院内发生的腹主动脉瘤破裂诊治

目的 总结5例院内发生的腹主动脉瘤破裂的救治经验.方法 对2006年1月～2009年12月我院5例院内发生的腹主动脉瘤破裂患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.结果 1例因出血性休克所致急性呼吸循环衰竭死亡;其余4例患者采用开腹手术救治,行肾动脉下腹主动脉阻断,采用自体血液回输,行急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人造血管移植术,4例手术成功,随访6～38个月,无并发症发生.结论 手术治疗腹主动脉瘤破裂是有效治疗方法,对于非腹部疾病引起的住院腹主动脉瘤患者特别是有明确诱因患者,采取术前降低血压并紧急外科手术治疗是降低破裂腹主动脉瘤死亡率的关键.     

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: clinical presentation in Auckland 1993-1997

Background : Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) carries a reported mortality rate in the range of 32–95%. Survival requires prompt diagnosis and surgical management. The presenting features, however, are varied, often insidious and potentially misleading with Osler noting nearly 100 years ago that a correct premortem diagnosis was achieved in only 33% of cases. The present study aims to review our present accuracy in diagnosing this condition and outline demographic and presenting features of patients with RAAA. Methods : A review was undertaken of hospital and Coroner’s files of all patients residing in the Auckland Coronial region who had RAAA between 1 January 1993 and 31 December 1997. Results : Three hundred and twenty‐nine cases of RAAA were identified, and they occurred most commonly in the 8th decade. The male:female ratio was 3:1 and at least 73% of patients were Caucasian. The overall mortality was 71%. Nearly half underwent surgery and the hospital averaged mortality rate was 46%. No patient survived without surgery. Classic presenting features of RAAA were absent in many cases. Abdominal pain, back pain and a palpable mass occurred in only 49%, 36% and 18% of patients, respectively. Other common presenting symptoms included vomiting, general malaise and pelvic or hip pain. Forty‐three patients (16%) were initially misdiagnosed. Conclusions : Although our ability to correctly diagnose a RAAA has improved since Osler’s time, the initial misdiagnosis rate of 16% leaves no room for complacency. Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms must be included in the differential diagnosis of any patient over the age of 55 years who presents with shock, even if the pain is non‐specific or atypical.     

特殊类型腹主动脉瘤的诊疗体会

目的 探讨特殊类型腹主动脉瘤(AAA)的诊疗方法 .方法 回顾性分析经手术治疗的31例特殊类型AAA的临床资料.结果 31例特殊类型AAA中,破裂型AAA(ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysnm,RAAA)17例,炎症性AAA(inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms,IAAA)4例,感染性AAA(mycotic abdomianl aortic aneurysms,MAAA)3例,结核性AAA 2例,累及肾动脉平面以上的AAA 5例.1例AAA破裂患者于急诊室抢救无效死亡,另30例中,施行紧急手术治疗16例,择期手术治疗14例.施行人工血管置换27例,支架型人工血管腔内微创治疗3例.无瘫痪、下肢动脉栓塞等并发症发生.术中及术后30d病死率为6%(2例).支架型人工血管腔内治疗的3例无漏血、移位等并发症发生,均痊愈出院.28例随访3个月至3年,均存活良好.结论 特殊类型AAA应积极手术治疗,改进传统手术方法 在技巧方面有利于提高手术的成功率;腔内技术的应用为其救治提供了新的方法 .     

Ruptured Aneurysm of the Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta: Impact of Age and Postoperative Complications on Mortality

Between 1985 and 2000, a total of 871 patients underwent surgical treatment for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), including 98 (11.2%) presenting with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAA). An optimized operative protocol was used to treat 77 RAAA starting in January 1989. The main features of the optimized protocol are routine use of intraoperative autotransfusion, revascularization by aortoaortic bypass, absence of systemic heparinization, and use of a collagen-impregnated prosthesis. Intraoperative mortality (IOM) was 3.8%. Postoperative mortality at 1 month (POM1) was 25.9% and postoperative mortality at 3 months (POM3) was 33.7%. Heart failure (p <0.001), hemodynamic shock (p <0.001), and hemorrhage (p = 0.04) were the only complications correlated with POM1. Pneumonia (p = 0.01) and sepsis (p = 0.01) were the only complications correlated with POM3. Isolated acute renal insufficiency was not a significant risk factor for postoperative mortality. Using a cutoff of 75 years, there was a significant age-related difference (p = 0.025) for POM1 but not for IOM and POM3. The findings of this study show that optimizing the operative protocol decreases mortality related to RAAA. The main predictor of POM1 was hemodynamic status while the main predictor of POM3 was infection. Isolated acute renal insufficiency was not a risk factor for mortality. Age should not be considered a contraindication for operative treatment.     

Comparison of POSSUM scoring and the Hardman Index in selection of patients for repair of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

BACKGROUND: The aim was to assess to what extent the POSSUM (Physiological and Operative Severity Score for the enUmeration of Mortality and morbidity) and Hardman scoring systems were predictive of outcome after surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA). METHODS: From January 1990 to December 2001, 232 patients presented with RAAA. Forty-one were treated conservatively and all died; the remainder had emergency surgery. The case notes of all but three of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. POSSUM and Hardman scores were calculated and related to mortality. RESULTS: The mortality rate after emergency repair was 54 per cent (104 of 191). The physiology-only POSSUM score specific for RAAA and the Hardman Index score were both significantly associated with increased mortality after operation (P < 0.001). Most non-operated patients were in the highest risk bands. CONCLUSION: Both POSSUM and Hardman scoring systems predicted outcome after emergency surgery for RAAA. The Hardman Index was simpler to calculate, but POSSUM identified a higher number of patients at risk. Risk scoring may help identify patients with RAAA for whom surgery is futile.     

腹主动脉瘤破裂的外科治疗：附12例报告

目的:探讨腹主动脉瘤破裂（RAAA）的诊断和治疗方法。方法: 回顾分析7年间收治的12例腹主动脉瘤破裂者的临床资料。主要临床表现有：腹痛和/或腰背痛,血压下降或休克, 腹部可触及搏动性肿块。所有患者经CT 检查确诊，7例患者采用传统开腹性手术，1例行腔内支架型人工血管植入术，另外4例未行手术治疗。结果:8例手术治疗者围手术期病死率为62.5％（5例）。死亡原因：循环衰竭2 例,急性肾衰竭1 例,多器官功能障碍综合征2 例。未手术4例全部死亡。结论:破裂腹主动脉瘤外科手术治疗病死率高。早期诊断，适当复苏，紧急外科手术，缩短手术时间，肾动脉下方阻断，是降低病死率的关键。腔内修复治疗是降低病死率的有效途径。     

破裂腹主动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的探讨急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤的经验。方法总结1999年4月至2005年4月外科手术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤20例，采用钳夹阻断膈下腹主动脉或Foley氏球囊管腔内阻断瘤颈上腹主动脉后行急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植术，应用分叉型人工血管12例，直型人工血管8例。结果急诊腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管移植手术30d围手术期死亡率40％（8例），死亡原因包括急性肾功能衰竭4例，多器官功能衰竭2例，呼吸循环衰竭2例。存活12例，术后合并症包括急性肾功能不全、肺部感染、凝血机制障碍和腹泻等共11例，均经治疗后痊愈。随访观察6～60个月，无人工血管血栓形成和感染等并发症以及随访期死亡发生。结论破裂腹主动脉瘤外科手术治疗死亡率仍然很高，早期确定诊断，紧急外科手术治疗，术后加强围手术期管理是降低破裂腹主动脉瘤死亡率的关键。     

破裂性腹主动脉瘤的治疗

目的探讨破裂性腹主动脉瘤急诊救治的治疗经验。方法回顾性研究2002年5月-2013年7月救治的36例破裂性腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料。其中25例合并高血压病,21例合并慢性阻塞性肺疾病。33例采取急诊开腹主动脉人工血管置换术;3例采取主动脉覆膜支架腔内修复术,其中1例中转开腹手术治疗。结果术后33例存活,另外3例死亡,死亡原因包括1例失血性休克和心功能衰竭,1例术中心跳骤停,1例术后多器官功能衰竭,围手术期病死率为8．3％。术后随访3～61个月,未发生人工血管感染等手术相关并发症及死亡病例。结论积极的手术治疗是提高破裂性腹主动脉瘤患者救治成功率的关键,早期明确诊断,手术中快速有效控制近端瘤颈血流,完善围手术期治疗能有效降低病死率。     

Visceral artery aneurysms: a single center experience

BACKGROUND: Splanchnic artery areurysm is a rare but clinically relevant disease, showing a high mortality rate in emergency surgery. Reports on splanchnic aneurysms are rare and often anecdotal. The aim of this study is to discuss data obtained from 16 patients in a single vascular surgery center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1987 and December 2000, 16 patients underwent surgery for splanchnic artery aneurysms. In 13 patients the localization was single (in two associated with an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm) and in 3 patients multiple. The arteries involved were: splenic (8), hepatic (4), celiac (3), superior mesenteric (3), ileocolic (2), and pancreatoduodenal (1). 13 patients were asymptomatic and 3 presentec with abdominal pain. All patients underwent CT scan, and abdominal aortic and selective visceral artery angiography. Before surgery, all patients underwent cerebral MR or cerebral CT scan. 13 patients underwent open vascular surgery; 3 patients (2 splenic and 1 hepatic) underwent endovascular procedure (angioembolization). Histological examination of the aneurysmal wall was obtained in 14 patients. Ultrasound examination was performed after 6 months, then yearly. 14 patients underwent abdominal CT scan during the long-term follow-up. RESULTS: Perioperative mortality was absent. 12 cases were classified as displastic, with minor or major secondary atherosclerotic changes, and in many cases severe calcications. 2 cases were classified as atherosclerotic. Cerebral MR did not show any cases of intracerebral displastric aneurismal disease. One patient was lost at follow-up after 9 years. One patient showed a recurrence at 6 years (superior mesenteric artery): the patient underwent a new surgical procedure and died 20 days after surgery for intestinal infarction. All abdominal follow-up CT scans show good results of the vascular reconstruction and escluded other new visceral or aortic aneurysms. CONCLUSIONS: Visceral artery aneurysms are an uncommon form of abdominal vascular disease showing a high postoperative mortality rate in emergencies. Surgery, and in selected cases, endovascular treatment, can successfully manage splanchnic artery aneurysms with few complications and low recurrence.     

破裂腹主动脉瘤的外科治疗体会(附20例报道)

目的探讨破裂腹主动脉瘤的诊断和外科治疗方法。方法回顾性分析2000年1月至2010年12月期间新疆维吾尔自治区人民医院收治的20例破裂腹主动脉瘤患者的临床资料。结果男18例,女2例;年龄31～82岁,平均65.4岁。所有患者中突发性腹或腰背部疼痛20例,血压下降和(或)休克11例,发病前有明确腹主动脉瘤病史7例。所有患者均经彩超、CTA或手术探查确诊。19例患者采用传统开腹手术,1例行腔内支架人工血管置入术。20例患者中围手术期死亡4例,死亡率为20%,死亡原因为循环衰竭1例,多器官功能障碍综合征3例。存活的16例患者恢复顺利。结论手术治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤有效,早期诊断,急诊外科手术,是降低病死率的关键。     

Factors Increasing the Mortality Rate for Patients with Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms

The objective of this report was to analyze the current surgical results of operative treatment in patients suffering ruptured AAA (abdominal aortic aneurysms) and to define those independent predictive factors for mortality. During a period of 2 years, from January 1996 to December 1997, 144 patients operated on for ruptured AAA in 10 hospitals were included in a multicenter retrospective study. Among the collected variables concerning each patient, those with potential relation to surgical mortality were studied: gender, age, diabetes, hypertension, cardiopathy, pulmonary obstructive disease, preoperative renal dysfunction, symptomatic cerebrovascular disease, peripheral vascular disease, hematocrit on admission, preoperative hypotension < 80 mmHg, loss of consciousness, cardiac arrest, aortic aneurysm location (infrarenal versus non-infrarenal), iliac involvement, aneurysm size, type of rupture, left renal vein ligature, ligature of a patent inferior mesenteric artery, place of aortic cross-clamping, type of grafting, exclusion of both hypogastric arteries, venous technical complications, associated surgery, use of cell saver, intraoperative blood loss, and postoperative complications (renal failure, sepsis, coagulopathy, cardiac complications, pulmonary complications, colon ischemia, prosthetic graft complications, and need for reoperation). Those variables with statistical significance in the univariate analysis were introduced into a multivariate logistic regression model to determine the independent predictors of death. From our results we concluded that surgery for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms continues to have an excessively high mortality rate. Even though some preoperative variables could be identified as predictors of mortality, an absolute mortality risk has not yet been determined and the decision to negate surgery should be individualized rather than taken on that basis only. Early diagnosis and treatment of symptomatic aneurysms would improve mortality figures and selective screening should be contemplated.     

The true incidence of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms

The number of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms (RAAA) was documented over an 8-year-period in a known population age group. Patient figures were collected from the operative and post-mortem registers in the Worthing Health District. The overall mean incidence of RAAA was 13.9/100,000 patient years, although the incidence was noted to increase from 9.2 to 17.5/100,000 patient years during this period. The incidence in the male population rose from 4.7/100,000 for those in the fifth decade to 184.8/100,000 for those above 80. For patients undergoing operation, the peri-operative survival was 38%, however the overall survival was 11% as 64% of patients died at home. These figures demonstrate an increasing incidence of ruptured AAA. They also add support to the need for screening of asymptomatic abdominal aortic aneurysms and elective repair if the incidence and hence mortality is to be reduced.     

腹主动脉瘤破裂的处理及预后分析

目的探讨腹主动脉瘤破裂的处理及影响预后的主要因素。方法回顾性分析12年间收治的42例腹主动脉瘤破裂的临床资料。85．7％的患者术前行影像学检查确诊。36例行手术治疗,其中35例行腹主动脉瘤切除人工血管植入术,术中80％采用肾动脉下腹主动脉阻断, 14．3％采用膈下腹主动脉阻断,5．7％采用Foley尿管球囊阻断（2例）;1例行覆膜支架腔内隔绝术。结果围手术期死亡率45．24％。单因素统计分析表明在围手术期死亡者年龄（72．1±1．0）岁、合并疾病13例和术前收缩压（82±53）mm Hg;存活者年龄（61．5±17．0）岁、合并症7例、术前收缩压（82±28）mm Hg,之间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,而性别、术前Hb、肌酐、瘤体直径和手术失血量则无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论手术是治疗破裂腹主动脉瘤的惟一有效方法,高龄、合并其他疾病和休克提示预后不良。     

Impact of delay on survival in patients with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm

Rupture of the abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) is a common surgical emergency. Surgical treatment of this condition carries a high morbidity and mortality rate. For successful outcome, an early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential. However, recently, some centers have reported better results in patients whose surgery had been delayed because of interhospital transfer. Delay in treatment sometimes occurs as patients are transferred from one institution to another where specialized vascular care is available. This retrospective study sought to determine the effect of delay in treatment on the mortality of patients with RAAA repair.The time from arrival at the emergency room to surgery and operative time were obtained from the case notes of 45 consecutive patients with RAAA. Patients' physiology scores on admission were calculated using V-POSSUM for the RAAA model.Thirty-five patients were diagnosed with RAAA in the emergency room and were transferred to surgery. These patients were divided into two groups: patients who had surgery within 1 hour (n = 23) and those in whom surgery was delayed for up to 4 hours (n = 12).There was no significant difference in physiology score between the two groups (p = .12). The time to surgery and operative time with death as the outcome were plotted on a logistic regression model that showed that the delay in surgical treatment increases the mortality rate following RAAA repair (p = .041). Furthermore, a long operative time was associated with a higher surgical mortality rate (p = .029).Delay to surgery and a long operation increase the mortality rate following RAAA repair. However, delay to surgery alone did not influence the mortality rate.     

Management and Course of Hydronephrosis Secondary to Inflammatory Aneurysms of the Abdominal Aorta

The objective of this study was to evaluate the management and course of obstructive uropathy secondary to inflammatory aneurysms. From January 1981 to December 2000 a total of 52 patients underwent surgical intervention for inflammatory aneurysms of the abdominal aorta. Eleven of these cases (21%) had obstructive uropathy, which was bilateral in five cases. Preoperative drainage of the urinary tract was done in five ureters in three patients with four double J catheters and one percutaneous nephrostomy; surgical ureterolysis was also carried out in one case. Endoaneurysmorraphy and placement of an aortic graft were performed in all 11 patients. Operative mortality was zero. There was no recurrence of hydronephrosis in seven patients during a mean follow-up of 55 months. Three patients were lost to follow-up and one died. When compared with 41 inflammatory aneurysms in which hydronephrosis did not develop, there were statistically significant differences with respect to lumbar pain and renal insufficiency. The ureter is a structure adjacent to the aorta that is trapped by fibrosis in 21% of patients with inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms. The natural tendency of the periaortic fibrosis is to remit following surgery to correct the aneurysm. This results in spontaneous remission of the hydronephrosis, making routine intraoperative manipulation of the ureter unnecessary.     

Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms: selecting patients for surgery.

OBJECTIVES: Mortality from ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) remains high. Despite this, withholding surgery on poor-prognosis patients with RAAA may create a difficult dilemma for the surgeon. Hardman et al. identified five independent, preoperative risk factors associated with mortality and proposed a model for preoperative patient selection. The aim of this study was to test the validity of the same model in an independent series of RAAA patients. METHODS: A consecutive series of patients undergoing surgery for RAAA was analysed retrospectively by case-note review. Thirty-day operative mortality and the presence of the five risk factors: age (> 76 years), creatinine (Cr) (> 190 mumol/l), haemoglobin (Hb) (< 9 g/dl), loss of consciousness and electrocardiographic (ECG) evidence of ischaemia were recorded for each patient. RESULTS: Complete data sets existed for 69 patients (mean age: 73 years, range: 38-86 years, male to female ratio: 6:1). Operative mortality was 43%. The cumulative effect of 0, 1 and 2 risk factors on mortality was 18%, 28% and 48%, respectively. All patients with three or more risk factors died (eight patients). CONCLUSIONS: These results lend support to the validity of the model. The potential to avoid surgery in patients with little or no chance of survival would spare unnecessary suffering, reduce operative mortality and enhance use of scarce resources.     

Clamp before you cut: Proximal control of ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms using endovascular balloon occlusion--Case reports

While the mortality rate for elective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) repair has declined over the last several decades, the rate for ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm (RAAA) has unfortunately remained disturbingly high. Undiagnosed aneurysms may present with little warning until abdominal pain, syncope, and hypotension signify rupture. Fifty percent of patients with ruptured aneurysms die before reaching a medical facility, and their survival is highly dependent on hemodynamic stability at presentation. The degree of rupture containment and comorbid status of the patient determine hemodynamic stability. Endovascular stent grafting has significantly improved perioperative morbidity and mortality rates for elective AAA repair, and some of the same endovascular techniques can be used to obtain proximal control in patients presenting with RAAA. We describe 3 consecutive cases of RAAA where proximal control was obtained using a percutaneously placed, transfemoral aortic occlusion balloon before induction of anesthesia.     

腔内修复完全替代开放手术治疗急性破裂性腹主动脉瘤可行性研究

目的 探讨应用腔内修复（EVAR）完全替代开放手术治疗急性腹主动脉瘤的可行性。方法 回顾性分析复旦大学附属中山医院血管外科2009年1月至2019年12月期间收治的121例真性破裂性腹主动脉瘤的病人资料。对比“选择性EVAR（EVAR/Open）”时期（2009年1月至2014年3月）与“完全EVAR（EVAR Only）”时期（2014年4月至2019年12月）的两种治疗策略的疗效。结果 121例真性破裂性腹主动脉瘤病人中,29例于术前放弃手术或死亡。其中,在“EVAR/Open”时期,40例（19例EVAR及21例开放手术）接受外科治疗,EVAR及开放手术后30 d病死率分别为26.3%及23.8%（P=0.94）;而在“EVAR Only”时期共52例全部接受EVAR治疗,术后30 d病死率为23.1%。两个时期病死率差异无统计学意义（P=0.83）。两个时期内均未观察到不同术式在不同术前血流动力学状态及不同瘤体解剖学条件中对病死率有明显的影响。结论 基于所在中心平诊手术经验的“完全EVAR”策略可有效用于几乎所有破裂性腹主动脉瘤的急诊救治,并获得与“选择性EVAR”策略一致的疗效。     

Abdominal Aortic Surgery and Horseshoe Kidney

Horseshoe kidney presents a special challenge during surgery of the abdominal aorta. The aim of this study was to evaluate the morbidity and define optimal management based on clinical histories of 15 patients with horseshoe kidney who underwent surgical procedures on the abdominal aorta over a 20-year period. There were 2 female and 13 male patients with an average age of 62.66 (50-75) years. The indications for surgery included aortic aneurysms in 10 patients and aortoiliac occlusive disease in 5. The horseshoe kidney was detected before surgery in 12 patients (80%) by ultrasonography, angiography, computed tomography (CT) or excretory urography. Angiography revealed multiple or anomalous renal arteries in 8 of 12 patients studied preoperatively. At surgery, 10 patients (66.6%) were found to have multiple or anomalous renal arteries. Five patients (33.41%) were without multiple or anomalous renal arteries. Ten required renal revascularization (reimplantation with a Carrel patch in 7 patients and aortorenal bypass in 3). Two patients, both with ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms, died postoperatively. In the other 10 cases the average follow-up period was 5.3 years (6 months to 17 years). During this period there were no signs of graft occlusion, renovascular hypertension, or renal failure. From these results we conclude that aortic surgery can be performed safely in patients with horseshoe kidney without increased mortality. These patients require exact preoperative diagnosis (ultrasonography, CT scan, angiography), reimplantation of anomalous renal arteries, and preservation of the renal isthmus.     

Abdominal aortic aneurysm in south-west Scotland

Between 1977 and 1988, 155 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm in the Dumfries and Galloway health region were traced. One hundred and six patients underwent surgery; 57 elective operations for non-leaking aneurysms were performed locally without mortality, and of the 49 patients operated on with ruptured aneurysm, 11 were transferred to a major vascular centre with four deaths (36% mortality rate). The remaining 38 patients were treated locally. Twenty-three of these were operated on by a surgeon with vascular interest with nine deaths (39% mortality rate) and of the remaining 15 patients operated on by a surgeon without a vascular interest, ten died (66% mortality rate). These findings emphasize that patients presenting at a district hospital with leaking abdominal aortic aneurysm should be transferred to a major vascular unit if there is no local vascular expertise available, and our figures suggest that transfer of such patients does not prejudice survival. Further, of those patients who died of leaking aneurysm in hospital without undergoing surgery (25 patients), 15 were in hospital for longer than 3 h without the correct diagnosis. A significant improvement in mortality could follow prompt and accurate diagnosis at hospital level, with the most common error in diagnosis being renal colic.