Salmonella serotypes isolated from man in Malaysia over the 10-year period 1973-1982.

The results of serotyping of 10 953 salmonella isolates from humans over a 10-year period, 1973-82 at the Bacteriology Division, Institute for Medical Research, Malaysia are presented. A total of 104 serotypes from 22 ''O'' groups were encountered; 95 isolates were considered untypable. The three most predominant serotypes, namely Salmonella typhi, S. typhimurium and S. weltevreden together accounted for 54.1% of all isolates whilst the 25 most frequent serotypes accounted for 93.6% of the total. Whilst the commoner serotypes occurred regularly throughout the study period, the rarer ones tended to appear only in one year, when they might be associated with an outbreak, and never again. The pattern of serotypes, though quite similar to the one seen in neighbouring Singapore, is different from those experienced in other places such as Hong Kong, Jakarta, Bangladesh and Manchester.     

Epidemiology of varicella in Slovenia over a 20-year period (1979-98)

Varicella is one of the most common childhood diseases. The course of the disease is usually mild and uncomplicated. In Slovenia, varicella is a notifiable communicable disease which must be reported. Data collected from 1979-98 were analysed. Over the 20-year period the number of varicella cases reported ranged from a low of 11,086 (in 1994) to a maximum of 21,141 (in 1987). During the last 10 years, the highest incidence of varicella was reported in children aged from 12 months to 2 years. In adults over 20, incidence has slightly but steadily increased over the 20 year period. Overall, the number of males with varicella exceeded that of females. The proportion of females was higher only in the 20-30-year age group, probably as a consequence of more frequent and closer contact with infected children by mothers. The highest number of reported cases was during winter and early spring.     

Orthopaedic operations: variation in case-mix over a 10-year period.

The variation in case-mix of patients admitted for routine (non-emergency) orthopaedic surgery at a Staffordshire orthopaedic hospital over a 10-year period was studied, with the aid of the BUPA Schedule of Surgical Procedures. Over this period there was a 2% decrease in the total number of operations performed. There was a marked reduction in the number of 'minor' operations performed, and a marked increase in the number of 'major' and more complex operations performed. The overall workload, as judged by estimated surgeons' fees, rose by 43%. This study offers clear support to the claim that the complexity of orthopaedic operations performed has significantly increased over a ten-year period.     

Salmonella serovars identified at the centre for enterobacteriaceae of palermo over the 5-year period 1983-87

Salmonellosis is become an increasing public health problem in many countries. Serotyping and assessment of antibiotic resistance are useful tools, which assist in understanding the epidemiology of Salmonella infections. In this respect, the Centre of Enterobacteriaceae of Southern Italy provides helpful information on the changing pattern of Salmonella serovars in this geographic area.This paper reports the distribution of serovars and their antibiotic susceptibility in the years 1983–1987. In particular, because of their peculiar trends during this 5-year period, epidemiological features of Mbandaka, Corvallis, Dublin, Infantis and Wien serovars are described.     

The geographical distribution of Salmonella typhi and Salmonella paratyphi A and B phage types during the period 1 January 1970 to 31 December 1973. A report of the International Federation for Enteric Phage-Typing (IFEPT).

The frequency distribution is presented of the Vi-phage types of Salmonella typhi and of the phage types of S. paratyphi A and S. paratyphi B, examined by the National Centres represented in the IFEPT from 1970 to 1974. The most common types encountered in this international study were A and E1 (= E 1 a), as has been previously observed. There was, however, a wide range of types, many of which are characteristic of particular geographical zones. The occurrence of such types out of their habitual context indicates their ''exotic'' origin, providing a useful clue to their probable source. Plasmid-mediated chloramphenicol resistance appeared in epidemic typhoid fever for the first time during this period. It occurred in Mexico, India, Vietnam and Thailand, and has assumed important proportions. All the plasmids concerned belonged to compatibility group H 1. The study of this phenomenon continues, and the findings will appear in future reports.     

贵阳地区10年间孕产妇死亡分析

目的 监测贵阳地区10年来孕产妇死亡情况,为降低孕产妇死亡率提供科学依据.方法 对1998～2007年孕产妇死亡率资料、年报数据卡册资料进行分析.结果 10年间孕产妇死亡率呈下降趋势,其间2002～2003年出现了增高;产科出血死因顺位连续9年均为第1位;1998～2006年间,农村地区孕产妇死亡率均高于城市,而2007年城市孕产妇死亡率(61.71/10万)高于农村(49.98/10万).结论 提高产科出血的抢救诊治能力,提高农村住院分娩率,完善危重孕产妇的抢救、转诊网络是贵阳地区降低孕产妇死亡的关键.     

New South Wales trends in mortality differentials between small rural and urban communities over a 25-year period, 1970-1994

OBJECTIVE: To identify trends in premature mortality differences between urban and small rural communities in NSW over a 25-years period. DESIGN: A longitudinal population-based study. ABS population and death data by local government area, sex and age for the period 1970 to 1994, were used to derive mortality measures for urban and small rural communities in NSW. Setting: NSW local government areas categorised by the Rural and Remote Metropolitan Area Classification system as 'capital city' (the Sydney Statistical Division) and 'other rural area' and 'other remote area'. SUBJECTS: All persons aged 0-74 years resident in the aforementioned NSW local government areas between 1970 and 1994 inclusive. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Whether premature mortality differentials have widened, narrowed or remained the same over the study period and the magnitude of any identified changes. RESULT: There was a decrease in premature mortality rates for men and women in both urban and small rural communities. However, the decline was less in small rural communities, with the differential between small rural and urban areas increasing 2-3% every 5 years. CONCLUSIONS: Differences in age structure, proportion of indigenous and migrant populations between small rural communities and urban NSW can not fully account for the increasing differential. Other possible explanatory factors include socioeconomic status and different exposures and practices in rural areas.     

同性恋认同发展的理论模型述评

  目的  了解大学生性取向变化特点及其影响因素。  方法  选取某大学学生2 291人,采用自编人口社会学问卷与儿童期创伤问卷（CTQ-SF）,分别于2014年11月与2016年11月进行前测与后测调查。  结果  同性恋、双性恋与性取向不确定者前测总人数为96人（4.19 %）,后测总人数为177人（7.73 %）;性取向发生变化者占总人数的7.94 %,其中双性恋者较多发生性取向变化（χ² = 680.14,P < 0.001）;女性性取向变化多于男性（χ² = 5.74,P < 0.05）,独生子女性取向变化多于非独生子女（χ² = 15.59,P < 0.001）,家居大城市者性取向变化多于居住于其他地方者（χ² = 17.72,P < 0.001）,无留守经历的个体性取向变化多于有留守经历者（χ² = 6.26,P < 0.05）,父亲、母亲文化程度越高者性取向变化越多（χ² = 12.71、χ² = 14.53,均P < 0.01）;性取向变化者儿童期性虐待、情感虐待、情感忽视得分显著高于性取向稳定者（均P < 0.05）;logistic回归分析显示,性别（OR = 0.679）、是否为独生子女（OR = 0.611）、家庭居住地（OR = 1.198）和儿童期情感虐待（OR = 1.174）等是性取向变化的主要影响因素。  结论  双性恋、女性、独生子女、家居大城市、无留守经历、父母亲文化程度高的个体性取向更加不稳定,且性别、是否为独生子女、家庭居住地和儿童期情感虐待是性取向变化的主要影响因素。     

Trends in diagnosis over a 10-year period in a Swedish primary care district

In a study that covers ten years, the panorama of diagnosis was studied at three health centres in a Swedish primary care district with the aid of an encounter form. Frequencies for the different diagnosis groups varied considerably. In the case of malignant tumours, diseases of the thyroid, other endocrine diseases, symptoms and check-up visits there were more than 3-fold differences in diagnosis frequencies between various years. The results for individual years, therefore, were not representative of diagnosis distribution in the long-term perspective. Both systematic changes and temporary fluctuations occurred during the period. There was no evident lowest common denominator for the six diagnosis groups that increased (benign tumours, diseases of the thyroid and symptoms) or decreased (urinary tract infections, other urogenital diseases and back complaints). Although frequencies for individual diagnosis groups varied sharply from year to year, the diagnosis panorama in its entirety did, however, not change decisively. Permanent district physicians took charge mainly of the chronically ill, while other doctors were more involved with acute illness. It can be concluded that with such a varied diagnosis panorama in primary care it is difficult, based on temporary statistics from individual health centres, to draw general conclusions about the composition of patients. Thus, reliable figures on diagnosis should probably be founded on continuous registration at each clinic rather than on data collected periodically from especially selected reference centres.     

Predictors of disability pension over a 10-year period for men and women

AIMS: The number of people leaving the labour market with a disability pension is high and knowledge regarding risk factors is limited. The aim of this study was to explore work- and non-work-related predictors of disability pension among men and women and to estimate to what extent the gender difference in retirement rate could be explained by factors in and outside work. METHODS: A random sample of 5,940 employees registered in the Danish National Work Environment Cohort Study in 1995 was followed up with regard to labour market status in 2005 using the DREAM register, which contains data on all social transfer payments in the Danish population. Associations between disability pension and measures of ergonomic and psychosocial work environment, public employment, family status, and lifestyle were analysed by Cox regression and the difference in retirement rates adjusted separately for each group of variables. RESULTS: The results showed (a) that both men and women had a higher risk of disability pension when they had work that involved standing or if they smoked; (b) that women in addition had a higher likelihood if they were public employees, had low job security, or low social support at work; (c) that the higher rate of disability pension among women compared with men could not be explained by work environmental factors, lifestyle, or family situation. Public employment was the single factor that explained most of the difference. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences in exposures and predictors of disability pension were found, but few explanations of the higher rate of disability pension among women.     

Genome fingerprinting of Salmonella typhi by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis for subtyping common phage types.

The genomic DNA of 39 strains of Salmonella typhi isolated from local residents and patients who had visited countries in the Asian region was analysed for restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP). Pulsed-field gel electrophoretic (PFGE) analysis of Xba I- and Spe I-generated genomic restriction fragments established 22 PFGE types whereas phage typing differentiated the 39 isolates into 9 distinct phage types. This study showed that PFGE is more discriminatory than phage typing as it is capable of subtyping S. typhi strains of the same phage types. Genetic relatedness among the isolates was determined. Seven major clusters were identified at SABs of > 0.80 and the remaining 13 isolates were distributed into minor clusters which were related at SABs of less than 0.80. In conclusion, PFGE analysis in conjunction with distance matrix analysis served as a useful tool for delineating common S. typhi phage types of diverse origins from different geographical locales and separated in time.     

An analysis of bacteraemia in a university hospital in Japan over a 10-year period

Details of positive blood cultures obtained from 357 inpatients attending the Toyama University Hospital were collected over a 10-year period in order to document changes in microbiological and clinical features of bacteraemia. Fifty-one per cent of patients were over 60 years old, 48% had intravascular catheters in-situ, and 17% had had surgical procedures within 30 days prior to the isolation of organisms from the blood. The proportion of underlying diseases other than malignancies increased over the 10-year period (42–60%, P < 0·05). Patients from surgical departments other than the Academic Department of Surgery increased over the study period (16–55%, P < 0·05). Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia increased significantly (29 to 49%, P < 0·05) as did pseudomonas and anaerobic bacteraemia. Most bacteria showed no significant changes in their antibiotic sensitivity pattern over the 10 years. Clinical features in patients with bacteraemia varied with the infective organisms and the underlying disease. Mortality was high in patients with haematological malignancy, usually in association with Pseudomonas aeruginosa