反流性疾病问卷在胃食管反流病诊断中的价值

目的 探讨以反流症状为主的问卷调查(RDQ)在诊断胃食管反流病(GERD)中的价值。方法 上海、北京等10家医院多中心研究，对128例有烧心、胸骨后疼痛、反酸、反食等四种消化道症状的患者，按症状程度与发作频率为记分标准(5级记分制)，最高分可达40分，取症状6分以上为人选患者，以内镜检查有否反流性食管炎(RE)及24h食管pH检测为诊断(3ERE)的金标准，并与RDQ分值进行比较，计算出诊断GERD的临界值。结果 RDQ分值与RE严重程度呈正相关，食管pH检测异常组DeMeester积分显著高于正常组(20．18／16．84)。以RDQ分值12为临界值，Youden指数最大，ROC曲线下面积(Az)为0．71，对GERD诊断阳性符合率达88．07％，阴性符合率为68．42％，敏感度为94．12％，特异度为50．00％。结论 RDQ调查是诊断GERD的一个良好的筛选试验。     

胃食管反流病的症状诊断

胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease.GERD)是常见病.在西方人群,每周出现烧心和/或反酸等胃食管反流症状者高达20%[1].近年来,GERD在亚洲的发病率呈上升趋势[2],我国部分地区胃食管反流症状的发生率也高达10%以上.     

胃食管反流检查方法对胃食管反流病的诊断价值

评估不同的诊断方法在胃食管反流病诊断中的价值。对135全角典型胃食管反流症状,并经内镜证实有下段食管炎的患者X线钡餐确定反流,核素显像测定反流,24小时食管内pH监测,LESP测定及Losec实验性治疗。结果显示：X线钡餐检查27例,9例阳性,阳性率为30．3％,核素显像9例,7例阳性,阳性率77．7％;食管内24小时pH监测72例,53例阳性,阳性率73．61％;LESP测定25例,10例阳性,阳性率40％;56例行Losec试验性治疗,有效54例,阳性率96．4％。本研究结果表明：在所有的检查方法中,Losec试验性治疗阳性率最高,且不需特殊设备及操作技能,可作为临床上诊断本病的有效方法。食管内24小时pH 和核素显像测定胃食管反流阳性率近似,但后者设备昂贵,仅适用于有胃食管反流疾病的儿童,食管内24小时pH监测敏感性高,不失为诊断胃食管反流疾病的可靠指标。     

胃食管反流病问卷对胃食管反流病的诊断价值

目的 评价胃食管反流病问卷(GerdQ)在胃食管反流病(GERD)患者中的诊断价值,初步探讨中国GERD人群的症状特点.同时探索一种适合中国人群的质子泵抑制剂(PPI)试验的诊断标准.方法 在全国五家医院进行多中心研究.所有入组患者填写GerdQ问卷表.以胃镜检查、24 h食管pH监测和PPI试验其中任何一项阳性作为GERD的诊断标准,评价GerdQ的诊断价值.以拟定PPI试验诊断标准与胃镜和食管pH监测的诊断相比较,并优化PPI试验的诊断标准.结果 拟定PPI试验诊断的敏感度为0.6627,特异度为0.4872.经统计分析,以PPI治疗1周最后3 d烧心、反流症状总评分较治疗前相比下降3分为优化PPI试验诊断标准,诊断的敏感度为0.3787,特异度为0.8077,阳性预测值为0.8101,阴性预测值为0.3750,Youden指数最大为0.1864.经人群矫正,GerdQ取临界值为10分时,Youden指数达到最大0.1080,诊断的敏感度为0.6690,特异度为0.4390.50岁以上女性患者随着评分的增高,问卷诊断价值下降.结论 GerdQ具有肯定的诊断价值.但在临床工作中,对特殊人群中症状突出而PPI诊断性治疗反应不佳的患者,GERD的诊断应慎重.PPI试验的评分以治疗1周最后3 d为佳.     

十二指肠胃食管反流在胃食管反流病中的作用

目的　研究十二指肠胃食管反流 (DGER)在胃食管反流病发病机制中的作用及其对非糜烂性反流病 (NERD)的诊断价值。方法　 95例患者根据内镜检查的结果分为反流性食管炎和NERD组 ,对其均进行 2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测。 结果　反流性食管炎患者DGER的各项指标 :吸光度值 >0 14时间百分比 (% )、总反流次数和反流 >5min的次数分别为 19 0 5± 2 3 4 4、30 5 6±34 0 4和 5 90± 6 37,均显著高于NERD组相应的 7 2 6± 11 0 8、15 6 8± 2 0 92和 2 5 9± 3 5 7(P <0 0 5 ) ,而酸反流差异无显著性 ,随着反流性食管炎的程度加重DGER发生率增高 ;18 2 %的NERD患者存在单纯DGER ,联合胆汁监测可使NERD诊断阳性率由 6 5 9%升高到 84 1%。结论　DGER可以单独发生 ,在引起反流性食管黏膜损伤或症状方面都有作用 ,2 4h食管 pH和胆汁联合监测有助于NERD的诊断。     

胃食管反流病的诊断方法进展

胃食管反流病（gastroesophagealrefluxdis—ease,GERD）是指胃、十二指肠内容物反流人食管引起的临床症状及食管炎症的一种疾病。临床上主表现为烧心、胸骨后疼痛及反酸等,严重病例可并发吞咽困难、上消化出血、Barrett食管（BE）和食管腺癌等。该病在欧美国家比较常见,约20％的社区人群每周都有典型的反流症状。在亚洲,各国报道的发病率不同,但也有逐渐上升的趋势。现在对GERD的诊断方法有很多种,包括症状学诊断、上消化道内镜诊断、影像学诊断、食管测压、食管pH及阻抗监测、实验性治疗诊断、胃食管反流病问卷（GerdQ）诊断、组织学诊断、唾液胃蛋白酶检测等。现将其进展综述如下。     

胃食管反流病

患者：男,58岁。主诉：反酸烧心5年余。 1．病例特点介绍患者诉近5年来间断出现反酸、烧心、胸骨后不适,近期症状加重．故就诊,     

胃食管反流病的鉴别诊断

前已述及 ,GERD的典型临床表现为反酸、烧心、反胃、胸痛等 ,临床诊断多无困难。当患者出现胸痛或吞咽困难时 ,由于其对冠心病或食管癌有恐惧心理 ,注意力多集中在胸痛或吞咽困难症状上 ,故往往忽视其反流症状的病史。另外 ,当食管防御能力正常而其他部位低下时 ,即使病理性反流存在 ,仍不至于产生反流性食管炎的临床症状 ,但却可造成呼吸道及咽喉部炎症而产生相应的临床表现 ,患者多因此到呼吸科或耳鼻喉科就诊。因此 ,临床医生必须熟悉 GERD的各种临床表现 ,仔细询问病史 ,配合必要的检查手段 ,认真分析病情 ,以免误诊误治。1　胸痛的…     

胃食管反流病的诊断

胃内容物 (包括十二指肠液 )反流入食管产生症状或并发症时 ,称为 GERD。酸 (碱 )反流导致的食管粘膜破损称为反流性食管炎 (RE)。 GERD广义地包括了食管粘膜破损或无破损。因此 ,可分为内镜阳性 GERD和内镜阴性 GERD,内镜检查食管粘膜有破损者为 RE。1　诊断原则诊断 GERD应基于以下因素 :1胃食管症状和 (或 )不典型表现 ;2内镜下有 RE,但应排除继发性 RE,如十二指肠溃疡合并幽门梗阻、上消化道梗阻合并呕吐、胃泌素瘤等 ;3有病理性 GERD的客观证据或引起病理性 GERD的病理生理基础 ,如钡餐检查有明显钡反流、食管裂孔疝、p…     

老年胃食管反流病的流行病学及诊断新概念

1老年胃食管反流病的流行病学特征 胃食管反流病(gastroesophageal reflux disease,GERD)可发生于所有年龄的人,以中老年人最常就医.其并发症的发生率因性别、种族不同而有差异,与非白种人相比,白种人Barrett食管和食管癌的发病率高出数倍.男性食管炎的发病率要比女性高1倍,Barrett食管(食管鳞状上皮细胞被胃上皮细胞取代)高10倍以上.     

Laryngopharyngeal reflux in patients with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux disease

Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has been extensively studied in patients with laryngeal signs and symptoms, gastroesophageal reflux being identified in approximately 50%. Few studies have investigated the incidence and significance of LPR in GERD patients. Two-hundred and seventy-six consecutive patients referred with symptoms of gastroesophageal reflux had dual probe 24 h pH, esophageal manometry, GERD and ENT questionnaires. LPR was defined as at least three pharyngeal reflux events less than pH 5.0 with corresponding esophageal reflux, but excluding meal periods. Fourty-two percent of patients were positive for LPR on 24 h pH monitoring and 91.3% corresponded with an abnormal esophageal acid score. Distal esophageal acid exposure was significantly greater (P < 0.001) in patients with LPR but symptoms of GERD and regurgitation scores showed no significant differences between patients with positive and negative LPR on 24 h pH. There was no significant difference between the incidence of LPR in patients with or without laryngeal symptoms. There is a high incidence of LPR in patients with GERD but its significance for laryngeal symptoms is tenuous. Fixed distance dual probe pH monitoring allows documentation of conventional esophageal reflux and LPR.     

The proton pump inhibitor test and the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux disease

There continues to be significant controversy related to diagnostic testing for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Symptoms of GERD may be associated with physiologic esophageal acid exposure measured by intraesophageal pH monitoring or pH-impedance monitoring, and a significant percentage of patients with abnormal esophageal acid (or weak acid) exposure have no or minimal clinical symptoms of reflux. On the other hand, endoscopic lesions are only present in a minority of GERD patients. In clinical practice, presumptive diagnosis of GERD is reasonably assumed by the substantial reduction or elimination of suspected reflux symptoms during the therapeutic trial of acid reduction therapy, the so-called proton pump inhibitor (PPI) test. We aimed to assess the optimal cutoff value and duration of this test in GERD patients with and without esophagitis. We conducted a prospective study of 544 patients, endoscopically investigated and treated for 2 weeks with PPIs at double dose, and for an additional 3 months at standard dose. The status of the patient at the end of the study was used as an independent diagnostic standard. We found esophagitis present in 55.8% and absent in 44.2% of patients (corresponding to a diagnosis of nonerosive reflux disease [NERD]). The test was positive in 89.7–97.8% of the patients according to the cutoff or duration of the test used. The sensitivity of the PPI test was excellent, ranging from 95.5 to 98.8%, whereas the specificity was poor, not exceeding 36.3%. Erosive esophagitis patients responded more favorably to the PPI test and subsequent PPI therapy compared with NERD patients. In conclusion, the PPI test is a sensitive but less specific test. Its optimal duration is 1 week, and the optimal cutoff value is a decrease of heartburn score of more than 75%. NERD patients respond less satisfactorily to PPIs, even when functional heartburn patients are excluded and only ‘true’ NERD patients are considered.     

Extraesophageal gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are not more frequently associated with proximal esophageal reflux than typical GERD symptoms

Extraesophageal (EE) symptoms such as cough and throat clearing are common in patients referred for reflux testing, but are less commonly associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Patients with reflux associated EE symptoms often lack typical GERD symptoms of heartburn and regurgitation. Our aim was to compare the frequency of proximal esophageal reflux between esophageal (typical) symptoms and EE (atypical) symptoms. Combined multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH (MII‐pH) tracings were blinded by an investigator so that symptom markers were relabeled with a number without disclosure of symptom type. We selected 40 patients with at least five reflux‐related symptom events for one of four symptoms (heartburn, regurgitation, cough, or throat clearing). A blinded investigator analyzed all 200 reflux episodes, reporting the proximal esophageal extent of the reflux for all symptoms. The percentage of symptom‐related reflux extending proximally to 17 cm above the LES was similar among all four symptom types. At least 50% of all symptoms were associated with proximal esophageal reflux to 17 cm, with regurgitation having the highest frequency at 60%. Our data indicate that EE symptoms are not more frequently associated with proximal esophageal reflux than typical esophageal symptoms.     

Relevance of sleep disturbance to the integrity and characteristics of secondary peristalsis in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease

Objective: Sleep disturbance is common in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Secondary peristalsis is important for clearance of the refluxate from the esophagus. We aimed to test the hypothesis whether secondary peristalsis is impaired in GERD patients with sleep disturbance.

Methods: Secondary peristalsis was stimulated with slow and rapid air injections into mid-esophagus in 8 age-matched health controls and 41 patients with GERD. Sleep disturbance was assessed by the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Objective sleep measures were assessed by ambulatory actigraphy.

Results: The threshold volume for inducing secondary peristalsis during slow air injection was significantly higher in GERD patients with sleep disturbance than healthy controls (14.3?±?1.2 vs. 8.9?±?0.5?mL, p?<?.05). GERD patients with sleep disturbance had higher threshold volume of secondary peristalsis during rapid air injection than GERD patients without sleep disturbance (5.1?±?0.4 vs. 3.9?±?0.2?mL, p?<?.05) and healthy controls (5.1?±?0.4 vs. 3.6?±?0.2?mL, p?<?.05). There was a negative correlation between PSQI score and peristaltic frequency during rapid air injection (r?=??.39, p?=?.01). Secondary peristaltic amplitude during rapid air injection was negatively correlated with wake after sleep onset (r?=??.34, p?=?.04).

Conclusions: Sleep disturbance is associated with secondary peristaltic response to distension-induced esophageal stimulation in patients with GERD. Our study suggests that sleep disturbance per se may adversely influence the effectiveness of esophageal peristalsis and bolus clearance during sleep in patients with GERD.     

Effect of baclofen on gastric acid pocket in subjects with gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms

Postprandial gastroesophageal reflux (PGER) in the distal esophagus (DE) is associated with a gastric juice ‘acid pocket’ (AP). Baclofen reduces AP extension into the DE in healthy volunteers, in part through increased lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. We aimed to verify whether baclofen also affects postprandial AP location and extent in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients. Thirteen treatment‐naive heartburn‐prevalent GERD patients underwent two AP studies, after pretreatment with baclofen 40 mg or placebo 30 minutes preprandially. We performed pH‐probe stepwise pull‐throughs (PT) (1 cm/min, LES ?10 to +5 cm) before and every 30 minutes from 30 minutes before up to 150 minutes after a test meal. After the meal, both after placebo and baclofen, gastric pH significantly dropped at 30, 60, 90 minutes postprandially (P: nadir pHs of 3.9 ± 0.6, 2.3 ± 0.6, 2.1 ± 0.4; B: nadir pHs of 2.5 ± 0.4, 2.8 ± 0.4, 2.5 ± 0.3; all P < 0.05). After placebo, LES pressure decreased at 60, 90 and 120 minutes postprandially (32.7 ± 6.1 vs. 24.5 ± 3.1, 27.3 ± 5.9, 27.3 ± 6.0 mmHg; analysis of variance [ANOVA], P = 0.037), but this was prevented by baclofen (25.4 ± 3.4 vs. 29.4 ± 2, 32.2 ± 1.4, 35.5 ± 1.7 mmHg, ANOVA, P = not significant (NS)). Baclofen did not significantly decrease the postprandial AP extent above the LES but prevented the postprandial increase in transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations (TLESRs) (preprandial vs. postprandial, placebo: 1.1 ± 0.3 vs. 3.7 ± 0.7, P < 0.05; baclofen: 1.4 ± 0.4 vs. 2 ± 0.5, P = NS). In GERD patients, baclofen significantly increases postprandial LES pressure, prevents the increase TLESRs but, unlike in healthy volunteers, does not affect AP extension into the DE.     

Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient

This article reviews the known pathophysiological mechanisms of comorbid gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in the diabetic patient, discusses therapeutic options in care, and provides an approach to its evaluation and management. We searched for review articles published in the past 10 years through a PubMed search using the filters diabetes mellitus, GERD, pathophysiology, and management. The search only yielded a handful of articles, so we independently included relevant studies from these review articles along with related citations as suggested by PubMed. We found diabetic patients are more prone to developing GERD and may present with atypical manifestations. A number of mechanisms have been proposed to elucidate the connection between these two diseases. Studies involving treatment options for comorbid disease suggest conflicting drug–drug interactions. Currently, there are no published guidelines specifically for the evaluation and management of GERD in the diabetic patient. Although there are several proposed mechanisms for the higher prevalence of GERD in the diabetic patient, this complex interrelationship requires further research. Understanding the pathophysiology will help direct diagnostic evaluation. In our review, we propose a management algorithm for GERD in the diabetic patient.     

Psychological modulation in patients surgically intervened for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been related with certain psychological dimensions. The influence of mood, emotional intelligence, and perceived quality of life on clinical symptoms and outcome of antireflux surgery was evaluated in GERD patients with and without hiatal hernia. The study included 61 patients who were diagnosed with GERD between 2003 and 2008: 16 of them without hiatal hernia (group A) and 45 of them with hiatal hernia (group B). All of these patients had undergone laparoscopic antireflux surgery. Patients were clinically examined and evaluated with the following instruments: Short Form (SF)‐36 Health Survey, Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression (HAD) Scale, and Trait Meta‐Mood Scale (TMMS)‐24. Proportions were compared by using the chi‐squared test; averages were compared by using the Student's t‐test (with Bonferroni's correction). In general, our patients intervened for GERD showed results lower than normal or close to the lower limit of normal in the administered tests. Patients in the group without hernia were younger (P < 0.001) and with lower American Society of Anaesthesiologists risk. They showed higher scores in the SF‐36 dimensions: Physical Functioning, Physical Role and Emotional Role, and lower scores in the Social Role (P < 0.001). They showed lower scores in the Emotional dimension of Gastrointestinal Quality of Life Index (P = 0.0068) and worse results in the Hospital Anxiety and Depression subscales of Anxiety (P < 0.001) and Depression (not significant). Men in the group without hernia showed higher scores than men in the group with hernia in the TMMS subscales corresponding to Emotional Clarity and Emotional Repair (P < 0.001). Women in the group with hernia showed higher scores than women in the group without hernia regarding Emotional Clarity (P = 0.0012). GERD patients showed poor results in all the tests, and patients without hiatal hernia compared with patients with hernia showed higher levels of anxiety, which interfered with their social life. Moreover, they showed lower tolerance to stress and higher frustration, fear, and worry. On the basis of such unfavorable phychoemotional results observed with GERD patients (especially those without hernia) in the different tests, we propose that improving our knowledge of the psychological profile of GERD patients – particularly those without hiatal hernia – could help in designing individualized medical and psychological therapies and increase success rates.     

Effect of gluten-free diet on preventing recurrence of gastroesophageal reflux disease-related symptoms in adult celiac patients with nonerosive reflux disease

Background and Aim:  In Celiac Disease (CD) the role of a gluten-free diet (GFD) on gastroesophageal reflux disease–related symptoms (GERD-rs) is unclear. The aim of this study was to establish the recurrence of GERD-rs, in CD patients with nonerosive reflux disease (NERD).
Methods:  From a total of 105 adult CD patients observed, 29 who presented with the NERD form were enrolled in the study. Thirty non-CD patients with NERD were studied as controls. Recurrence of GERD-rs was clinically assessed at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months follow-up (FU) after withdrawal of initial proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment for 8 weeks.
Results:  GERD-rs were resolved in 25 (86.2%) CD patients and in 20 (66.7%) controls after 8 weeks of PPI treatment. In the CD group, recurrence of GERD-rs was found in five cases (20%) at 6 months but in none at 12, 18, and 24 months while in the control group recurrence was found in six of 20 controls (30%), in another six (12/20, 60%), in another three (15/20, 75%), and in another two (17/20, 85%) at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months FU respectively.
Conclusions:  The present study is the first to have evaluated the effect of a GFD in the nonerosive form of GERD in CD patients, by means of clinical long-term follow-up, suggesting that GFD could be a useful approach in reducing GERD symptoms and in the prevention of recurrence.