早期宫颈癌锥切治疗后肿瘤及妊娠结局的观察

目的探讨宫颈冷刀锥切术在早期宫颈癌保留生育功能治疗后的肿瘤结局和妊娠情况以及其对临床的指导价值。方法选取6个研究中心的52例保留生育功能治疗的宫颈癌患者为研究对象,收集临床资料及随访结果,对数据进行统计分析。结果①50例成功锥切的患者中,有2例ⅠA1期患者术后复发,总复发率4%（2/50）,平均复发时间20.5个月。这2例均为中分化癌并多点浸润,且有盆腔淋巴结转移;②50例患者中15例有生育要求并尝试妊娠,有7例（46%）共9人次妊娠;其中足月分娩3人次（20%）,顺产1人次、剖宫产2人次。药物流产（6周）1人次;自然流产（24周）1人次,并诊断为宫颈机能不全;早孕胎停育（8周）3人次;宫外孕1人次,平均妊娠时间术后10个月。结论宫颈冷刀锥切术用于年轻ⅠA1期宫颈癌患者安全有效,妊娠结局良好,但应局限于高分化癌患者。     

保留生育功能的根治性宫颈切除术6例临床分析

目的:探讨早期宫颈浸润癌患者根治性宫颈切除术保留生育功能的可行性.方法:2004年10月至2008年5月,我们对6例分期为Ⅰ A2～Ⅰ B1期的宫颈癌患者实施盆腔淋巴结清扫术及根治性宫颈切除术.结果:6例手术患者均获成功,随访未发现复发癌,有2例患者分别妊娠1次,但均于妊娠中期流产.结论:早期宫颈癌患者实施根治性宫颈切除术及腹腔镜盆腔淋巴结清扫术(或腹膜外盆腔淋巴结清扫术)能够保留患者的生育功能.     

286例Ⅰa1期年轻宫颈癌不同治疗方案对预后及生活质量的影响

目的:分析宫颈癌Ⅰa1期年轻患者的临床病理特点、不同治疗方案的预后及对生活质量的影响,探讨其个体化治疗的安全性。方法:回顾分析2005至2014年复旦大学附属妇产科医院收治的286例年龄≤40岁的Ⅰa1期宫颈癌患者的临床病例资料,结合手术前后病理结果,比较分析不同治疗方案的预后以及对生活质量的影响。结果:宫颈锥切或部分宫颈切除15例(5.2%),全子宫切除189例(66.1%),次广泛或广泛全子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术82例(26.7%)。随访时间(3.76±0.44)年,复发1例,无患者死亡。各手术组的预后无显著差异。切缘阳性、切缘病变类型、LVSI阳性与残余病灶呈显著相关(P0.05)。所有LEEP术后切缘阳性患者均行二次手术,其中6例保留子宫(3.9%),80例(52.6%)行全子宫切除术,66例(43.4%)行广泛/次广泛全子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结清扫术。LVSI阳性共8例,其中1例保留子宫者,随访4年未复发。行广泛/次广泛全子宫切除术者无宫旁转移和淋巴结转移发生。与子宫切除术相比,广泛/次广泛全子宫切除术后患者生活质量明显下降,表现为下肢水肿、皮肤麻木、大小便困难、性生活障碍(P0.01)。全子宫切除术后生活质量与保留生育功能者相比,无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:对于无生育要求的宫颈癌Ⅰa1期年轻患者,全子宫切除术安全有效并且有助于保护生活质量;对于有生育要求的患者,可行宫颈锥切,但需严密随访。     

改良的腹式广泛性子宫颈切除术治疗早期子宫颈癌的临床观察

目的探讨改良的腹式广泛性宫颈切除术在早期宫颈癌手术治疗中的可行性和安全性.方法 2002年10月至2004年9月,对13例Ⅰ期宫颈癌患者,施行腹式盆腔淋巴结切除术,快速冰冻病理检查证实无淋巴结转移后,行改良的腹式广泛性宫颈切除术,保留子宫体,并保持子宫动静脉的完整性.术后随访,观察其复发情况,对其中要求生育者随访其生育情况.结果 13例患者均成功地施行了改良的腹式广泛性宫颈切除术,平均手术时间158 min（135～185 min）,术中平均出血量120 ml（100～180 ml）.术后无并发症发生,平均住院时间9.7 d.随访1～24个月,无一例复发;5例有生育要求者中3例已成功妊娠,1例孕34周早产,另1例现孕16周,第3例现孕8周,妊娠经过良好.结论改良的腹式广泛性宫颈切除术安全、可行,对要求保留生育功能的早期宫颈癌患者更适宜.     

早期宫颈癌宫颈广泛性切除术的研究进展

宫颈癌是最常见的妇科恶性肿瘤之一,随着宫颈癌发病群体的年轻化,越来越多的宫颈癌患者有保留生育功能的需求。宫颈广泛性切除术已成为国际妇产科联盟（International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO）分期ⅠA2期、ⅠB1期宫颈癌患者保留生育功能的标准手术方式,在肿瘤直径>2 cm的新辅助化疗后的宫颈癌患者及妊娠合并宫颈癌患者中也有应用。宫颈广泛性切除术范围广、难度大、手术时间长,术后并发症发生率较高。手术入路、术中操作和淋巴结评估方式都可能对肿瘤预后及妊娠结局产生不同的影响。因此,寻求宫颈广泛性切除术后肿瘤学预后与生育功能之间的平衡,在保证肿瘤切除范围的同时减少不必要的组织切除与损伤,缩短手术时间,降低并发症发生概率,可以使更多接受宫颈广泛性切除术的宫颈癌患者获益。     

子宫颈冷刀锥切术在子宫颈癌诊断和治疗中的作用

【摘要】 目的 探讨宫颈冷刀锥切术对宫颈癌的诊断价值及治疗作用。方法 回顾性分析2008年1月至2016年9月于北京大学人民医院行宫颈冷刀锥切术1 292例患者中术后病理诊断为宫颈癌的125例患者的临床资料。结果 ① 125例宫颈癌患者中,鳞状细胞癌116例（92.8%）,其中ⅠA1期77例,ⅠA2期5例,ⅠB1期34例;腺癌为7例（5.6%）,其中ⅠA1期3例,ⅠA2期2例,ⅠB1期2例（1例合并宫颈鳞癌ⅠB1期）;宫颈神经内分泌癌和宫颈腺样基底细胞癌ⅠA1期各1例（0.8%,1/125）。② 77例ⅠA1期宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者中,41例（53.2%）接受了全子宫切除术,术后病理14例（34.2％,14/41）有病灶残留,其中HSIL 13例（9例CIN2,4例CIN3）,鳞状细胞癌1例;1例ⅠA1期宫颈腺癌接受了全子宫切除术。36例（46.8%）有生育要求的ⅠA1期鳞状细胞癌患者中,2例术后切缘为CIN2,2例术后切缘为CIN3,患者均拒绝再次手术。随访23~52个月,未见明显异常。43例ⅠA2期以上患者接受了宫颈癌根治术。已手术的85例患者除2例失访外,1例宫颈鳞癌ⅠA1期术后8年复发,其余未发现异常。结论 宫颈冷刀锥切术在宫颈癌的诊断和治疗中具有重要价值,对宫颈锥切术切缘阳性且无生育要求的ⅠA1期宫颈鳞状细胞癌患者可行子宫切除术,对宫颈锥切术切缘阴性者可保留子宫但需严密随访。     

腹腔镜根治性宫颈切除术治疗早期宫颈癌的妊娠结局

目的：评估早期年轻宫颈癌患者在腹腔镜下保留生育功能的根治性宫颈切除术（LRT）后的妊娠结局。方法：回顾性分析2006年4月—2013年12月武汉大学人民医院收治的早期宫颈癌患者行LRT的临床资料,妊娠结局的数据从患者的病历记录和电话回访中获得。结果：纳入22例成功行LRT的患者,中位年龄32岁（22～40岁）,LRT后的平均随访时间是28个月（3～82个月）。手术后所有患者均恢复月经,其中20例月经规律（90.9%）,2例月经不规律（9.1%）。5例患者出现宫颈管狭窄（22.7%）,主要表现为月经规律但经量减少,出现痛经。些患者采取了宫颈管扩张术。12例患者在术后试图妊娠,其中7例妊娠了11次（其中3次流产,6次早产和2次足月产）。12例患者中的7例生产了6例健康婴儿。LRT术后的妊娠率是58.3%（7/12）。自然流产率和活产率分别是27.3%（3/11）和72.7%（8/11）,早产率是54.5%（6/11）。结论：LRT术后患者的妊娠率和活产率是很有前途的;然而其早产率也明显增高;宫颈狭窄发生比例较低。     

腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除+阴式广泛宫颈切除术治疗早期宫颈癌16例临床效果及妊娠结局的观察分析

目的:探讨年轻宫颈癌保留生育功能患者行腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除+阴式广泛宫颈切除术(VRT)后的临床效果及妊娠结局。方法:选择2011年1月至2015年12月就诊于宁夏医科大学总医院行腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除+VRT的早期宫颈癌患者16例(VRT组),同期30例早期宫颈癌行腹腔镜下广泛子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除术(LRH)患者作为对照(LRH组),对比观察两种手术的的临床效果;随访16例患者的累积妊娠率及妊娠结局。结果:两组在年龄、临床分期、病理分化程度、淋巴血管间隙受侵、鳞癌抗原表达、手术时间、术后发热率、术后并发症以及术后复发等指标上差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。VRT组术中出血量、术后住院天数明显优于LRH组(P0.05)。16例腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除+VRT术后1年妊娠12例,累积妊娠次数15次;1年足月产4例次(33.3%),流产11例次(73.3%)。结论:对年轻宫颈癌患者,腹腔镜下盆腔淋巴结切除+VRT手术可达到与广泛子宫切除术+盆腔淋巴结切除术同样临床效果,同时可保留生育功能,但需提高妊娠率及生殖预后。     

根治性宫颈切除术后随访及其与妊娠相关问题

根治性宫颈切除术对于患有早期宫颈癌需保留生育功能的年轻患者是一个新的里程碑。随着术式的成熟,术后随访、产科结局也更加成为关注的热点。文章综合国内外文献,对术后随访、妊娠结局及妊娠指导进行阐述。     

广泛性子宫颈切除手术途径之探讨

广泛性子宫颈切除术（radical trachelectomy，RT）是一种可以保留患者生育能力的治疗早期子子宫颈癌的手术方式，该手术可以通过阴道、开腹或者腹腔镜来完成，但不同的手术途径适应证不同，对患者的肿瘤预后以及生育结局的影响不尽相同。对于早期子宫颈癌肿瘤直径＜2 cm的患者，3种手术途径具有相同的肿瘤预后，但是经阴道及腹腔镜子宫颈广泛切除的妊娠率明显高于开腹术后的妊娠率。对于肿瘤直径2～4 cm的患者，可以直接进行开腹子宫颈广泛切除，或者选择进行新辅助化疗待肿瘤直径缩小后进行经阴道或者腹腔镜子宫颈广泛切除同样也是安全有效的     

Fertility-sparing radical abdominal trachelectomy for cervical carcinoma: technique and review of the literature

OBJECTIVES: Radical trachelectomy has emerged as a reasonable fertility-sparing operation for selected patients with stage I cervical cancer. The purpose of this report is to describe our technique of radical abdominal trachelectomy, a fertility-sparing operation in women with cervical cancer, and review the current literature on this procedure. METHODS: A review of a prospectively maintained database of all fertility-sparing radical trachelectomy procedures performed at our institution. RESULTS: Between 11/01 and 3/06, we performed a total of 42 fertility-preserving radical trachelectomies with pelvic lymphadenectomy for women with invasive cervical cancer. We had previously reported on 2 pediatric abdominal trachelectomies, which are excluded from this report. Five of the remaining 40 cases had undergone a radical abdominal trachelectomy, and 35 cases were performed laparoscopically with a radical vaginal approach. The characteristics of the 5 adult patients who underwent abdominal radical trachelectomy included stage IB1 disease in all cases, a mean age of 36 years (range, 33-39), and a mean estimated blood loss of 280 ml (range, 50-400); 1 patient with squamous cell carcinoma needed completion radical hysterectomy at the time of trachelectomy due to disease extending into the endometrium, and 1 patient needed postoperative chemoradiation due to a positive parametrial lymph node. The remaining 3 patients resumed normal menstruation postoperatively. All patients remain disease-free at the time of this report. The only remaining uterine blood supply in these patients are the utero-ovarian vessels. There were no postoperative complications, and transurethral Foley catheters were removed in all cases within 2 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Radical abdominal trachelectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy is a feasible operation for selected women with stage I cervical cancer who desire to preserve reproductive function. Menstruation and reproductive function may be preserved after bilateral uterine vessel ligation. The procedure expands the inclusion criteria of radical vaginal trachelectomy to patients with distorted cervicovaginal anatomy in which the vaginal approach may not be feasible.     

Less radical fertility-sparing surgery than radical trachelectomy in early cervical cancer

The purpose of this pilot study was to determine feasibility and safety of a novel and less radical fertility-preserving surgery; laparoscopic lymphadenectomy with sentinel lymph node identification (SLNI) followed by large cone or simple trachelectomy. Obstetrical and oncologic outcomes were evaluated. Twenty-six patients (6-IA2, 20-IB1) selected on basis of favorable cervical tumor characteristics and the desire to maintain fertility underwent laparoscopic SLNI, frozen section (FS), and a complete pelvic lymphadenectomy as first step of treatment. All of nodes were submitted for microscopic evaluation (sentinel nodes for ultramicrostaging). After a 7-day interval, large cone or simple vaginal trachelectomy was performed in patients with negative nodes. The average of sentinel nodes per side was 1.50 and the average of total nodes was 28.0. Four FS were positive (15.4%). In these cases, Wertheim radical hysterectomy type III was immediately performed. We had no false-negative SLN neither on FS nor on final pathology assessment. Median follow-up was 49 months (18-84). One central recurrence (isthmic part of uterus) was observed 14 months after surgery. This patient was treated with radical chemoradiotherapy, and there was no evidence of the disease 36 months after treatment. Fifteen women planned pregnancy, 11 women became pregnant (15 pregnancies), and 7 women delivered eight children (one in 24 weeks, one in 34 weeks, one in 36 weeks, and five between 37 and 39 weeks). We conclude that lymphatic mapping and SLNI improves safety in this fertility sparing surgery. Large cone or simple trachelectomy combined with laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy can be a feasible method with a high successful pregnancy rate.     

早期宫颈癌患者保留生育功能的治疗策略研究进展

广泛全子宫切除术和盆腔淋巴结切除术仍然是年轻早期宫颈癌患者治疗的常规术式,患者因此丧失生育能力。本文针对国内外最新研究进展,回顾性分析宫颈癌根治术后宫旁、阴道旁及淋巴结转移情况,发现早期宫颈癌患者中仅27%存在淋巴结转移,并对前哨淋巴结切除术的临床应用前景以及为保留生育功能而进行“最小而有效的”手术治疗方式的研究现状进行总结讨论。前哨淋巴结切除术可提高术中诊断淋巴结转移与否的准确度,减少不必要的过度治疗,目前有替代盆腔淋巴结切除术的趋势。目前保留生育功能的手术主要有6种术式,即扩大宫颈锥切术、单纯宫颈切除术、经阴道广泛性宫颈切除术、开腹广泛性宫颈切除术、腹腔镜下广泛性宫颈切除术和机器人辅助腹腔镜下广泛性宫颈切除术。对于病灶＞2 cm的患者,推荐先行新辅助化疗（NACT）3~4个疗程后,再结合妇科检查及影像学证据,选择宫颈切除范围和具体术式。     

Radical vaginal trachelectomy as a fertility-sparing procedure in women with early-stage cervical cancer-cumulative pregnancy rate in a series of 123 women

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the fertility rates, complications and recurrences in a group of women who have undergone radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. DESIGN: An observational series. SETTING: A Gynaecological Oncology Centre. POPULATION: One hundred and twenty-three consecutive women who underwent radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for early-stage cervical cancer. METHODS: Data were collected prospectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Complications, recurrences, pregnancies and live births are presented as percentages of the total population. Fertility is presented as a 5-year cumulative rate, with women attempting to conceive as the denominator. RESULTS: A total of 123 women were followed up for an average of 45 months. Eleven (8.9%) had completion treatment (two radical hysterectomies and nine chemoradiotherapy) at the time of initial treatment. There were three recurrences (2.7%) among the women who did not have completion treatment and two (18.2%) in those who did. There were 6 perioperative and 26 postoperative complications. Sixty-three women attempted pregnancy. There were 55 pregnancies in 26 women and 28 live births in 19. Three women had continuing pregnancies. The 5-year cumulative pregnancy rate among women trying to conceive was 52.8%. All but two women were delivered by classical caesarean section and seven (25.0%) babies were born at 31+6 weeks or less. CONCLUSIONS: For selected women with early-stage cervical cancer, radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy are fertility-sparing options, with a low incidence of recurrence and acceptable cumulative conception rates. Complications are few, although there is a high premature labour and miscarriage rate among pregnant women.     

Radical vaginal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy for preservation of fertility in early cervical carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine our experience with radical vaginal trachelectomy in women with early cervical cancers who desire to maintain fertility. METHODS: Women who underwent radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy over a 6-year period are the basis of this report. Subjects were selected for this treatment on the basis of favorable cervical tumors and a desire to maintain fertility. All subjects were informed that this therapy did not represent standard treatment for early stage cervical cancer. Obstetrical and oncologic outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Twenty-one women underwent this procedure. The median age was 30 years (range 23-41); 14 were nulligravid and 16 were nulliparous. Mean tumor diameter was 1.1 cm (range 0.3-3.0). Mean operative time was 318 min, with a mean blood loss of 293 cc, and average hospital stay was 3 days. Three patients had transient neuropathy postoperatively. No patient required laparotomy. Two patients had completion of radical vaginal hysterectomy for an inability to clear the cancer with trachelectomy and 1 had postoperative radiation for high-risk features on final pathology. With an average follow-up of 31.5 months, there have been no recurrences. Three women have become pregnant: 1 woman delivered twins at 24 weeks, 1 woman delivered a singleton at term, and 1 patient had rupture of membranes and chorioamnionitis at 20 weeks gestation. CONCLUSIONS: Radical vaginal trachelectomy with pelvic lymphadenectomy permits preservation of fertility in selected patients. To date, with more than 150 cases reported in the literature, recurrence rates are comparable to those seen with radical hysterectomy.     

Abdominal radical trachelectomy: a new surgical technique for the conservative management of cervical carcinoma

Traditionally radical hysterectomy has formed the mainstay of treatment for early stage cervical carcinoma. More recently radical trachelectomy and laparoscopic lymphadenectomy have been introduced to allow preservation of fertility. We present a new approach to fertility-sparing surgery, namely abdominal radical trachelectomy. The technique is similar to a standard radical hysterectomy and lymphadenectomy. In our technique the ovarian vessels are not ligated and, following lymphadenectomy and skeletonisation of the uterine arteries, the cervix, parametrium and vaginal cuff are excised. The residuum of the cervix is then sutured to the vagina and the uterine ateries re-anastomosed.     

保留生育功能的宫颈癌手术选择注意事项及术后生育问题

随着早期宫颈浸润癌的发病逐渐年轻化,保留生育功能的宫颈癌根治术日益受到关注。目前根治性宫颈切除术可以选择经阴道、腹式、经腹腔镜和机器人等手术途径。文章对各种不同手术方式的特点、手术指征、一些关键技术和术后生育问题进行阐述。     

Radical abdominal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine conservation and subsequent pregnancy in the treatment of early invasive cervical cancer

BACKGROUND: Recently, pregnancies in patients after radical vaginal trachelectomy and laparoscopic pelvic lymphadenectomy have been reported. Radical abdominal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine conservation has been previously described; however, subsequent outcome and pregnancy has not. METHODS: Three patients with cervical carcinoma, 1 with stage IA1 with lymph-vascular space invasion and 2 with stage IA2, were treated with radical abdominal trachelectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy with uterine conservation. RESULTS: All patients underwent the planned procedure with no significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. All patients had return to normal menstrual function. One patient had a successful pregnancy delivered at 39 weeks by cesarean section and is now subsequently pregnant with a second pregnancy. CONCLUSION: Radical abdominal trachelectomy is a technically feasible operation that uses operative techniques familiar to the American-trained gynecologic oncologist and results in wider parametrial resection than radical vaginal trachelectomy. In young patients desiring to retain fertility, successful pregnancies after radical abdominal trachelectomy are possible. Intraoperative and postoperative complications are likely to be lower with an abdominal versus a vaginal approach. Long-term survival of patients treated with radical trachelectomy for early invasive cervical cancer are yet to be determined.