Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A.

The distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1-5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.     

Phage types of Salmonella typhi isolated in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1970-1979.

The pattern of phage types of 2553 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated over the 10-year period 1970-9 was studied. During the period 29 different phage types were encountered, not including the categories of ''untypable strains'', ''degraded Vi-strains'' and Vi negative strains. For the period as a whole, the commonest phage types encountered were A (20.9%), E1 (14.8%), D1 (10.3%), degraded Vi positive strains (10.3%), untypable Vi strains (7.3%), C4 (7.1%), D2 (4.4%), E2 (3.9%) and type 25 (2.6%). There were phage types which appeared in the early years of the period and then disappeared (types B2, D9 and D1-N). Others only made their appearance in recent years (K1 and 53). Notable differences were also seen in the predilection of some phage types for certain geographical areas.     

rDNA fingerprinting as a tool in epidemiological analysis of Salmonella typhi infections.

Characterization of 169 strains of Salmonella typhi of phage types C1, C4, D1 and D9 isolated in 1975-88 was carried out by rDNA gene restriction pattern analysis. Twenty-four isolates had been recovered during four large waterbone outbreaks in the last 20 years in Sicily; 145 strains, isolated from apparently sporadic cases of infection in Southern Italy in the same period of time, were also examined. Application of rRNA-DNA hybridization technique after digestion of chromosomal DNA with Cla I showed the identity of patterns of the epidemic strains of phage types C1 and D1, confirming attribution of the outbreaks to single bacterial clones. Patterns of the two available strains of lysotype D9 were slightly different, whilst the 12 epidemic strains of phage type C4 could be assigned to two distinct patterns scarcely related to each other and, consequently, to two different clones. A considerable heterogeneity was detected among all apparently sporadic isolates of the four phage types under study. This fingerprinting method appears a reliable tool to complement phage typing in characterizing isolates of S. typhi. In particular, epidemiological features of spread of this salmonella serovar in areas, where simultaneous circulation of indigenous and imported strains occurs, can be elucidated.     

Insertion sequence IS200 fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi: an assessment of epidemiological applicability.

When Pst I-generated digests of genomic DNA from each of the type strains of 49 of the Vi phage types of Salmonella typhi were probed with a PCR-amplified IS200 gene probe, all strains were found to possess at least 11 IS200 elements carried on fragments in the range 24.2-1.2 kb. Fourteen fingerprints were identified but two patterns designated IS200Sty1 and IS200Sty2 predominated. In one strain, a plasmid-mediated IS200 element was identified. When IS200 fingerprinting was applied to epidemiologically-unrelated strains of S. typhi isolated in Ecuador, 3 patterns were identified in 10 strains belonging to 9 different phage types. It is concluded that Vi phage typing remains the method of choice for the primary differentiation of S. typhi but that IS200 fingerprinting may be of limited use in laboratories which do not have access to phage typing.     

Genome fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for subtyping common phage types.

The genomic DNA of 39 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from local residents and patients who had visited countries in the Asian region was analysed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic (PFGE) analysis of Xba I- and Spe I-generated genomic restriction fragments established 22 PFGE types whereas phage typing differentiated the 39 isolates into 9 distinct phage types. This study showed that PFGE is more discriminatory than phage typing as it is capable of subtyping S. typhi strains of the same phage types. Genetic relatedness among the isolates was determined. Seven major clusters were identified at SABs of > 0.80 and the remaining 13 isolates were distributed into minor clusters which were related at SABs of less than 0.80. In conclusion, PFGE analysis in conjunction with distance matrix analysis served as a useful tool for delineating common S. typhi phage types of diverse origins from different geographical locales and separated in time.     

Phage-typing of Vero-cytotoxin (VT) producing Escherichia coli O157 isolated in the United Kingdom

Vero-cytotoxin (VT) producing Escherichia coli serogroup O157 have been isolated from patients with diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). A phage-typing scheme developed in Canada has been used to type 155 VT+ E. coli O157 serogroup isolated from sporadic infections in the UK since 1983, and 48 strains from HC or HUS outbreaks. Twelve phage types were identified of which three, types 49, 51 and 52, have not been found in North America. All strains carried a 60 x 10(6) plasmid and most VT1+VT2+ strains also had a 5 x 10(6) plasmid coding for colicin D production. The majority of strains producing both VT1 and VT2 belonged to phage type 1, or the related types 4, 8 and 14. Most strains producing only VT2 belonged to types 2 or 49. Four outbreaks were included in the survey. Three had strains of a single phage type while strains from the fourth outbreak were more variable. The distribution of phage types throughout the UK showed no marked geographical variations.     

江苏省伤寒病原菌、耐药性及噬菌体分型研究

目的:开展对伤寒病原学和耐药性监测以及伤寒噬菌体的分型研究,摸清伤寒流行规律,为制定防治措施提供依据。方法:伤寒沙门菌分型用血清凝集法;药敏试验用WHO推荐的改良K—B法;噬菌体分型用96型伤寒Vi-II型噬菌体分型法。结果:血清学分型为:伤寒、副伤寒甲、副伤寒乙分别占75.1%、12.2%、0.9%,其他型占11.8%。561株伤寒杆菌噬菌体分型率为81.3%,分出25个噬菌体型,其中以D1型、M1型、D2、型J、1型、E1型为主要流行型,分别占18.6%、15.6%、15.4%、12.7%和11.0%。另外,E4、K3和32型在国内和省内为首次报道。不同年份、不同流行地区分型率以及强势噬菌体型分布不同。对磺胺甲基异噁唑、红霉素伤寒耐药菌株分别占96.5%、89.5%;而甲型副伤寒100.0%为耐药株。对复方新诺明伤寒、甲型副伤寒杆菌耐药株分别占79.4%、58.3%。M1型多重耐药现象依然严重。结论:疫情强度与强势流行株及强势株的耐药有关;伤寒沙门菌对多粘菌素B、丁胺卡那、庆大霉素、氯霉素、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、头孢他定药物敏感,其结果可供临床治疗与现场防治用药参考。     

Extended phage-typing scheme for Escherichia coli O157:H7

In Canada, the number of human isolates of verotoxigenic (VT + ve) Escherichia coli O157:H7 from diarrhoeal cases and haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemorrhagic colitis has increased from 25 in 1982 to 2384 in 1989. A total of 3273 VT + ve E. coli O157:H7 strains (3255 strains isolated in Canada and 18 isolates from other countries) were phage typed. The phage typing scheme has been extended from 14 to 62 phage types. Of these, five types occurred exclusively in other countries (type 47 in Japan; and types 49, 50, 51 and 52 in the U.K.). Thirty-five different phage types were identified in Canada; only nine of these (1, 2, 4, 8, 14, 21, 23, 31 and 32), each accounted for more than 1% of the cases from human sources. The same nine types were the only ones observed among the isolates from non-human sources (meat and slaughter houses) suggesting a food-borne transmission in most of the human cases. Phage types 1 (30.5%); 4 (21%); 8 (13.5%); 31 (8.9%) and 14 (8%) were encountered in varying frequencies in most of the provinces; infrequently occurring phage types also showed regional variation. Thirteen different phage types were identified among 151 outbreaks representing 556 isolates of E. coli O157:H7. More than one phage type were encountered in 12 outbreaks whereas in 141 outbreaks, all strains in each, had the same phage type.     

Genomic diversity within phage types of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium

The diversity among 1354 strains of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, serotype Enteritidis (n = 847) and Typhimurium (n = 507) isolated in Finland in 1991-2002 (n = 608) and in 2003 (n = 746) were studied. The former strains were studied retrospectively by phage typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) harmonized in the European Salm-gene project. The latter strains were studied prospectively, and the results correlated to their antimicrobial susceptibility and association with travel to popular tourist destinations. During both periods, S. Enteritidis phage types (PTs) PT1 and PT4, and S. Typhimurium definite types (DTs) DT1 and DT104 were the major phenotypes. SENTXB.0001 was the dominating single PFGE type among S. Enteritidis strains (40% in 1991-2002; 57% in 2003), and accounted correspondingly for 23% and 63% of the PT1 strains, and 81% and 88% of the PT4 strains. No PFGE types dominated among the S. Typhimurium strains but a correlation was found between certain phage and PFGE types: among DT1 strains, STYMXB.0098 accounted for 66% (1991-2002) and 98% (2003) and among the DT104 strains STYMXB.0001 accounted for 84% and 97% in the two time periods, respectively. Of the S. Enteritidis strains isolated in 2003, 91% were associated with travel, most commonly to Spain, Greece, and Bulgaria. SENTXB.0001 was the major Salmonella PFGE type in these countries. In contrast, most (55%) S. Typhimurium strains were of domestic origin. While only 1.3% of the S. Enteritidis strains were multiresistant and 24% were resistant to nalidixic acid only, 30% of the S. Typhimurium strains were multiresistant. Among the multiresistant S. Typhimurium strains, R-type ACSSuT and PFGE type STYMXB.0001 of the DT104 complex dominated.     

广东伤寒菌株的Vi Ⅱ噬菌体型别与药物敏感性监测

对从广东省收集的72株伤寒杆菌进行Vi Ⅱ噬菌体分型及药物敏感性测定,结果表明能明确定型的为62株(86.1%)。噬菌体分型以M₁(41.9%)、E₁(30.6%)和A(19.4%)为常见菌型。72株地方株与国家参考标准株一样,对氯霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素和多粘菌素B 100%敏感,而对另14种常用抗菌药物,则有不同程度的敏感或耐药。今昔菌株药敏特性无大变化,氯霉素等仍可作为治疗常选药物。     

Characterization of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 isolates from patients with haemolytic uraemic syndrome in Western Europe.

Fifty verocytotoxin (VT)-producing Escherichia coli (VTEC) strains of serogroup O157 were characterized by phage typing, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for VT genes and the E. coli attaching and effacing (eae) gene, and random amplified polymorphic DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) fingerprinting. The collection represented isolates obtained from patients with diarrhoea-associated haemolytic-uraemic syndrome (D+ HUS) and their family contacts, isolated in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany between 1989 and 1993. Based on isolates from separate families (n = 27) seven different phage types were identified, types 2 (44%) and 4 (33%) were predominant. Eighty-five percent of the strains contained only VT2 gene sequences and 15% both VT1 and VT2. All strains of the dominant phage types 2 and 4 carried the VT2 gene. Strains that belonged to the minor phage types 8, 14, 32 carried both VT1 and VT2 genes, with the exception of two isolates identified as phage types 49 and 54 which contained only VT2 genes. All O157 VTEC strains possessed the chromosomally-located eae gene, which indicates its usefulness as virulence marker. RAPD-PCR fingerprinting identified four distinct banding patterns, with one profile found among 79% of the strains. Based on the combined results of all typing methods used in this study, the collection of 50 O157 VTEC strains could be divided into nine distinct groups. Strains isolated from different persons within one family could not be distinguished by any of these methods. The data suggest that O157 VTEC strains are members of one clone that has become widely distributed.     

2008年-2010年上海市部分伤寒副伤寒沙门菌耐药分析及分子分型

目的:了解上海市2008年-2010年伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌的耐药及分子分型特点,初步掌握伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌的分子流行特点,为今后的防制工作提供科学依据。方法:采用WHO推荐的改良K-B纸片法,对18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌进行13种抗生素敏感性试验;运用脉冲场凝胶电泳分型(PFGE)方法对18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌进行分子分型及聚类分析。结果:18株伤寒副伤寒沙门菌对利福平100%耐药,对奈啶酸的耐药率为44.4%,其中伤寒沙门菌对奈啶酸的耐药率为37.5%,5株甲型副伤寒沙门菌对奈啶酸100%耐药,乙型副伤寒对奈啶酸无耐药株。所有菌株对其他11种抗生素均敏感;18株伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌共产生16种PGFE带型,有3株甲型副伤寒沙门菌表现为同一PFGE型别。结论:2008年-2010年伤寒、副伤寒沙门菌对抗生素的敏感性较高;甲型副伤寒沙门菌之间有较高的同源性,伤寒沙门菌的PFGE带型比较分散。     

Occurrence of phage types of non-typhoid Salmonella serovar in the Slovak Republic 2000-2003

Salmonellae of non-typhoidal serovars are the most important pathogens involved in foodborne diseases in humans all over the world. The incidence rates of two major Salmonella serovars, i.e. S. enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), in the Slovak Republic in 2000-2003 are given. Over the period studied, 829 S. Enteritidis strains and 258 S. Typhimurium strains isolated from patients with salmonellosis were investigated in the National Reference Centre for Salmonella Phage Typing. The S. Enteritidis strains were differentiated into 16 phage types, with phage type 8 being dominant since found in 73.6%, 53.8%, 62.8% and 45.6% of strains in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003, respectively. The following most frequent phage types were 4 and 13a. New phage types, i.e. 15, 5, 25 and 14b, were identified from salmonellosis outbreaks in 2003. The S. Typhimurium strains were also differentiated into 16 phage types with phage type DT104 strains being prevalent and showing an increase from 7.4% in 2000 to 44.6% in 2003; 54.2% of them were resistant and of R type ACSSut. The second most frequent phage type in 2000-2001 was 2b in 2003 DT41. The frequency of the other phage types was not epidemiologically significant.     

Subdivision of Salmonella enteritidis phage types by plasmid profile typing

Differentiation of Salmonella enteritidis by plasmid profile typing has been compared to differentiation by phage typing. Examination of the type strains of the 27 S. enteritidis phage types showed that only 11 profile patterns could be identified. Moreover, two profile patterns were found in 15 of the type strains, including those of the two most common phage types in Britain, types 4 and 8. On this basis, plasmid profile typing is not as sensitive as phage typing for the primary subdivision of S. enteritidis. When differentiation of 534 strains of the 27 phage types was attempted using plasmid profiles, variation in pattern suitable for epidemiological subdivision was found in 13 phage types and there were 9 profile patterns in strains of phage type 4. Plasmid profile typing can, therefore, be regarded as an effective adjunct to phage typing for the subdivision of S. enteritidis.     

Distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada

The distribution of Salmonella enteritidis phage types in Canada is described; 606 of 674 strains examined were of human origin. Typable strains of all sources, constituted 99.6% (671/674) of all strains examined, and were representative of 15 different phage types. Five phage types (8, 13, 4, 13a and 1) accounted for 92.4% of the total. Phage type 8 consistently showed the highest incidence in human (69.96%) and non-human (72.05%) sources and appeared to be the most common in North America. Phage type 4, the most prevalent in the UK, is infrequent in Canada (38/674). The distribution of phage types showed regional variation among infrequent phage types, whereas the common type, 8, was observed in different frequencies in all provinces. Examination of 29 outbreaks of S. enteritidis representing 254 isolates for humans revealed 5 different phage types, the highest number of outbreaks (11) were type 8. A study of these outbreaks and the animal-host-associations of the common phage types, 8 and 13, indicated that contaminated poultry appeared to be the most common source of human infection in Canada.     

Phage typing of Salmonella enteritidis isolated from clinical, food, and poultry samples in Chile]

Since 1994 an extensive epidemic of infections with Salmonella enteritidis (S. enteritidis) has affected Chile. In order to understand the diversity of infective sources, the possible origin of the epidemic, and the epidemiological relationships between clinical, food, and poultry isolates, we carried out phage typing of three groups of samples: 1) 310 S. enteritidis clinical samples collected between 1975 and 1996, 2) 47 food isolates obtained during S. enteritidis outbreaks, and 3) 27 strains isolated in surveillance studies of poultry-raising establishments. With the clinical samples, a total of 13 phage types were identified, 2 isolates could not be typed, and 1 was considered atypical. The phage types that were identified most frequently were 1 (56.8%) and 4 (31.3%), trailed by type 8 (4.8%) and type 28 (1.9%). Over time and in different regions of the country there were major changes in the distribution of the phage types. In the first years of collection the only phage types registered were 8 and 28, which disappeared around 1980 and then began reappearing sporadically in 1996. With the gradual S. enteritidis expansion that started in 1988, in the central and southern areas of the country phage type 4 began to appear; that type had not been found before in Chile. In 1991 in the northern area of the country phage type 1 began to predominate; it was another type that had not been reported before in Chile. In the food isolates the only phage types identified were 1 and 4, which were also the most common in the poultry isolates. Phage typing of S. enteritidis has proved to be useful in guiding the epidemiological analysis of the infections caused by this pathogen.     

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens in Australia

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium within the Australian chicken industry has been studied and documented on an Australia-wide and state-by-state basis. A total of 1799 strains of S. typhimurium were obtained from Australia-wide sources and phage typing categorized 1498 of these isolates into 30 distinct phage types, with the remaining 301 strains untypable. Five phage types, 6, 26, 31, 135 and 179, accounted for 76% of the total strains typed, with the remaining 24% of strains being distributed among 25 phage types. Of the major phage types, type 31 was restricted to Victoria and Western Australia, but the other types were distributed throughout Australia. In addition, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the various phage types was determined and only five of the 30 phage types showed appreciable levels of resistance.     

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium in chickens in Australia.

The distribution of specific phage types of Salmonella typhimurium within the Australian chicken industry has been studied and documented on an Australia-wide and state-by-state basis. A total of 1799 strains of S. typhimurium were obtained from Australia-wide sources and phage typing categorized 1498 of these isolates into 30 distinct phage types, with the remaining 301 strains untypable. Five phage types, 6, 26, 31, 135 and 179, accounted for 76% of the total strains typed, with the remaining 24% of strains being distributed among 25 phage types. Of the major phage types, type 31 was restricted to Victoria and Western Australia, but the other types were distributed throughout Australia. In addition, the antibiotic resistance pattern of the various phage types was determined and only five of the 30 phage types showed appreciable levels of resistance.     

江苏省M1型伤寒沙门氏菌的分子流行病学特征

选择江苏省各地１９８８～１９９７年分离到的２６株Ｍ１型伤寒菌进行ＡＰ－ＰＣＲ分析。结果２６株Ｍ１型伤寒菌被引物２２７３２、２２７３３和２２７３４共同划分为７种不同的基因型别，将菌株的基因型别与流行病学资料分析相结合，发现在江苏省伤寒呈现高强度流行的８０年代末至９０年代初，Ｍ１型菌株呈现高度的基因多态性表现，而在江苏省伤寒流行强度较低的近几年，Ｍ１型菌株的基因多态性表现则明显减弱。     

Representative Salmonella serovars isolated from poultry and poultry environments in Saudi Arabia

The authors describe the source and prevalence of pathogenic Salmonella serovars among poultry farms in Saudi Arabia. A total of 1,052 (4%) Salmonella isolates were recovered from 25,759 samples of poultry (broilers, layers, broiler breeders and layer breeders) and poultry environments (box liner, litter, drag swab, droppings, mice and feed) were examined bacteriologically between 1988 and 1997 at the Poultry Disease Laboratory at the National Agriculture and Water Research Center in Riyadh. Eleven Salmonella serogroups representing 38 different Salmonella serovars were identified by means of antigenic analysis. The majority of the 276 isolates (26.2%) of Salmonella typed, were recovered from liver, heart and intestines of the broilers and layers. The most prominent Salmonella serogroups isolated were as follows: serogroup C1 (392 isolates, 37.26%), B (289 isolates, 27.47%) and D1 (269 isolates, 25.69%). However, untypable and multiple serogroups were also encountered, the most frequent isolates serotyped belonged to groups C1 (97 isolates, 24.7%), D1 (86 isolates, 31.9%), and B (71 isolates, 24.6%). Salmonella Enteritidis (85 isolates, 98.8%), Salmonella Virchow (48 isolates, 57.8%), Salmonella Paratyphi B var. Java (41 isolates, 57.7%) and Salmonella Infantis (30 isolates, 20.6%) were distributed the most widely as all were encountered in poultry and in poultry environments. S. Enteritidis phage type 4 (30 isolates, 35.3%), was the phage type most frequently detected among group D1 phage types, while 39 (45.8%) of the isolates of S. Enteritidis could not be phage typed.