological survey, the Health 2000 Study. Subjects included in the study underwent a clinical interview, determination of serum lipids and glucose, measurement of clinic and home blood pressure (BP), and psychometric tests for psychological distress, hypochondriasis, depression, and alexithymia. The diagnosis of ICH was based on a clinic BP of 140/90 mmHg or greater and a home BP less than 135/85 mmHg. RESULTS: The prevalence of ICH in the untreated Finnish adult population was 15.6 and 37.5% among untreated clinic hypertensive individuals. In a multivariate logistic regression analysis, ICH was associated with mildly elevated systolic and diastolic BP, lower body mass index (BMI), and non-smoking status. Subjects with ICH represent an intermediate group between the normotensive and sustained hypertensive individuals where cardiovascular risk is concerned (age, BP, diabetes prevalence, lipid profile, and BMI). CONCLUSION: ICH is a common phenomenon in the general population. Non-smoking individuals with mildly elevated BP and low BMI have a higher risk of ICH. Physicians should disassociate the diagnosis of ICH from any psychosocial disorders, but should remember that patients with ICH have an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.     

Clinical and demographic characteristics of children with hypertension

Most information describing hypertension in the young comes from single-center reports. To better understand contemporary demographic and clinical characteristics of hypertensive children and adolescents, we examined baseline data on 351 children aged 1 to <17 years old who were enrolled in 2 multicenter trials of valsartan. Anthropometric, laboratory, and demographic information at randomization was extracted from the clinical trials databases. Summary variables were created and compared for 3 age groups: <6 years (n=90), 6 to <12 years (n=131), and 12 to <17 years (n=130). Comparisons were also made between different etiologies of hypertension and for different anthropometric categories. Children <6 years old were significantly more likely to have secondary hypertension and were significantly less likely to have weight or body mass index >95 percentile compared with older children. Estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly lower in children <6 years old (90.9 ± 31.8 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) than in the other 2 age groups (6 to <12 years, 141.4 ± 42.1 mL/min per 1.73 m(2); 12 to <17 years, 138.3 ± 46.0 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)). Frequency of total cholesterol >95 percentile was significantly lower in children aged <6 years. Diastolic blood pressure index (subject blood pressure÷95 percentile) was significantly higher in children <6 years old (1.1 versus 1.0 in both the 6 to <12 years and 12 to <17 years groups; both P<0.0001). We conclude that hypertensive children <6 years are more likely to have secondary hypertension and to have higher diastolic blood pressure and lower glomerular filtration rate and are less likely to be obese or to have elevated cholesterol than school-aged children or adolescents. These findings emphasize unique aspects of childhood hypertension that should be considered when evaluating children and adolescents with elevated blood pressure and in designing future clinical trials.     

非杓型血压的临床特点及相关因素分析

目的:研究非杓型血压的临床特点和相关因素,以提高非杓型血压的知晓率和治疗率。方法:选择原发性高血压或其他心脏疾病并发原发性高血压,并排除严重并发疾病的患者。收集临床资料,并行血生化、心电图、心超等辅助检查。所有患者进行24小时动态血压监测,将夜间平均血压与白天比较,无下降者,为反杓型血压组,下降超过10%,为杓型血压组,下降不超过10%,为非杓型血压组,并分析其临床特点。结果:共55例入选,所有患者均为高血压Ⅱ级或Ⅲ级,杓型血压者19例(35%),非杓型者22例(40%),反杓型者14例(25%),广义非杓型血压共36例(占65%)。不同血压节律组间比较,年龄、冠心病史、脑卒中史、血浆尿素氮及夜间收缩压、舒张压差异有显著性。Logistic回归提示冠心病史、脑卒中史、血浆尿素氮增高为血压昼夜节律异常的影响因素。结论:住院高血压病患者中非杓型血压的发生率较高,冠心病、脑卒中、血浆尿素氮增高的患者是非杓型血压的相关因素。     

系统性硬化症相关性肺动脉高压的临床特点

目的 探讨系统性硬化症（SSc）合并肺动脉高压（PAH）的发病率、临床特点及评估指标.方法 分析本院确诊的18例系统性硬化症合并肺动脉高压的患者临床资料和诊治过程,并以同期确诊的系统性硬化症（未合并肺动脉高压）患者作为对照.结果 两组患者在性别比和年龄上并无统计学差异.但SSc合并PAH组（SSc-PAH）患者在肺动脉收缩压（sPAP）、雷诺现象发生率、肺间质性改变发生率等方面明显高于SSc组.此外,SSc-PAH组患者的RNP抗体阳性率、IgG水平显著高于对照组.结论 雷诺现象、肺间质性改变、RNP抗体、血清IgG水平与SSc患者合并PAH密切相关.这类患者应及早行心超检查,以求早期诊治,改善预后.     

OSAHS合并高血压患者的临床特征分析

目的通过对OSAHS和高血压患者分组进行临床特征分析,进一步明确其临床特点及诊治对策。方法对明确诊断为OSAHS合并高血压(组1),单纯高血压(组2)及单纯OSAHS(组3)的三组患者进行一般情况、临床症状、血脂、PSG合并症进行比较分析。结果 (1)BMI:组1较组2 P0.05(2)合并症方面,三组间在合并糖尿病、高脂血症方面无明显差异,P0.05.但组2较组1更易并发冠心病(P=0.000)。(3)临床症状和血脂方面,组1的打鼾、夜尿增多、白天嗜睡、记忆力减退、高脂血症均多于组2(P均0.05),且打鼾症状明显多于组3(P0.05)。(4)PSG监测、血压及Epworth嗜睡量表(ESS)方面,除鼾声指数和晨起血压以外,组1与组2有明显差异(P均0.05);且组1与组3的夜间最低血氧饱和度、ESS及晨起血压之间差异具有统计学意义(P均0.05)。结论 OSAHS合并高血压患者具有独特的临床特征,尤其在打鼾、夜间最低血氧饱和度和ESS等方面表现更明显。     

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高血压是心血管疾病的独立危险因素。单纯舒张期高血压(IDH),是指在标准状态下测量的收缩压<140 mmHg,同时舒张压≥90 mmHg。高血压分为三种亚型:单纯收缩期高血压(ISH)、单纯舒张期高血压(IDH)、收缩期合并舒张期高血压(SDH)。单纯舒张期高血压是一种发生率相对较低的高血压类型。然而近年来一些大型临床研究发现IDH与ISH、SDH一样已经成为心血管事件发生的独立危险因素。因此IDH越来越受到重视,了解掌握IDH的特点及治疗措施已经成为降压治疗及预防心血管疾病的重要组成部分。     

Clinical characteristics of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

<正>Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH).Methods CTEPH cases consecutively admitted into China-Japan Friendship Hospital from September 2015 to June 2019 were enrolled with prospective data collection.The medical histories,clinical characteristics,laboratory tests,imaging manifestation and hemo-     

湖南省525株非结核分枝杆菌临床分离株的菌种鉴定与流行特征

目的 对2019-2020年湖南省分离的非结核分枝杆菌(NTM)进行菌种鉴定,并分析其分布特征,为非结核分枝杆菌病的防治提供基础科学依据。方法 收集2019-2020年湖南省胸科医院疑似结核病患者分离到的分枝杆菌临床分离株,通过MPB64蛋白免疫胶体金法、PNB(对硝基苯甲酸)培养基生长试验进行结核分枝杆菌复合群和NTM鉴定,应用16S rRNA和Hsp65测序分析法对NTM菌株进行菌种鉴定。结果 共收集到6 515份分枝杆菌阳性培养物,初步鉴定为NTM共525株,占比8.06%,其中分离于男性患者285株,占比54.29%;女性患者240株,占比45.71%;人群分布以农民为主,共367株,占比69.90%;年龄分布以40岁以上中老年患者最多,共402株,占比76.57%。2019-2020年NTM菌种分布达27种,菌种分布位列前4者分别为脓肿分枝杆菌(190株,36.19%)、胞内分枝杆菌(174株,33.14%)、鸟分枝杆菌(64株,12.19%)、戈登分枝杆菌(47株,8.95%);其它50株(9.52%)包含23种NTM。脓肿分枝杆菌主要在郴州市、湘西自治州地区、衡阳市和永州市等地区流行;胞内分枝杆菌主要在郴州市、岳阳市和湘潭市流行。结论 2019-2020年湖南地区分枝杆菌中NTM检出率仍保持较高水平,以脓肿分枝杆菌、胞内分枝杆菌、鸟分枝杆菌和戈登分枝杆菌为主;感染人群以男性、中老年、农民为主。